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[[Image:Methane-2D-stereo.svg|thumb|right|150px|[[Methane]] is the simplest possible organic compound]]
:''For the British actor, see [[Billy Murray (actor)]]''
An '''organic compound''' is any member of a large class of [[chemical compounds]] whose [[molecules]] contain [[carbon]]. For historical reasons discussed below, a few types of compounds such as [[carbonates]], simple [[oxides]] of carbon and [[cyanides]], as well as the [[allotropes of carbon]], are considered [[Inorganic compound|inorganic]]. The division between "organic" and "inorganic" carbon compounds while "useful in organizing the vast subject of chemistry...is somewhat arbitrary"<ref name="text"/>.
{{Infobox Comedian<!--for more information, see [[:Template:Infobox comedian]]-->
| name = Bill Murray
| image = Bill_Murray.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Bill Murray, in 2005, at an [[Illinois Fighting Illini]] basketball game.
| birth_name = William James Murray
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1950|9|21}}
| birth_place = [[Wilmette, Illinois]], [[United States|U.S.]]
| medium = [[Theatre]], [[Television]], [[Film]]
| nationality = [[USA|American]]
| active = 1973 - present
| genre = [[Improvisational comedy]], [[Sketch comedy]], [[Deadpan]], [[Black comedy]]
| spouse = Margaret Kelley (1980-1996) <br> [[Jennifer Butler]] (1997-2008)
| influences = [[George Carlin]]
| influenced = [[Wes Anderson]], [[Jason Lee (entertainer)| Jason Lee]], [[Vince Vaughn]]
| baftaawards = ''[[BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role|Best Actor]]''<br>2003 ''Lost in Translation''
| emmyawards = '''Outstanding Writing in a Comedy-Variety or Music Series'''<br>1977 ''[[Saturday Night Live]]''
| goldenglobeawards = '''[[Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Motion Picture Musical or Comedy|Best Actor - Motion Picture Musical or Comedy]]'''<br>2003 ''[[Lost in Translation (film)|Lost in Translation]]''
| awards = '''[[New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actor|NYFCC Award for Best Actor]]'''<br>2003 ''Lost in Translation'''<br>'''[[New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actor|NYFCC Award for Best Supporting Actor]]'''<br>1998 '''Rushmore'''
| americancomedyawards = '''Funniest Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture'''<br>1999 ''[[Rushmore (film)|Rushmore]]''
}}
'''William James "Bill" Murray''' (born [[September 21]], [[1950]]) is an [[United States|American]] [[comedian]] and [[actor]].


[[Organic chemistry]] is the science concerned with all aspects of '''organic compounds'''. [[Organic synthesis]] is the methodology of their preparation.
He first gained national exposure on the sketch comedy television show ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' in the late 1970s. His film career expanded in the 1980s and early 1990s with highly successful roles in ''[[Stripes (film)|Stripes]]'', ''[[Caddyshack]]'', ''[[Ghostbusters]]'', ''[[Groundhog Day (film)|Groundhog Day]]'' and ''[[What About Bob?]]''. In the last decade, he has gained critical acclaim in more complex film roles in darker comedies and dramas such as ''[[Rushmore (film)|Rushmore]]'', ''[[Lost in Translation (film)|Lost in Translation]]'', ''[[The Lost City (2005 film)|The Lost City]]'', ''[[The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou]]'', ''[[Broken Flowers]]'', and ''[[The Royal Tenenbaums]]''.


