Heteroatom
Heteroatoms (from the Greek heteros , “the other (of two)”) are atoms in organic - chemical compounds that are not carbon or hydrogen . Often, but not exclusively, nitrogen , oxygen , sulfur or phosphorus atoms are part of an organic compound (such as cyclic compounds - heterocycles ). Because of the electronegativity difference between heteroatoms and carbon or hydrogen, the bonds between these atoms are mostly polar .
Examples of heteroatoms in organic compounds
- Oxygen in alcohols , amino acids , aldehydes , acetals , ketones , carboxylic acids , esters , ethers , amides , peptides , urethanes , furan , dioxane
- Nitrogen in alkaloids , amines , amides , amino acids , imines , isocyanides , nitriles , nitro compounds , urethanes , pyridine , pyrrolidine
- Sulfur in thiols , cysteine , disulfides , sulfides , sulfoxides , sulfones , sulfonic acids , sulfonamides , thiophene
- Phosphorus in phosphanes , phosphoric acid esters
- Selenium in selenols , selenides , diselenides , selenophene
- Tellurium in tellurides
- Fluorine in Teflon
- Chlorine in chloroform , carboxylic acid chlorides
- Bromine in bromobenzene
- Iodine in iodoalkanes
- Magnesium in Grignard compounds
- Lithium in organolithium compounds , e.g. B. n - butyllithium
Individual evidence
- ^ Hans P. Latscha, Uli Kazmaier, Helmut A. Klein: Organic chemistry . Springer, Berlin / Heidelberg 2008, ISBN 978-3-642-36592-8 , pp. 197-209 , doi : 10.1007 / 978-3-540-77107-4_15 .