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{{Infobox_nrhp | name =Ivy Green (Helen Keller Birthplace)
{{PBB|geneid=90070}}
| nrhp_type =nhl
Lacritin is a 12.3 kDa secreted [[glycoprotein]] encoded in humans by the '''''LACRT''''' [[gene]].<ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: LACRT lacritin| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=90070| accessdate = }}</ref><ref name="pmid11419941">{{cite journal | author = Sanghi S, Kumar R, Lumsden A, Dickinson D, Klepeis V, Trinkaus-Randall V, Frierson HF Jr, Laurie GW | title = cDNA and genomic cloning of lacritin, a novel secretion enhancing factor from the human lacrimal gland | journal = Journal of molecular biology | volume = 310 | issue = 1 | pages = 127–39 | year = 2001 | month = June | pmid = 11419941 | doi = 10.1006/jmbi.2001.4748 | url = }}</ref> Lacritin is detected in tears and saliva. Although a [[tear]] protein, lacritin promotes tear secretion. It also promotes the [[proliferation]] of some [[epithelial]] cells.<ref name="pmid11419941">{{cite journal | author = Sanghi S, Kumar R, Lumsden A, Dickinson D, Klepeis V, Trinkaus-Randall V, Frierson HF Jr, Laurie GW | title = cDNA and genomic cloning of lacritin, a novel secretion enhancing factor from the human lacrimal gland | journal = Journal of molecular biology | volume = 310 | issue = 1 | pages = 127–39 | year = 2001 | month = June | pmid = 11419941 | doi = 10.1006/jmbi.2001.4748 | url = }}</ref> Lacritin is thus a prosecretory [[mitogen]].
| image = Ivy Green September 2007.JPG

| caption =
The greatest source of lacritin is the [[lacrimal gland]].<ref name="pmid11419941">{{cite journal | author = Sanghi S, Kumar R, Lumsden A, Dickinson D, Klepeis V, Trinkaus-Randall V, Frierson HF Jr, Laurie GW | title = cDNA and genomic cloning of lacritin, a novel secretion enhancing factor from the human lacrimal gland | journal = Journal of molecular biology | volume = 310 | issue = 1 | pages = 127–39 | year = 2001 | month = June | pmid = 11419941 | doi = 10.1006/jmbi.2001.4748 | url = }}</ref> Some lacritin also is produced by the [[meibomian gland]], and also by [[epithelial]] cells of the [[conjunctiva]] and [[cornea]].<ref name="pmid17850790">{{cite journal | author = Nakajima T, Walkup RD, Tochigi A, Shearer TR, Azuma M | title = Establishment of an appropriate animal model for lacritin studies: cloning and characterization of lacritin in monkey eyes | journal = Experimental eye research | volume = 85 | issue = 5 | pages = 651–8 | year = 2007 | month = November | pmid = 17850790 | doi = 10.1016/j.exer.2007.07.019 | url = }}</ref> Together these epithelia comprise much of the [[lacrimal functional unit]] (LFU). [[Dry eye]] is the most common disease or group of diseases of the LFU. Preliminary studies with small trials suggest that lacritin may be differentially downregulated in dry eye. Topical lacritin promotes tearing in rabbit preclinical studies.
| location= 300 West North Commons, [[Tuscumbia, Alabama]]
| area =
Lacritin cell targeting is dependent on the cell surface [[heparan sulfate]] [[proteoglycan]] [[syndecan 1|syndecan-1]] (SDC1). Binding utilizes an enzyme-regulated 'off-on' switch in which active epithelial [[heparanase]] (HPSE) cleaves off heparan sulfate to expose a binding site the N-terminal region of syndecan-1's core protein.<ref name="pmid16982797">{{cite journal | author = Ma P, Beck SL, Raab RW, McKown RL, Coffman GL, Utani A, Chirico WJ, Rapraeger AC, Laurie GW | title = Heparanase deglycanation of syndecan-1 is required for binding of the epithelial-restricted prosecretory mitogen lacritin | journal = The Journal of cell biology | volume = 174 | issue = 7 | pages = 1097–106 | year = 2006 | month = September | pmid = 16982797 | pmc = 1666580 | doi = 10.1083/jcb.200511134 | url = }}</ref> A [[G-protein coupled receptor]] (GPCR) then appears to be ligated. Targeted cells signal to [[NFAT]] and [[mTOR]].<ref name="pmid16923831">{{cite journal | author = Wang J, Wang N, Xie J, Walton SC, McKown RL, Raab RW, Ma P, Beck SL, Coffman GL, Hussaini IM, Laurie GW | title = Restricted epithelial proliferation by lacritin via PKCalpha-dependent NFAT and mTOR pathways | journal = The Journal of cell biology | volume = 174 | issue = 5 | pages = 689–700 | year = 2006 | month = August | pmid = 16923831 | pmc = 1761701 | doi = 10.1083/jcb.200605140 | url = }}</ref>
| built =1880
{{Infobox neurotransmitter
| architect= David Keller; Mary Fairfax Moore
|name = Lacritin
| designated= [[March 31]], [[1992]]<ref name="nhlsum">{{cite web|url=http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=894&ResourceType=Building
|abbrev = LACRT
|title=Ivy Green (Helen Keller Birthplace) |accessdate=2007-10-28|work=National Historic Landmark summary listing|publisher=National Park Service}}</ref>
|sources = lacrimal, meibomian and salivary glands; corneal and conjunctival epithelia
| added = [[August 25]], [[1970]]<ref name="nris">{{cite web|url=http://www.nr.nps.gov/|title=National Register Information System|date=2007-01-23|work=National Register of Historic Places|publisher=National Park Service}}</ref>
|targets = epithelial specificity
| governing_body = Local
|receptors = syndecan-1 (SDC1 but not SDC2 or SDC4) as coreceptor; requires active heparanase (HPSE) to expose a protein core binding site; '''Signaling receptor:''' a GPCR is suspected (lacritin mitogenic signaling is pertussis toxin inhibitable); '''Site of Binding:''' between N-terminus of SDC1 and C-terminus of lacritin
| refnum=70000101
|footnotes = preclinical studies suggest utility in increasing ocular tearing
}}
}}
'''Ivy Green''' is the name for the childhood home of [[Helen Keller]]. It is located in [[Tuscumbia, Alabama]]. The house was built in 1820 and is a simple white clapboard house. <ref name=nibp>{{cite web | title=The Life of Helen Keller, National Institute of Blind People | url=http://www.rnib.org.uk/xpedio/groups/public/documents/publicwebsite/public_keller.hcsp | accessdate = 2007-06-08}}</ref> The actual well pump where Helen Keller first communicated with [[Anne Sullivan]] is located at Ivy Green.