==Personal life==
==History==
===Early years===
The name "organic" is historical, dating back to the 19th century, when it was believed that organic compounds could only be synthesized in living organisms through ''[[vis vitalis]]'' - the "life-force". The theory that organic compounds were fundamentally different from those that were "inorganic", that is, not synthesized through a life-force, was disproved with the synthesis of [[urea]], an "organic" compound by definition of its known occurrence only in the urine of living organisms, from potassium cyanate and ammonium sulfate by [[Friedrich Wöhler]] in the [[Wöhler synthesis]]. The kinds of carbon compounds that are still traditionally considered [[Inorganic compound|inorganic]] are those that were considered inorganic before Wöhler's time; that is, those which came from "inorganic" (i.e., lifeless) sources such as [[mineral]]s.<ref name="text">[[Spencer L. Seager]], Michael R. Slabaugh. ''Chemistry for Today: general, organic, and biochemistry''. Thomson Brooks/Cole, '''2004''', p. 342. ISBN 053439969X</ref>
Murray was born and raised in [[Wilmette, Illinois]], a [[suburb]] of [[Chicago]]. The son of Lucille ([[married and maiden names|née]] Collins), a mail room clerk, and Edward J. Murray II, a [[lumber]] salesman.<ref name= "biography">{{cite news
| title = Bill Murray Biography (1950-)
| publisher = Film Reference
| url = http://www.filmreference.com/film/24/Bill-Murray.html
| accessdate = 2007-11-12 }}</ref><ref name= "familytree">{{cite news
| title = Bill Murray Family Tree
| publisher = Ancestry.com
| url = http://landing.ancestry.com/famoustree/Tree.aspx?name=murray&sourceCode=6865
| accessdate = 2007-11-12 }}</ref> Murray, along with his siblings, grew up in an [[Irish Catholic]] family.<ref name= "elder">{{cite news
| last = Elder
| first = Sean
| title = Brilliant Careers: Bill Murray
| publisher = Salon.com
| url = http://archive.salon.com/people/bc/2001/02/06/murray/index.html
| accessdate = 2007-11-12 }}</ref>, he was the fifth of nine children. Three of his siblings are also actors: [[John Murray (actor)|John Murray]], [[Joel Murray]], and [[Brian Doyle-Murray]]. A sister, Nancy, is an [[Cuban Order|Adrian Dominican Sisters]] in [[Michigan]] who travels around the country portraying [[St. Catherine of Siena]]. Murray is also a third cousin of Ted Danson.


==Classification==
Growing up, Murray's family had little money and his mother pressured her children to get jobs.<ref name= "chase">{{cite news
:''See [[Organic chemistry#Classification of organic substances]]''
| last = Chase
| first = Chris
| title = Bill Murray, A Black Sheep Now in ''Stripes''
| publisher = [[New York Times]]
| date = [[July 3]], [[1981]]
| accessdate = }}</ref> As a child, Murray read biographies for children of American heroes like [[Kit Carson]], [[Wild Bill Hickok]] and [[Davy Crockett]].<ref name= "white">{{cite news
| last = White
| first = Timothy
| title = The Rumpled Anarchy of Bill Murray
| publisher = [[New York Times]]
| date = [[November 20]], [[1988]]
| accessdate = }}</ref> He attended [[Loyola Academy]]. As a [[teenager]], he worked alongside his brothers as a [[caddy]] to pay for his tuition in a Roman Catholic High School.<ref name= "white"/><ref name="cinderella">{{cite book |last=Murray |first=Bill |authorlink=Bill Murray |coauthors= George Peper|title=Cinderella Story: My Life in Golf |year=1999 |publisher=[[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]] |location= |isbn=0385495714 }}</ref> The 1960s were tough on Murray and his family. His father had [[diabetes]], one of his sisters had [[polio]] and his mother had several miscarriages.<ref name= "white"/> During his teen years he was the lead singer of a rock band called the Dutch Masters and took part in high school and community theater.<ref name= "white"/>


Organic compounds may contain [[atom]]s of further [[Chemical element|element]]s, so-called [[heteroatom]]s.
After graduation, he attended [[Regis University]] in [[Denver, Colorado]] where he took [[pre-med]] courses. He later dropped out after being arrested for [[drug possession|possession]] of [[cannabis (drug)|marijuana]] at Chicago's [[O'Hare Airport]].<ref name="cinderella"/><ref name= "white"/> He worked numerous jobs including a stint at a [[Little Caesar's]] alongside future chef [[Kerry Simon]].
[[Organometallic compound]]s constitute a further subsection, characterized by covalent bonds between organic carbon and a [[metal]].


There is also a large number of [[Compounds of carbon#Inorganic compounds|''inorganic'' carbon compounds]] to distinguish from organic compounds.
===Marriage and children===
During the filming of ''Stripes'', Murray wed Margaret "Mickey" Kelly on [[Super Bowl]] Sunday in [[Las Vegas, Nevada|Las Vegas]] on [[January 24]], [[1981]].<ref name= "chase"/><ref name= "white"/> They married again in Chicago in a church for their families.<ref name= "chase"/> They had two sons, Homer (born 1982) and Luke (born 1985). They filed for divorce in 1994 after his affair with [[Jennifer Butler]]. Margaret and Bill Murray's divorce became final in 1996. In 1997, he married [[Jennifer Butler]]. They have four sons together: Caleb James (born [[January 11]], [[1993]]), Jackson William (born [[October 6]], [[1995]]), Cooper Jones (born [[January 27]], [[1997]]), and Lincoln Darius (born [[May 30]], [[2001]]). Butler filed for divorce on [[May 12]], [[2008]].


