Systematics of the dinosaurs

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Evolution of the dinosaur

The dinosaurs are a taxon of the archosaurs within the reptiles (Reptilia). Together with its sister group, the pterodactyls (Pterosauria), they form the taxon Ornithodira . This system of dinosaurs was created according to the sources listed under literature , individual references and web links .

In a 2017 phylogenetic study, based on a detailed analysis of 74 taxa and 457 traits, paleontologists Matthew G. Baron , David B. Norman and Paul M. Barrett propose a new systematics that radically changes the dinosaur family tree . Accordingly, the dinosaurs consist of the two lines of development Saurischia and Ornithoscelida . In the clade Ornithoscelida (Greek skelis = leg), which Thomas Henry Huxley named as early as 1880, the pelvic dinosaurs and theropods are united as sister groups. The clade Saurischia is redefined and includes the two sister groups Sauropodomorpha and Herrerasauridae:

  Dinosauria  
  Saurischia  

 Herrerasauridae


   

 Sauropodomorpha



  Ornithoscelida  

 Ornithischia


   

 Theropoda




Template: Klade / Maintenance / Style

Bird basin dinosaur (Ornithischia)

Lesothosaurus
Scelidosaurus

Heterodontosauridae

Abrictosaurus

Stegosauria

Huayangosaurus
Kentrosaurus
Stegosaurus

Ankylosauria

Gastonia
Ankylosaurus
Euoplocephalus
Edmontonia
Sauropelta
Polacanthus

Pachycephalosauria

Homalocephale
Pachycephalosaurus
Prenocephale

Ceratopsia

Yinlong
Psittacosaurus
Protoceratops
Zuniceratops
Centrosaurus
Styracosaurus
Pentaceratops
Triceratops

Ornithopoda

Hypsilophodon
Leaellynasaura
Tenontosaurus
Dryosaurus
Camptosaurus
Iguanodon
Ouranosaurus
Anatotitanium
Maiasaura
Lambeosaurus
Parasaurolophus

Lizard basin dinosaur (Saurischia)

Eoraptor
Herrerasaurus

Prosauropoda

Anchisaurus
Melanorosaurus
Plateosaurus

Sauropoda

Vulcanodon
Barapasaurus
Mamenchisaurus
Cetiosaurus
Patagosaurus
Rebbachisaurus
Dicraeosaurus
Apatosaurus
Diplodocus
Camarasaurus
Astrodon
Brachiosaurus
Euhelopus
Agustinia
Argentinosaurus
Alamosaurus
Diamantinasaurus
Nemegtosaurus
Paralititan
Saltasaurus

Theropoda

Zupaysaurus
Dilophosaurus
Piveteausaurus
Deltadromeus
Sinocalliopteryx
Coelurus
Ornitholestes

Coelophysoidea

Coelophysis

Ceratosauria

Ceratosaurus
Masiakasaurus
Carnotaurus
Rajasaurus

Spinosauroidea (Megalosauroidea)

Torvosaurus
Eustreptospondylus
Suchomimus

Carnosauria

Yangchuanosaurus
Allosaurus
Acrocanthosaurus

Tyrannosauroidea

Eotyrannus
Gorgosaurus
Tyrannosaurus

Ornithomimosauria

Gallimimus
Struthiomimus

Therizinosauroidea

Beipiaosaurus

Alvarezsauroidea

Shuvuuia

Oviraptorosauria

Avimimus
Nomingia
Oviraptor

Troodontidae

Saurornithoides

Dromaeosauridae

Rahonavis
Saurornitholestes
Velociraptor
Utahraptor

Avialae (birds iw S.)