<ref name="nrhpinv2">{{citation|title={{PDFlink|[http://pdfhost.focus.nps.gov/docs/NHLS/Text/70000101.pdf National Register of Historic Places Registration: Ivy Green / Keller, Helen, Birthplace]|192&nbsp;KB}}|date=June 7, 1991 |author=Page Putnam Miller |publisher=National Park Service}} and {{PDFlink|[http://pdfhost.focus.nps.gov/docs/NHLS/Photos/70000101.pdf Accompanying 4 photos (2 exterior, 1 of water pump, and 1 of Helen Keller and Anne Sullivan) from 1990 and undated.]|515&nbsp;KB}}</ref>
==Structure==
'''Lacritin''' consists of 119 [[amino acids]] after cleavage of the N-terminal [[signal peptide]] and displays several predicted [[alpha helices]], mostly in the C-terminal half. At least one appears to be[[amphipathic]] with [[hydrophobe|hydrophobic]] and [[hydrophile|hydrophilic]] residues on opposite faces. The hydrophobic face likely forms the [[binding site]] for syndecan-1. [[PONDR]] (Predictor of Naturally Disordered Regions) predicts that the C-terminal and N-terminal halves are respectively 'ordered' and 'disordered'. 11 - 12 predicted O-glycosylation sites populate the N-terminal half. One putative [[amphipathic]] alpha helix near the C-terminus may be responsible for binding the N-terminus of syndecan-1, and is the site of lacritin's only predicted N-glycosylation site. Predicted p''I'' of lacritin's core protein is 5.<ref name="pmid18840430">{{cite journal | author = McKown RL, Wang N, Raab RW, Karnati R, Zhang Y, Williams PB, Laurie GW | title = Lacritin and other new proteins of the lacrimal functional unit | journal = Experimental eye research | volume = | issue = | pages = | year = 2008 |month = September | pmid = 18840430 | doi = 10.1016/j.exer.2008.09.002 | url = }}</ref>