===Natural compounds===
==Career==
An important subset of organic compounds is still extracted from natural sources because they would be far too expensive to be produced artificially. Examples include most [[sugar]]s, some [[alkaloid]]s and [[terpenoid]]s, certain nutrients such as [[B12|vitamin B<sub>12</sub>]], and in general, those natural products with large or stereoisometrically complicated molecules which are present in reasonable concentrations in living organisms.
With an invitation from his older brother, [[Brian Doyle Murray|Brian]], Murray got his start at [[The Second City|Second City Chicago]] studying under [[Del Close]].<ref name= "chase"/> The [[improvisational comedy]] troupe was a perfect fit for Murray's clever, dry humor and [[ad lib]]bing. In 1974, he moved to [[New York City]] and was recruited by [[John Belushi]]<ref name= "carr">{{cite news
| last = Carr
| first = Jay
| coauthors =
| title = Bill Murray's Somber Side
| work =
| pages =
| language =
| publisher = [[Boston Globe]]
| date = [[November 20]], [[1988]]
| url =
| accessdate = }}</ref> as a featured player on ''[[The National Lampoon Radio Hour]]'', which aired on some 600 stations from 1973 to 1974.<ref name= "chase"/>


Further compounds of prime importance in [[biochemistry]] are [[antigen]]s, [[carbohydrate]]s, [[enzymes]], [[hormones]], [[lipids]] and [[fatty acids]], [[neurotransmitters]], [[nucleic acids]], [[protein]]s, [[peptide]]s and [[amino acids]], [[vitamins]] and [[fats and oils]].
===''Saturday Night Live''===
In 1975, an [[Off Broadway]] version of a ''Lampoon'' show led to his first television role as a cast member of the [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] [[variety show]] ''[[Saturday Night Live with Howard Cosell]]'' that featured animal acts and little kids with loud voices.<ref name= "chase"/> That same season, another variety show titled ''[[Saturday Night Live|NBC's Saturday Night]]'' premiered. Cosell's show lasted just one season, cancelled in early 1976.


===Synthetic compounds===
After working in [[Los Angeles]] with the "guerrilla video" commune [[TVTV]] on a number of projects, Murray rose to prominence in 1976. He joined the cast of [[NBC]]'s ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' for the show's second season, following the departure of [[Chevy Chase]]. Murray has hosted the program on five occasions, and was a guest on the first of the ''Saturday Night Live Weekend Update Thursday'' live specials on October 9, 2008.
Many [[polymer]]s, including all [[plastics]] are organic compounds.


===Films===
==Nomenclature==
The [[IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry|IUPAC nomenclature of organic compounds]] slightly differs from the [[Chemical Abstracts Service|CAS]] nomenclature.
Murray landed his first starring role in the film ''[[Meatballs (film)|Meatballs]]'' in 1979. He followed with his portrayal of famed writer [[Hunter S. Thompson]] in 1980's ''[[Where the Buffalo Roam]]''. In the early 1980s, he starred in a string of box-office hits including ''[[Caddyshack]]'', ''[[Stripes (film)|Stripes]]'' and ''[[Tootsie]]''.


==Databases==
Murray began work on a [[The Razor's Edge (1984 film)|film adaptation]] of the novel ''[[The Razor's Edge]]''. The film, which Murray also co-wrote, was his first starring role in a [[dramatic film]]. He later agreed to star in ''[[Ghostbusters]]'' in a role originally written for [[John Belushi]]. This was a deal Murray made with [[Columbia Pictures]] in order to gain financing for his film.{{Fact|date=November 2007}} ''Ghostbusters'' became the highest-grossing film of 1984. But ''[[The Razor's Edge (1984 film)|The Razor's Edge]]'', which was filmed before ''Ghostbusters'' but not released until after, was a box-office flop.
* The ''[[Chemical Abstracts Service|CAS]]'' database is the most comprehensive repository for data on organic compounds. The search tool ''[[Chemical Abstracts Service#SciFinder|SciFinder]]'' is offered .