Archeopteryx
Iberomesornis

See also: Biological systematics , systematics of birds , feathered dinosaurs

literature

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ K Padian: Palaeontology: Dividing the dinosaurs . In: Nature . 543, 2017, pp. 494-495. PMID 28332523 .
  2. ^ MG Baron, Norman DB, Barrett PM: A new hypothesis of dinosaur relationships and early dinosaur evolution . In: Nature . 543, 2017, pp. 501-506. PMID 28332513 .
  3. ↑ Alexandra Grass: Paleontology. Dino family tree new. Wiener Zeitung, March 23, 2017, accessed on April 17, 2017 .
  4. ^ Frank Patalong: Reorganization. Study questions dinosaur pedigree. Spiegel Online, March 23, 2017, accessed April 17, 2017 .
  5. ↑ TH Huxley: On the classification of the Dinosauria with observations on the Dinosauria of the Trias . In: QJ Geol Soc . 26, 1880, pp. 32-51.
  6. ^ Richard J. Butler, Paul Upchurch , David B. Norman : The phylogeny of the ornithischian dinosaurs. In: Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. Vol. 6, No. 1, 2008, ISSN  1477-2019 , pp. 1-40, doi : 10.1017 / S1477201907002271 .
  7. ↑ Clifford A. Miles, Clark J. Miles: Skull of Minotaurasaurus ramachandrani, a new Cretaceous ankylosaur from the Gobi Desert. In: Current Science. Vol. 96, No. 1, 2009, ISSN  0011-3891 , pp. 65-70, online (PDF; 1.04 MB) .
  8. ↑ Michael E. Burns: Taxonomic utility of ankylosaur (Dinosauria, Ornithischia) osteoderms: Glyptodontopelta mimus Ford, 2000: a test case. In: Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. Vol. 28, No. 4, 2008, ISSN  0272-4634 , pp. 1102-1109, doi : 10.1671 / 0272-4634-28.4.1102 .
  9. ↑ Kenneth Carpenter , Jeff Bartlett, John Bird, Reese Barrick: Ankylosaurs from the Price River Quarries, Cedar Mountain Formation (Lower Cretaceous), east-central Utah. In: Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. Vol. 28, No. 4, 2008, pp. 1089-1101, doi : 10.1671 / 0272-4634-28.4.1089 .
  10. ↑ David C. Evans, Ryan K. Schott, Derek W. Larson, Caleb M. Brown, Michael J. Ryan: The oldest North American pachycephalosaurid and the hidden diversity of small-bodied ornithischian dinosaurs. In: Nature Communications . Vol. 4, Article No. 1828, 2013, doi : 10.1038 / ncomms2749 .
  11. ↑ Nicholas R. Longrich, Julia Sankey, Darren Tanke: Texacephale langstoni, a new genus of pachycephalosaurid (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the upper Campanian Aguja Formation, southern Texas, USA. In: Cretaceous Research. Vol. 31, No. 2, 2010, ISSN  0195-6671 , pp. 274-284, doi : 10.1016 / j.cretres.2009.12.002 .
  12. ↑ Yuong-Nam Lee, Michael J. Ryan, Yoshitsugu Kobayashi: The first ceratopsian dinosaur from South Korea. In: Natural Sciences . Vol. 98, No. 1, 2010, pp. 39-49, doi : 10.1007 / s00114-010-0739-y .
  13. ↑ James I. Kirkland , Donald D. DeBlieux: New basal centrosaurine ceratopsian skulls from the Wahweap Formation (Middle Campanian), Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, southern Utah. In: Michael J. Ryan, Brenda J. Chinnery-Allgeier, David A. Eberth (Eds.): New Perspectives on Horned Dinosaurs. The Royal Tyrrell Museum Ceratopsian Symposium. Indiana University Press, Bloomington IN 2010, ISBN 978-0-253-35358-0 , pp. 117-140.
  14. ^ Andrew T. McDonald, John R. Horner: New Material of "Styracosaurus" ovatus from the Two Medicine Formation of Montana. In: Michael J. Ryan, Brenda J. Chinnery-Allgeier, David A. Eberth (Eds.): New Perspectives on Horned Dinosaurs. The Royal Tyrrell Museum Ceratopsian Symposium. Indiana University Press, Bloomington IN 2010, ISBN 978-0-253-35358-0 , pp. 156-168.
  15. ↑ Xing Xu, KeBai Wang, XiJin Zhao, DunJing Li: First ceratopsid dinosaur from China and its biogeographical implications. In: Chinese Science Bulletin. Vol. 55, No. 16, 2010, ISSN  0250-7862 , pp. 1631-1635, doi : 10.1007 / s11434-009-3614-5 .