==The Miracle Worker Drama==
Several lacritin [[alternative splicing|splice variants]] have been detected. Lacritin-b (11.1 kDa; p''I'' 5.3) lacks the sequence SIVEKSILTE. Lacritin-c (10.7 kDa; p''I'' 4.6) displays a novel C-terminus that should be incapable of binding syndecan-1. Both may be null forms of lacritin.<ref name="pmid18840430">{{cite journal | author = McKown RL, Wang N, Raab RW, Karnati R, Zhang Y, Williams PB, Laurie GW | title = Lacritin and other new proteins of the lacrimal functional unit | journal = Experimental eye research | volume = | issue = | pages = | year = 2008 | month = September | pmid = 18840430 | doi = 10.1016/j.exer.2008.09.002 | url = }}</ref>
[[Image:Entrance to Ivy Green September 2007.JPG|left|thumb|Entrance to Ivy Green]]
[[Image:Helenkellerage7.jpg|left|thumb|Helen Keller, age 7]]
Every summer, for over 30 years, the Helen Keller Foundation has presented outdoor performances of [[William Gibson]]'s ''[[The Miracle Worker]]''. The play usually shows from early June through mid-July. It is especially popular during the [http://www.helenkellerfestival.com Helen Keller Festival] held in Tuscumbia every June.


The house is located at 300 West North Commons in Tuscumbia.
==Function==
Lacritin is an LFU prosecretory mitogen with a biphasic dose response that is optimal at 1 - 10 nM for human recombinant lacritin on human cells. Higher human lacritin concentrations are optimal on rat or mouse cells or on rabbit eyes. Lacritin flows downstream from the lacrimal gland through ducts onto the eye.


==Signaling==
==See also==
*[[List of National Historic Landmarks in Alabama]]
Lacritin targets a restricted group of epithelial cells (including human corneal epithelia), and not fibroblastic, glioma or lymphoblastic cells.<ref name="pmid16923831">{{cite journal | author = Wang J, Wang N, Xie J, Walton SC, McKown RL, Raab RW, Ma P, Beck SL, Coffman GL, Hussaini IM, Laurie GW | title = Restricted epithelial proliferation by lacritin via PKCalpha-dependent NFAT and mTOR pathways | journal = The Journal of cell biology | volume = 174 | issue = 5 | pages = 689–700 | year = 2006 | month = August |pmid = 16923831 | pmc = 1761701 | doi = 10.1083/jcb.200605140 | url = }}</ref> To understand how, a classical biochemistry approach was used in which biotinylated cell surface proteins that bound lacritin at physiological levels of salt were sequenced by [[mass spectrometry]]. In confirmatory pull-down assays, binding was not shared with family members [[SDC2|syndecan-2]] or [[SDC4|syndecan-4]], indicating that the protein core (and not the negatively charged heparan sulfate side chains) was the main site of binding. Further analysis narrowed the site to syndecan-1's N-terminal 51 amino acids.<ref name="pmid16982797">{{cite journal | author = Ma P, Beck SL, Raab RW, McKown RL, Coffman GL, Utani A, Chirico WJ, Rapraeger AC, Laurie GW | title = Heparanase deglycanation of syndecan-1 is required for binding of the epithelial-restricted prosecretory mitogen lacritin | journal = The Journal of cell biology | volume = 174 | issue = 7 | pages = 1097–106 | year = 2006 | month = September | pmid = 16982797| pmc = 1666580 | doi = 10.1083/jcb.200511134 | url = }}</ref> Syndecan-1 is widely expressed on epithelial and other cell types. How is this mechanism cell-specific? The answer appears to be the restricted availability of active epithelial [[heparanase]] (HPSE) that serves as an 'off-on' switch for lacritin binding. Heparanase cleavage of heparan sulfate side chains that also occupy the N-terminus expose a protein core binding site. This novel mechanism appears at first glance to be poor for ocular health. Heparanase release from invading lymphocytes in the corneal stroma is inflammatory. Oddly, heparanase is a normal secretory product of the corneal epithelium. Likely it is largely latent and activation may be local.

Lacritin mitogenic signaling<ref name="pmid16923831">{{cite journal | author = Wang J, Wang N, Xie J, Walton SC, McKown RL, Raab RW, Ma P, Beck SL, Coffman GL, Hussaini IM, Laurie GW | title = Restricted epithelial proliferation by lacritin via PKCalpha-dependent NFAT and mTOR pathways | journal = The Journal of cell biology | volume = 174 | issue = 5 | pages = 689–700 | year = 2006 | month = August |pmid = 16923831 | pmc = 1761701 | doi = 10.1083/jcb.200605140 | url = }}</ref> follows two pathways:

* [[Gi alpha subunit|G-α<sub>i</sub>]] or G-α<sub>o</sub>/[[PKC alpha|PKC-α]]/[[PLCG2|PLC-γ2]]/Ca<sup>2+</sup>/[[calcineurin]]/[[NFATC1]] or
* G-α<sub>i</sub> or G-α<sub>o</sub>/PKC-α/PLC-γ2/[[Phospholipase D1|PLD1]]/mTOR.