* The ''[[Beilstein database]]'' contains information on 9.8 million substances, covers the scientific literature from 1771 to the present, and is today accessible via ''CrossFire''. Structures and a large diversity of physical and chemical properties is available for each substance, with reference to original literature.
After the failure of ''Razor's Edge'', Murray took four years off from acting to spend time in Paris. He attended a program for foreigners offered at the [[University of Paris|Sorbonne]]), frequented the Cinematheque in Paris, and spent time with his family in their [[Rockland County]], [[Hudson River Valley]] home.<ref name= "carr"/> During that time, his second son, Luke, was born.<ref name= "white"/> With the exception of a [[cameo appearance]] in the [[1986 in film|1986]] movie ''[[Little Shop of Horrors (1986 film)|Little Shop of Horrors]]'', he did not make any appearances in films, though he did participate in several public readings in [[Manhattan]] organized by playwright/director [[Timothy Mayer]] and in a production of [[Bertolt Brecht]]'s ''A Man's Man''.<ref name= "white"/>


* ''[[PubChem]]'' contains 18.4 million entries on compounds and especially covers the field of [[medicinal chemistry]].
Murray returned to films in 1988 with ''[[Scrooged]]'' and the sequel ''[[Ghostbusters II]]'' in 1989. In 1990, Murray made his first and only attempt at directing when he co-helmed ''[[Quick Change]]'' with producer [[Howard Franklin]]. His subsequent films ''[[What About Bob?]]'' (1991) and ''[[Groundhog Day (film)|Groundhog Day]]'' (1993) were box-office hits and critically acclaimed.


There is a great number of more specialized databases for diverse branches of organic chemistry.
After a string of films that did not do well with audiences, he received several awards for [[Wes Anderson]]'s ''[[Rushmore (film)|Rushmore]]''. Murray then experienced a resurgence in his career as a dramatic actor. After dramatic roles in ''[[Wild Things]]'', ''[[Cradle Will Rock]]'', ''[[Hamlet (2000 movie)|Hamlet]]'' (as [[Polonius]]), and ''[[The Royal Tenenbaums]]'', he garnered considerable acclaim for the [[2003 in film|2003]] film ''[[Lost in Translation (film)|Lost in Translation]]''. He received a [[Golden Globe Award]], a [[BAFTA]] award, and was nominated for the [[Academy Award for Best Actor]]. In an interview included on the ''Lost in Translation'' DVD, Murray states that this is his favorite movie in which he has appeared.


==Structure determination==
<!-- Commented out because image was deleted: [[Image:MurrayTable.jpg|thumb|200px|Bill Murray as Don Johnston in ''Broken Flowers''.{{deletable image-caption}}]] -->
:''See [[Structure determination]]
During this time, Murray still appeared in comedic roles such as ''[[Charlie's Angels (film)|Charlie's Angels]]'' and ''[[Osmosis Jones]]''. In 2004, he provided the voice of [[Garfield]] in ''[[Garfield (film)|Garfield: The Movie]]'', again for [[Garfield: A Tail of Two Kitties]] in 2006 (it should be noted that this makes it a two-way link between Murray and [[Lorenzo Music]], the former voice of Garfield; Music was also the voice of [[Peter Venkman]], Murray's ''Ghostbusters'' character, in the cartoon series [[The Real Ghostbusters]]). 2004 also marked his third collaboration with Wes Anderson in ''[[The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou]]''. His dramatic role in [[Jim Jarmusch]]'s ''[[Broken Flowers]]'' was also well received.


Today, the main tools are [[Proton NMR|proton]] and [[Carbon-13 NMR|carbon-13]] [[NMR spectroscopy]] and [[X-ray crystallography]].
In 2005, Murray announced that he would take a break from acting<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000195/bio|title=IMDb bio|publisher =IMDb|accessdate=2008-01-11}}</ref> , as he had not had any time off since his new breakthrough in the late 1990s. He has since made brief cameos in Wes Anderson's ''[[The Darjeeling Limited]]'' and in ''[[Get Smart (film)|Get Smart]]''. Murray will also lent his voice for the video game ''[[Ghostbusters: The Video Game]]'', released on October 31, 2008.