  16. ↑ Andrew A. Farke, Michael J. Ryan, Paul M. Barrett , Darren H. Tanke, Dennis R. Braman, Mark A. Loewen, Mark R. Graham: A new centrosaurine from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada, and the evolution of parietal ornamentation in horned dinosaurs. In: Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. Vol. 56, No. 4, 2011, ISSN  0567-7920 , pp. 691-702, doi : 10.4202 / app.2010.0121 .
  17. ↑ David C. Evans, Michael J. Ryan. Cranial Anatomy of Wendiceratops pinhornensis gen. Et sp. nov., a Centrosaurine Ceratopsid (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Oldman Formation (Campanian), Alberta, Canada, and the Evolution of Ceratopsid Nasal Ornamentation. PLOS ONE , 2015; 10 (7): e0130007 DOI: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0130007
  18. ↑ a b c Scott D. Sampson, Mark A. Loewen, Andrew A. Farke, Eric M. Roberts, Catherine A. Forster, Joshua A. Smith, Alan L. Titus: New Horned Dinosaurs from Utah Provide Evidence for Intracontinental Dinosaur Endemism . In: PLoS ONE. Vol. 5, No. 9, 2010, ISSN  1932-6203 , p. E12292, doi : 10.1371 / journal.pone.0012292 .
  19. ↑ Nicholas R. Longrich: Titanoceratops ouranous, a giant horned dinosaur from the Late Campanian of New Mexico. In: Cretaceous Research. Vol. 32, No. 3, 2011, pp. 264-276, doi : 10.1016 / j.cretres.2010.12.007 .
  20. ↑ Fernando E. Novas , Andrea V. Cambiaso, Alfredo Ambrioso: A new basal iguanodontian (Dinosauria, Ornithischia) from the Upper Cretaceous of Patagonia. In: Ameghiniana. Vol. 41, No. 1, 2004, ISSN  0002-7014 , pp. 75-82.
  21. ^ Gregory S. Paul: The Princeton Field Guide To Dinosaurs. Princeton University Press, Princeton NJ 2010, ISBN 978-0-691-13720-9 , p. 285, online .
  22. ↑ Oscar A. Alcober, Ricardo N. Martinez: A new herrerasaurid (Dinosauria, Saurischia) from the Upper Triassic Ischigualasto Formation of northwestern Argentina. In: Zookeys. Vol. 63, 2010, ISSN  1313-2989 , pp. 55-81, doi : 10.3897 / zookeys.63.550 .
  23. ^ Adam M. Yates, Matthew F. Bonnan, Johann Neveling, Anusuya Chinsamy, Marc G. Blackbeard: A new transitional sauropodomorph dinosaur from the Early Jurassic of South Africa and the evolution of sauropod feeding and quadrupedalis. In: Proceedings of the Royal Society. Series B: Biological Sciences. Vol. 277, No. 1682, 2010, ISSN  0950-1193 , pp. 787-794, doi : 10.1098 / rspb.2009.1440 .
  24. ↑ Luciano A. Leal, Sergio AK Azevodo, Alexander WA Kellner, Átila AS da Rosa: A new early dinosaur (Sauropodomorpha) from the Caturrita Formation (Late Triassic), Paraná Basin, Brazil. In: Zootaxa. Vol. 690, October 18 2004, ISSN  1175-5326 , pp. 1-24, abstract online (PDF; 12 kB) .
  25. ^ John A. Whitlock: A phylogenetic analysis of Diplodocoidea (Saurischia: Sauropoda). In: Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. Vol. 161, No. 4, 2011, ISSN  0024-4082 , pp. 872-915, doi : 10.1111 / j.1096-3642.2010.00665.x .
  26. ↑ Spencer G. Lucas, Matthew C. Herne, Andrew B. Heckert, Adrian P. Hunt, Robert M. Sullivan: Reappraisal of Seismosaurus, a Late Jurassic sauropod dinosaur from New Mexico. 2004.
  27. ↑ John A. Whitlock: Re-evaluation of Australodocus bohetii, a putative diplodocoid sauropod from the Tendaguru Formation of Tanzania, with comment on Late Jurassic sauropod faunal diversity and palaeoecology. In: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 309, No. 3/4, 2011, ISSN  0031-0182 , pp. 333–341, doi : 10.1016 / j.palaeo.2011.07.001 .
  28. Jump up ↑ Scott A. Hocknull, Matt A. White, Travis R. Tischler, Alex G. Cook, Naomi D. Calleja, Trish Sloan, David A. Elliott: New Mid-Cretaceous (Latest Albian) Dinosaurs from Winton, Queensland, Australia. In: PLoS ONE. Vol. 4, No. 7, 2009, p. E6190, doi : 10.1371 / journal.pone.0006190 .
  29. ^ Hai-Lu You, Da-Qing Li: The first well-preserved Early Cretaceous brachiosaurid dinosaur in Asia. In: Proceedings of the Royal Society. Series B: Biological Sciences. Vol. 276, No. 1675, 2009, pp. 4077-4082, doi : 10.1098 / rspb.2009.1278 .
  30. ^ Gregory S. Paul: The Princeton Field Guide To Dinosaurs. Princeton University Press, Princeton NJ et al. 2010, ISBN 978-0-691-13720-9 , p. 204, online .