The upstream Galpha<sub>i</sub> or Galpha<sub>o</sub> signaling suggests the involvement of a [[G-protein coupled receptor]] (GPCR). A candidate GPCR is under study. Syndecan-1 likely serves as a co-receptor. Binding lacritin may improve its GPCR affinity.

==Distribution==

===Species===
Genomic sequencing assembled by [[Ensembl]] reveals the existence of putative lacritin orthologues in other species including:<ref name="urlEnsembl release 50: Homo sapiens Gene report for ENSG00000135413">{{cite web | url = http://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/geneview?gene=ENSG00000135413 | title = Gene report for ENSG00000135413 | author = | authorlink = | coauthors = | date = | format = | work = Ensembl release 50: Homo sapiens | publisher = | pages = | language = | archiveurl = | archivedate = | quote = | accessdate = }}</ref> ''[[Dasypus novemcinctus]]'' (nine-banded armadillo), ''[[Echinops telfairi]]'' (lesser hedgehog), ''[[Felis silvestris catus]]'' (house cat), ''[[Macaca mulatta]]'' (rhesus macaque or monkey), ''[[Myotis lucifugus]]'' (little brown bat), ''[[Pan troglodytes]]'' (chimpanzee), ''[[Sorex araneus]]'' (common shrew) and ''[[Tupaia belangeri]]'' (northern tree shrew). PONDR and O-glycosylation patterns are similar.<ref name="pmid18840430">{{cite journal | author = McKown RL, Wang N, Raab RW, Karnati R, Zhang Y, Williams PB, Laurie GW | title = Lacritin and other new proteins of the lacrimal functional unit | journal = Experimental eye research | volume = | issue = | pages = | year = 2008 | month = September | pmid = 18840430 | doi = 10.1016/j.exer.2008.09.002 | url = }}</ref>

=== Tissue ===
'''Lacritin''' expression is poorly reflected in the Novartis Gene Atlas view at '''top right''' that depicts values at background levels. More representative are [[Unigene]] [[EST]] data [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/UniGene/ESTProfileViewer.cgi?uglist=Hs.307096], and the GeneSapiens LACRT display[http://www.genesapiens.org/]. Also representative are RNA dot blot and tissue array data.<ref name="pmid11419941">{{cite journal | author = Sanghi S, Kumar R, Lumsden A, Dickinson D, Klepeis V, Trinkaus-Randall V, Frierson HF Jr, Laurie GW | title = cDNA and genomic cloning of lacritin, a novel secretion enhancing factor from the human lacrimal gland | journal = Journal of molecular biology | volume = 310 | issue = 1 | pages = 127–39 | year = 2001 | month = June | pmid = 11419941 | doi = 10.1006/jmbi.2001.4748 | url = }}</ref>