===Golf===
==See also==
*[[Organometallic compound]]s
Murray, who's role as Carl Spackler in [[Caddyshack]] is beloved in gold circles, is an avid golfer and often plays in celebrity tournaments. His [[1999 in literature|1999]] book ''Cinderella Story: My Life in Golf'', part [[autobiography]] and part [[essay]], expounds on his love of golf. In 2002, he and his brothers starred in the [[Comedy Central]] series, ''[[The Sweet Spot]]'', which chronicled their adventures playing golf. One of Murray played Carl Spackler in [[Caddyshack]].
*[[Compounds of carbon|Inorganic carbon compounds]]

*[[List of organic compounds]] | [[List of compounds|List of chemical compounds]]
While at a golf tournament with British golfer [[Ian Poulter]] in [[St Andrews]], [[Scotland]], Murray was invited by a student of the university to a house party. The student reported in Scottish papers that Murray acted just like he had in the karaoke scene of ''Lost in Translation'', and was "incredibly fun and energetic". Murray even volunteered to do the dishes and was said to be very amiable and unpretentious.<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/2006/SHOWBIZ/Movies/10/16/britain.billmurray.ap/index.html Bill Murray attends student party, does dishes (CNN)]</ref> In [[Space Jam]] Bill Murray, appearing as himself, plays upon his love for golf.
*[[Inorganic compound]]s

===Outside of show business===
He is a partner with his brothers in Murray Bros. Caddy Shack, a restaurant chain with locations near [[Jacksonville, Florida|Jacksonville]] and in [[Myrtle Beach, South Carolina|Myrtle Beach]] and [[St. Augustine, Florida|St. Augustine]].<ref>[http://www.murraybroscaddyshack.com/ Murray Bros. Caddyshack Restaurant]</ref>

He is a part-owner of the [[St. Paul Saints]] independent minor-league [[baseball]] team and occasionally travels to [[Saint Paul, Minnesota]] to watch the team's games.<ref>[http://www.saintsbaseball.com/staff/ownership/ St. Paul Saints ownership]</ref> He also owns part of the [[Charleston RiverDogs]], [[Hudson Valley Renegades]], and the [[Brockton Rox]]. He invested in a number of other minor league teams in the past, including the [[Utica Blue Sox]], Fort Myers Miracle, and Salt Lake Trappers. He was also a part-owner of the Auburn Astros (now the [[Auburn Doubledays]]) in Auburn, NY.

Being very detached from the [[Hollywood, Los Angeles, California|Hollywood]] scene, Murray does not have an agent or manager and reportedly only fields offers for scripts and roles using a personal telephone number with a voice mailbox that he checks infrequently.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rodcorp.typepad.com/rodcorp/2005/02/how_we_work_bil.html|title=How we work: Bill Murray, actor|publisher =rodcorp|accessdate=2008-01-11}}</ref> This practice has the downside of sometimes preventing him from taking parts that he had auditioned for and was interested in, such as that of Sulley in ''[[Monsters, Inc]]'', Bernard Berkman in ''[[The Squid and the Whale]]'', Frank Ginsburg in ''[[Little Miss Sunshine]]'' and [[Willy Wonka]] in ''[[Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (film)|Charlie and the Chocolate Factory]].''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hotlist.uk.msn.com/actors_and_film/bill_murray_gets_lost_in_transportation.aspx|title=MSN Hotlist|publisher =Microsoft|accessdate=2008-01-11}}</ref>

Murray has homes in [[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]], [[Martha's Vineyard, MA]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mvmagazine.com/2006/july/hot_tin_roof.php|title=Under (one) Hot Tin Roof|publisher =Martha's Vineyard Magazine|accessdate=2008-01-11}}</ref> , [[Charleston, South Carolina|Charleston, SC]], and [[Rockland County, New York]], twenty miles north of New York City.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mondostars.com/entertainment/billmurray.html|title=Bill Murray: Funny, crazy and sweet|publisher =MondoStars|accessdate=2008-01-11}}</ref>

During the [[2000 election|2000 presidential campaign]], Murray [[Stump speech (politics)|stumped]] for [[Green Party (United States)|Green Party]] candidate [[Ralph Nader]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D00E4DD113FF936A25753C1A9669C8B63|title= THE 2000 CAMPAIGN: THE GREEN PARTY; In Nader Supporters' Math, Gore Equals Bush|publisher =The New York Times|accessdate=2008-01-11}}</ref>