  31. ↑ Kristina Curry Rogers: Titanosauria. A Phylogenetic Overview. In: Kristina Curry Rogers, Jeffrey A. Wilson (Eds.): The Sauropods. Evolution and Paleobiology. University of California Press, Berkeley CA et al. 2005, ISBN 0-520-24623-3 , pp. 50-103.
  32. ↑ Rodrigo Miloni Santucci, Reinaldo J. Bertini: A new titanosaur from western São Paolo State, Upper Cretaceous Bauru Group, south-east Brazil. In: Palaeontology. Vol. 49, No. 1, 2006, ISSN  0031-0239 , pp. 59-66, doi : 10.1111 / j.1475-4983.2005.00527.x .
  33. ^ Sebastián Apesteguía: The sauropod diversity of the La Amarga Formation (Barremian), Neuquén (Argentina). In: Gondwana Research . Vol. 12, No. 4, 2007, ISSN  1342-937X , pp. 533-546, doi : 10.1016 / j.gr.2007.04.007 .
  34. ↑ Alexander Wilhelm Armin Kellner, Diogenes de Almeida Campos, Marcelo NF Trotta: Description of a titanosaurid caudal series from the Bauru Group, Late Cretaceous of Brazil. In: Arquivos do Museu Nacional. Rio de Janeiro. Vol. 63, No. 3, 2005, ISSN  0365-4508 , pp. 529-564, online (PDF; 1.59 MB) ( Memento of the original from July 18, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.publicacao.museunacional.ufrj.br
  35. ↑ Hailu You, Feng Tang, Zhexi Luo: A New Basal Titanosaur (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Early Cretaceous of China. In: Acta Geologica Sinica. Vol. 77, No. 4, 2003, ISSN  1000-9515 , pp. 424-429, doi : 10.1111 / j.1755-6724.2003.tb00123.x .
  36. ↑ Elizabeth M. Gomani: Sauropod dinosaurs from the Early Cretaceous of Malawi, Africa. In: Palaeontologia Electronica. Vol. 8, No. 1, 2005, ISSN  1094-8074 , pp. 1–37, online (PDF; 6.91 MB) .
  37. ↑ José F. Bonaparte, Bernardo J. González Riga, Sebastián Apesteguía: Ligabuesaurus leanzai gen. Et sp. nov. (Dinosauria, Sauropoda), a new titanosaur from the Lohan Cura Formation (Aptian, Lower Cretaceous) of Neuquén, Patagonia, Argentina. In: Cretaceous Research. Vol. 27, No. 3, 2006, pp. 364-376, doi : 10.1016 / j.cretres.2005.07.004 .
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  39. ↑ Xing Xu, Xiaohong Zhang, Qingwei Tan, Xijin Zhao, Lin Tan: A new titanosaurian sauropod from Late Cretaceous of Nei Mongol, China. In: Acta Geologica Sinica. Vol. 80, No. 1, 2006, pp. 20-26, doi : 10.1111 / j.1755-6724.2006.tb00790.x .
  40. ↑ Leonardo Salgado , Ismar de Souza Carvalho: Uberabatitan ribeiroi, a new titanosaur from the Marila Formation (Bauru Group, Upper Cretaceous), Minas Gerais, Brazil. In: Palaeontology. Vol. 51, No. 4, 2008, pp. 881-901, doi : 10.1111 / j.1475-4983.2008.00781.x .
  41. ↑ Géraldine Garcia, Sauveur Amico, François Fournier, Eudes Thouand, Xavier Valentin: A new Titanosaur genus (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of southern France and its paleobiogeographic implications. In: Bulletin de la Societe Geologique de France. Vol. 181, No. 3, 2010, ISSN  0037-9409 , pp. 269-277, doi : 10.2113 / gssgfbull.181.3.269 .
  42. ↑ Sebastián Apesteguía: Bonitasaura salgadoi gen. Et sp. nov .: a beaked sauropod from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia. In: Natural Sciences. Vol. 91, No. 10, 2004, pp. 493-497, doi : 10.1007 / s00114-004-0560-6 .
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  48. ↑ Fernando E. Novas, Leonardo Salgado, Jorge Calvo , Federico Agnolin: Giant titanosaur (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia. In: Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales. NS Vol. 7, No. 1, 2005, ISSN  1514-5158 , pp. 37-41, online (PDF; 2.38 MB) ( Memento from August 22, 2006 in the Internet Archive ).
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  51. ↑ Augustín G. Martinelli, Analía M. Forasiepi: Late Cretaceous vertebrates from Bajo de Santa Rosa (Allen Formation), Río Negro province, Argentina, with the description of a new sauropod dinosaur (Titanosauridae). In: Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales. NS Vol. 6, No. 2, 2004, pp. 257-305.
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