Lacritin is largely restricted to [[epithelial]] cells producing and bathed in tears, that largely comprise the LFU.<ref name="pmid11419941">{{cite journal | author = Sanghi S, Kumar R, Lumsden A, Dickinson D, Klepeis V, Trinkaus-Randall V, Frierson HF Jr, Laurie GW | title = cDNA and genomic cloning of lacritin, a novel secretion enhancing factor from the human lacrimal gland | journal = Journal of molecular biology | volume = 310 | issue = 1 | pages = 127–39 | year = 2001 | month = June | pmid = 11419941 | doi = 10.1006/jmbi.2001.4748 | url = }}</ref> The polarized lacrimal acinar cell appears to be the most prolific producer, as evidenced by strong staining of secretory granules<ref name="pmid11419941">{{cite journal | author = Sanghi S, Kumar R, Lumsden A, Dickinson D, Klepeis V, Trinkaus-Randall V, Frierson HF Jr, Laurie GW | title = cDNA and genomic cloning of lacritin, a novel secretion enhancing factor from the human lacrimal gland | journal = Journal of molecular biology | volume = 310 | issue = 1 | pages = 127–39 | year = 2001 | month = June | pmid = 11419941 | doi = 10.1006/jmbi.2001.4748 | url = }}</ref> in keeping with lacritin release after carbachol stimulation.<ref name="pmid17850790">{{cite journal | author = Nakajima T, Walkup RD, Tochigi A, Shearer TR, Azuma M | title = Establishment of an appropriate animal model for lacritin studies: cloning and characterization of lacritin in monkey eyes | journal = Experimental eye research | volume = 85 | issue = 5 | pages = 651–8 | year = 2007 | month = November | pmid = 17850790 | doi = 10.1016/j.exer.2007.07.019 | url = }}</ref> A secondary expression site is the [[salivary gland]], particularly a discrete group of unidentified ductal-like cells. Minute amounts of lacritin may be expressed in the [[thyroid gland]].<ref name="pmid11419941">{{cite journal | author = Sanghi S, Kumar R, Lumsden A, Dickinson D, Klepeis V, Trinkaus-Randall V, Frierson HF Jr, Laurie GW | title = cDNA and genomic cloning of lacritin, a novel secretion enhancing factor from the human lacrimal gland | journal = Journal of molecular biology | volume = 310 | issue = 1 | pages = 127–39 | year = 2001 | month = June | pmid = 11419941 | doi = 10.1006/jmbi.2001.4748 | url = }}</ref> Some lacritin was reported in lung bronchoalveolar lavage (Human Proteinpedia: HuPA_00022). A normal breast cancer localization reported by some has not been replicated in Unigene (the 'mammary gland' hit is for breast cancer) and gene array studies [http://www.genesapiens.org/], but some breast cancers appear to display elevated expression [http://www.genesapiens.org/] or LACRT gene amplification.<ref name="pmid12953101">{{cite journal | author = Porter D, Weremowicz S, Chin K, Seth P, Keshaviah A, Lahti-Domenici J, Bae YK, Monitto CL, Merlos-Suarez A, Chan J, Hulette CM, Richardson A, Morton CC, Marks J, Duyao M, Hruban R, Gabrielson E, Gelman R, Polyak K | title = A neural survival factor is a candidate oncogene in breast cancer | journal = Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A | volume = 100 | issue = 19 | pages = 110931-110936 | year = 2003 | month = September | pmid = 12953101 | doi = 10.1006/jmbi.2001.4748 | url = }}</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin | 2}}
*{{cite journal | author = Green-Church KB, Nichols JJ | title = Mass spectrometry-based proteomic analyses of contact lens deposition | journal = Molecular vision | volume = 14 | issue = | pages = 291–7 | year = 2008 | pmid = 18334948 | pmc = 2254969 | doi = | url = http://www.molvis.org/molvis/v14/a36/ | issn = }}
*{{cite journal | author = Tsai PS, Evans JE, Green KM, Sullivan RM, Schaumberg DA, Richards SM, Dana MR, Sullivan DA | title = Proteomic analysis of human meibomian gland secretions | journal = The British journal of ophthalmology | volume = 90 | issue = 3 | pages = 372–7 | year = 2006 | month = March | pmid = 16488965 | doi = 10.1136/bjo.2005.080846 | url = }}
*{{cite journal | author = Zhou L, Beuerman RW, Foo Y, Liu S, Ang LP, Tan DT | title = Characterisation of human tear proteins using high-resolution mass spectrometry | journal = Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore | volume = 35 | issue = 6 | pages = 400–7 | year = 2006 | month = June | pmid = 16865190 | doi = | url = http://www.annals.edu.sg/pdf/35VolNo6200607/V35N6p400.pdf | issn = }}
*{{cite journal | author = Koo BS, Lee DY, Ha HS, Kim JC, Kim CW | title = Comparative analysis of the tear protein expression in blepharitis patients using two-dimensional electrophoresis | journal = Journal of proteome research | volume = 4 | issue = 3 | pages = 719–24 | year = 2005 | pmid = 15952718 | doi = 10.1021/pr0498133 | url = }}
*{{cite journal | author = Kumar R, Huebner A, Laurie GW | title = Genetic separation of the human lacritin gene ("LACRT") and triple A (Allgrove) syndrome on 12q13 | journal = Advances in experimental medicine and biology | volume = 506 | issue = Pt A | pages = 167–74 | year = 2002 | pmid = 12613904 | doi = | url = | issn = }}
{{PBB_Further_reading
| citations =
*{{cite journal | author=Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, ''et al.'' |title=Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=99 |issue= 26 |pages= 16899–903 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12477932 |doi= 10.1073/pnas.242603899 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Kumar R, Huebner A, Laurie GW |title=Genetic separation of the human lacritin gene ("LACRT") and triple A (Allgrove) syndrome on 12q13. |journal=Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. |volume=506|issue= Pt A |pages= 167–74 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12613904 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Weigelt B, Bosma AJ, van 't Veer LJ |title=Expression of a novel lacrimal gland gene lacritin in human breast tissues. |journal=J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. |volume=129 |issue= 12 |pages= 735–6 |year= 2004 |pmid= 14574570 |doi= 10.1007/s00432-003-0514-y }}
*{{cite journal | author=Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, ''et al.'' |title=The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). |journal=Genome Res.|volume=14 |issue= 10B |pages= 2121–7 |year= 2004 |pmid= 15489334 |doi= 10.1101/gr.2596504 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Ozyildirim AM, Wistow GJ, Gao J, ''et al.'' |title=The lacrimal gland transcriptome is an unusually rich source of rare and poorly characterized gene transcripts.|journal=Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. |volume=46 |issue= 5 |pages= 1572–80 |year= 2005 |pmid= 15851553|doi= 10.1167/iovs.04-1380 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Koo BS, Lee DY, Ha HS, ''et al.'' |title=Comparative analysis of the tear protein expression in blepharitis patients using two-dimensional electrophoresis. |journal=J. Proteome Res. |volume=4 |issue= 3 |pages= 719–24 |year= 2005 |pmid= 15952718 |doi= 10.1021/pr0498133 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Tsai PS, Evans JE, Green KM, ''et al.'' |title=Proteomic analysis of human meibomian gland secretions. |journal=The British journal of ophthalmology |volume=90 |issue= 3 |pages= 372–7 |year= 2006 |pmid= 16488965 |doi= 10.1136/bjo.2005.080846 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Ramachandran P, Boontheung P, Xie Y, ''et al.'' |title=Identification of N-linked glycoproteins in human saliva by glycoprotein capture and mass spectrometry. |journal=J. Proteome Res. |volume=5 |issue= 6 |pages= 1493–503 |year= 2006 |pmid= 16740002 |doi= 10.1021/pr050492k }}
*{{cite journal | author=Zhou L, Beuerman RW, Foo Y, ''et al.'' |title=Characterisation of human tear proteins using high-resolution mass spectrometry. |journal=Ann. Acad. Med. Singap. |volume=35 |issue= 6|pages= 400–7 |year= 2007 |pmid= 16865190 |doi= }}
}}
{{refend}}