Murray is a huge fan of Chicago pro sports teams, especially the [[Chicago Cubs]] (He was once a guest color commentator for a cubs game during the 80s) and the [[Chicago Bears]].<ref name= "wine">{{cite news
| last = Wine
| first = Steven
| coauthors =
| title = Comedian Bill Murray lightens Cubs' mood &mdash; at least briefly
| work =
| pages =
| language =
| publisher = Yahoo! Sports
| date = [[September 27]], [[2007]]
| url = http://sports.yahoo.com/mlb/news;_ylt=Ak6ARa.k7P1_XBcslCIr3LMV0bYF?slug=ap-cubs-murray&prov=ap&type=lgns
| accessdate = 2007-09-28 }}</ref> He also is a big [[Michael Jordan]] fan and has made cameo appearances in ''[[Space Jam]]'' and Jordan documentaries. Murray is also an avid [[Quinnipiac University]] basketball fan, where his son serves as head of basketball operations. Murray is a regular fixture at home games. He also cheered courtside for the [[Illinois Fighting Illini]]'s game versus the [[University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill|University of North Carolina]] in the NCAA Basketball Tournament's championship game in 2005. He is a fixture at home games of those teams when in his native Chicago. After traveling to Florida during the Cubs playoff run to help "inspire" the team (Murray told Cubs slugger [[Aramis Ramirez]] he was very ill and needed two home runs to give him the hope to live)<ref name= "keller">{{cite news
| last = Keller
| first = Tom
| coauthors =
| title = Murray visits with Cubs prior to finale
| work =
| pages =
| language =
| publisher = MLB.com
| date = [[September 27]], [[2007]]
| url = http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article_entertainment.jsp?ymd=20070927&content_id=2234194&vkey=entertainment&fext=.jsp
| accessdate = 2007-11-12 }}</ref>, he was invited to the champagne party in the Cubs' clubhouse when the team clinched the NL Central in late September 2007, along with fellow actors [[John Cusack]], [[Bernie Mac]], [[James Belushi]], and former Cubs legend [[Ron Santo]]. Murray also appeared in Santo's documentary, ''[[This Old Cub]]''.

As a Chicago native, Murray appeared at the 50th annual [[Chicago Air & Water Show]] in August 2008. He performed a [[tandem jump]] with the [[U.S. Army Parachute Team]] Golden Knights. <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/chi-bill-murray-parachute-jump-web-jul22,0,4130346.story | title="Bill Murray to parachute at Chicago Air & Water Show" | publisher=Chicago Tribune | date=2008-07-21 | accessdate=2008-07-21}}</ref>

==Film awards and nominations==
{{main|List of Bill Murray awards and nominations}}
{| class="wikitable"
!colspan="4" align="center"|[[Academy Award]]
|-
! style="width:100px"| Year || style="width:100px"| Result || style="width:100px"|Award || style="width:450px"|Category
|-
|align="center" |2004 ||align="center" |Nominated ||align="center" |Oscar ||align="center" |Best Actor for '''[[Lost in Translation (film)|Lost in Translation]]'''
|-
!colspan="4" align="center"|[[BAFTA]]
|-
! Year || Result || Award || Category
|-
|align="center" |2004 ||align="center" |'''Won''' ||align="center" |BAFTA ||align="center" |Best Actor in a Leading Role for '''[[Lost in Translation (film)|Lost in Translation]]'''
|-
!colspan="4" align="center"|[[Golden Globes|Golden Globe Awards]]
|-
! style="width:150px"| Year || style="width:100px"| Result || style="width:100px"|Award || style="width:400px"|Category
|-
|align="center" |1985 ||align="center" |Nominated ||align="center" |Golden Globe ||align="center" |Best Actor in a Motion Picture Musical or Comedy for '''[[Ghostbusters]]'''
|-
|align="center" |1999 ||align="center" |Nominated ||align="center" |Golden Globe ||align="center" |Best Actor in a Supporting Role in a Motion Picture for '''[[Rushmore (film)|Rushmore]]'''
|-
|align="center" |2004 ||align="center" |'''Won''' ||align="center" |Golden Globe ||align="center" |Best Actor in a Motion Picture Musical or Comedy for '''[[Lost in Translation (film)|Lost in Translation]]'''
|-
!colspan="4" align="center"|[[MTV Movie Awards]]
|-
! style="width:150px"| Year || style="width:100px"| Result || style="width:100px"|Award || style="width:400px"|Category
|-
|align="center" |1992 ||align="center" |Nominated ||align="center" |Golden Popcorn ||align="center" |Best Comedic Performance for '''[[What About Bob?]]'''
|-
|align="center" |1993 ||align="center" |Nominated ||align="center" |Golden Popcorn ||align="center" |Best Comedic Performance for '''[[Groundhog Day (film)|Groundhog Day]]'''
|-
|align="center" |2004 ||align="center" |Nominated ||align="center" |Golden Popcorn ||align="center" |Best Male Performance for '''[[Lost in Translation (film)|Lost in Translation]]'''
|-
|}

==Filmography==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
*''[[Tarzoon: Shame of the Jungle]]'' (1975) (voice in 1979 English dub)
*''[[Next Stop, Greenwich Village]]'' (1976)
*''[[All You Need Is Cash]]'' (1978) (aka, "[[The Rutles]]", cameo)
*''[[Meatballs (film)|Meatballs]]'' (1979 his first starring and leading man role)
*''[[Mr. Mike's Mondo Video]]'' (1979)
*''[[Where the Buffalo Roam]]'' (1980)
*''[[The Missing Link (film)|The Missing Link]]'' (1980) (voice in English dub)
*''[[Caddyshack]]'' (1980)
*''[[Loose Shoes]]'' (1980)
*''[[Stripes (film)|Stripes]]'' (1981)
*''[[Tootsie]]'' (1982)
*''[[Ghostbusters]]'' (1984)
*''[[Nothing Lasts Forever (film)|Nothing Lasts Forever]]'' (1984)
*''[[The Razor's Edge (1984 film)|The Razor's Edge]]'' (1984)
*''[[Little Shop of Horrors (1986 film)|Little Shop of Horrors]]'' (1986)
*''[[She's Having a Baby]]'' (1988) (Cameo)
*''[[Scrooged]]'' (1988)
*''[[Ghostbusters II]]'' (1989)
*''[[Quick Change]]'' (1990)
*''[[What About Bob?]]'' (1991)
*''[[Groundhog Day (film)|Groundhog Day]]'' (1993)
*''[[Mad Dog and Glory]]'' (1993)
*''[[Ed Wood (film)|Ed Wood]]'' (1994)
*''[[Kingpin (film)|Kingpin]]'' (1996)
*''[[Larger than Life (film)|Larger than Life]]'' (1996)
{{col-2}}
*''[[Space Jam]]'' (1996) (Small role)
*''[[The Man Who Knew Too Little]]'' (1997)
*''[[Wild Things]]'' (1998)
*''[[Rushmore (film)|Rushmore]]'' (1998)
*''[[Cradle Will Rock]]'' (1999)
*''Scout's Honor'' (1999) (short subject)
*''[[Hamlet (2000 film)|Hamlet]]'' (2000)
*''Michael Jordan to the Max'' (2000) (documentary)
*''[[Charlie's Angels (film)|Charlie's Angels]]'' (2000)
*''Speaking of Sex'' (2001)
*''[[Osmosis Jones]]'' (2001)
*''[[The Royal Tenenbaums]]'' (2001)
*''[[Lost in Translation (film)|Lost in Translation]]'' (2003)
*''[[Coffee and Cigarettes]]'' (2003)
*''This Old Cub'' (2004) (documentary)
*''[[Garfield (film)|Garfield]]'' (2004) (voice)
*''Mr. Alligator'' (2010) (voice)
*''[[The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou]]'' (2004)
*''[[Broken Flowers]]'' (2005)
*''[[The Lost City (2005 film)|The Lost City]]'' (2005)
*''[[Garfield: A Tail of Two Kitties]]'' (2006) (voice)
*''Buy the Ticket, Take the Ride: Hunter S. Thompson on Film'' (2006) (documentary)
*''[[The Darjeeling Limited]]'' (2007)
*''[[Get Smart (film)|Get Smart]]'' (2008) (cameo)
*''[[City of Ember]]'' (2008)
{{col-end}}

===Upcoming===
*''[[Ghostbusters: The Video Game]]'' (2008) (voice)
*''[[The Limits of Control]]'' (2009)
*''[[Fantastic Mr. Fox (film)|Fantastic Mr. Fox]]'' (2009) (voice)