==External links==
==External links==
* [http://www.helenkellerbirthplace.org/ Ivy Green, Birthplace of Helen Keller official site]


{{Registered Historic Places}}
* {{MeshName|LACRT+protein,+human|3=LACRT protein, human}}


{{coord missing|United States}}


[[Category:Glycoproteins]]
[[Category:Florence-Muscle Shoals Metropolitan Area]]
[[Category:National Historic Landmarks in Alabama]]

[[Category:Biographical museums in the United States]]
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Revision as of 20:44, 13 October 2008

Ivy Green (Helen Keller Birthplace)
Location300 West North Commons, Tuscumbia, Alabama
Built1880
ArchitectDavid Keller; Mary Fairfax Moore
NRHP reference No.70000101
Added to NRHPAugust 25, 1970[1]

Ivy Green is the name for the childhood home of Helen Keller. It is located in Tuscumbia, Alabama. The house was built in 1820 and is a simple white clapboard house. [3] The actual well pump where Helen Keller first communicated with Anne Sullivan is located at Ivy Green.

[4]

The Miracle Worker Drama

Entrance to Ivy Green
Helen Keller, age 7

Every summer, for over 30 years, the Helen Keller Foundation has presented outdoor performances of William Gibson's The Miracle Worker. The play usually shows from early June through mid-July. It is especially popular during the Helen Keller Festival held in Tuscumbia every June.

The house is located at 300 West North Commons in Tuscumbia.

See also

References

  1. ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. 2007-01-23.
  2. ^ "Ivy Green (Helen Keller Birthplace)". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. Retrieved 2007-10-28.
  3. ^ "The Life of Helen Keller, National Institute of Blind People". Retrieved 2007-06-08.
  4. ^ Page Putnam Miller (June 7, 1991), Template:PDFlink, National Park Service and Template:PDFlink

External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lacritin&oldid=245072894"