==References==
==References==
<references/>
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
*{{imdb name | id=0000195 | name=Bill Murray}}
*[http://www.funnyordie.com/videos/eae26bb96d/ Bill Murray on Funny or Die!]
*[http://www.nndb.com/people/537/000024465/ Track Bill Murray] at the NNDB
*[http://www.louisepalanker.com/interviews/bill-murray-interview.html Streaming audio interview from 1988] (18 minutes)
*[http://www.usatoday.com/life/people/2006-10-15-murray-party_x.htm USA Today Article detailing Murray's house party crashing]
*[http://www.murraylinks.co.uk/ Murray Links] From an Average Joe to Bill Murray
*[http://bh.heraldinteractive.com/entertainment/movies/general/view.bg?articleid=1123866 Bill Murray drawn to dark ‘City of Ember’ role] Boston Herald

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|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Richard Gere]] <br> for ''[[Chicago (2002 film)|Chicago]]''}}
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{{EmmyAward ComedyVarietyMusicWriting 1975-2000}}


{{Organic chemistry}}
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|ALTERNATIVE NAMES= Murray, William James
|SHORT DESCRIPTION=[[Academy Awards|Academy Award]]-nominated and [[Emmy]]-winning [[United States|American]] [[comedian]] and [[actor]]
|DATE OF BIRTH= [[September 21]], [[1950]]
|PLACE OF BIRTH= [[Wilmette, Illinois]], [[United States|U.S.]]
|DATE OF DEATH=
|PLACE OF DEATH=
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[[Category:Best Musical or Comedy Actor Golden Globe (film) winners]]
[[Category:Emmy Award winners]]
[[Category:Irish-American comedians]]
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[[Category:Organic compounds| ]]
[[Category:Organic chemistry]]


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Revision as of 00:04, 13 October 2008

Methane is the simplest possible organic compound

An organic compound is any member of a large class of chemical compounds whose molecules contain carbon. For historical reasons discussed below, a few types of compounds such as carbonates, simple oxides of carbon and cyanides, as well as the allotropes of carbon, are considered inorganic. The division between "organic" and "inorganic" carbon compounds while "useful in organizing the vast subject of chemistry...is somewhat arbitrary"[1].

Organic chemistry is the science concerned with all aspects of organic compounds. Organic synthesis is the methodology of their preparation.

History

The name "organic" is historical, dating back to the 19th century, when it was believed that organic compounds could only be synthesized in living organisms through vis vitalis - the "life-force". The theory that organic compounds were fundamentally different from those that were "inorganic", that is, not synthesized through a life-force, was disproved with the synthesis of urea, an "organic" compound by definition of its known occurrence only in the urine of living organisms, from potassium cyanate and ammonium sulfate by Friedrich Wöhler in the Wöhler synthesis. The kinds of carbon compounds that are still traditionally considered inorganic are those that were considered inorganic before Wöhler's time; that is, those which came from "inorganic" (i.e., lifeless) sources such as minerals.[1]

Classification

See Organic chemistry#Classification of organic substances

Organic compounds may contain atoms of further elements, so-called heteroatoms. Organometallic compounds constitute a further subsection, characterized by covalent bonds between organic carbon and a metal.

There is also a large number of inorganic carbon compounds to distinguish from organic compounds.

Natural compounds

An important subset of organic compounds is still extracted from natural sources because they would be far too expensive to be produced artificially. Examples include most sugars, some alkaloids and terpenoids, certain nutrients such as vitamin B12, and in general, those natural products with large or stereoisometrically complicated molecules which are present in reasonable concentrations in living organisms.

Further compounds of prime importance in biochemistry are antigens, carbohydrates, enzymes, hormones, lipids and fatty acids, neurotransmitters, nucleic acids, proteins, peptides and amino acids, vitamins and fats and oils.

Synthetic compounds

Many polymers, including all plastics are organic compounds.

Nomenclature

The IUPAC nomenclature of organic compounds slightly differs from the CAS nomenclature.

Databases

  • The CAS database is the most comprehensive repository for data on organic compounds. The search tool SciFinder is offered .
  • The Beilstein database contains information on 9.8 million substances, covers the scientific literature from 1771 to the present, and is today accessible via CrossFire. Structures and a large diversity of physical and chemical properties is available for each substance, with reference to original literature.

There is a great number of more specialized databases for diverse branches of organic chemistry.

Structure determination

See Structure determination

Today, the main tools are proton and carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Spencer L. Seager, Michael R. Slabaugh. Chemistry for Today: general, organic, and biochemistry. Thomson Brooks/Cole, 2004, p. 342. ISBN 053439969X
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