The Great Escape (book) and Charles Rigault de Genouilly: Difference between pages
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|name= Charles Rigault de Genouilly |
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|lived= 1807-1873 |
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|placeofbirth= [[Rochefort]], [[France]] |
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|placeofdeath= [[Barcelona]], [[Spain]] |
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|image=[[Image:Charles Rigault de Genouilly.jpg|250px]] |
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|caption=Charles Rigault de Genouilly. |
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|nickname= |
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|allegiance= [[Image:Flag of France.svg|18px]] [[France]] |
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|branch=[[French Navy]] |
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|serviceyears= |
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|rank=Amiral de France |
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|commands= |
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|battles=[[Bombardment of Da Nang]]<br>[[Crimean War]]<br>[[Second Opium War]]<br>[[Siege of Đà Nẵng]]<br>[[Capture of Saigon]] |
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|awards= |
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|laterwork= |
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'''Pierre-Louis-Charles Rigault de Genouilly''' (born April 12, 1807 in [[Rochefort, Charente-Maritime|Rochefort]], died May 4, 1873 in [[Barcelona]]) was a nineteenth-century French admiral. He fought with distinction in the [[Crimean War]] and the [[Second Opium War]], but is chiefly remembered today for his command of French and Spanish forces during the opening phase of the [[Cochinchina campaign]] (1858–62), which inaugurated the French conquest of [[Vietnam]]. |
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== Early career == |
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{{Expand|date=December 2007}} |
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Rigault de Genouilly entered the [[Ecole Polytechnique]] in 1825.<ref>Randier, ''La Royale'', 342</ref> He entered the navy as a midshipman in 1827, and served in the Morea expedition aboard the frigate ''Fleur de Lys''. In 1828 he was transferred to ''Résolute'', and took part in operations against pirates in the Greek archipelago. |
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Promoted ''enseigne de vaisseau'' in 1830, he participated in the French expedition against [[Algiers]] and the forcing of the Tagus in 1831. In 1832 he served aboard ''Ducreuse'' during the blockade of the Dutch coast in the Belgian War of Independence. He was promoted ''lieutenant de vaisseau'' in 1834. |
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'''''The Great Escape''''' is an autobiographical account by [[Paul Brickhill]] about the mass escape from the German [[prisoner of war]] camp [[Stalag Luft III]]. Though Brickhill himself did not escape, he did record the events. The introduction to the book was written by George Harsh. |
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In 1843, he assumed command of the corvette ''Victorieuse'' on the China and India Seas station, and took part in an expedition to explore the Yellow Sea. On 25 April 1847 ''Victorieuse'' and ''Gloire'' (''capitaine de vaisseau'' Augustin de Lapierre), which had been sent to Da Nang (Tourane) to negotiate for the release of two French Catholic missionaries, were attacked without warning by several Vietnamese vessels, in an incident known as the [[Bombardment of Da Nang]]. The two French ships fought back, and with their superior armament rapidly destroyed their attackers.<ref>Thomazi, ''Histoire militaire de l'Indochine française'', 24</ref> In July 1847 ''Victorieuse'' ran aground on the coast of Korea, but Rigault de Genouilly was exonerated from blame by a court of enquiry. |
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== Plot summary== |
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The plot of the book centers primarily on the events known as ''The Great Escape'', but it also includes mention of other escape attempts as well as the hunt of the [[Gestapo]] agents who killed fifty of the escapees on Hitler's direct order. |
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He was promoted ''captaine de vaisseau'' in July 1848, and served on a commission charged with studying the defences of Havre. He then became ''chef de cabinet'' of the [[List of Naval Ministers of France|navy minister]] Joseph Grégoire Cazy. Between 1849 and 1851 he was captain successively of the frigate ''Vauban'' and of ''Charlemagne'', the first screw-driven French warship. He conducted extensive tests on ''Charlemagne'', for which he received the thanks of the admiralty.<ref>Randier, ''La Royale'', 342</ref> |
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Much of the book centers on [[Roger Bushell]], also known as the Big X. It discusses him being shot down, his early escape attempts, and him planning the escape. Unfortunately, he was one of the fifty who was shot. |
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== Crimean War == |
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Though much of the story is centered on Bushell's life, several people that Brickhill knew received much attention, such as Major John Dodge. |
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In 1853 he was appointed flag-captain of ''[[French ship Ville de Paris (1851)|Ville de Paris]]'' by Admiral Hamelin and took part in the bombardment of Odessa on 22 April 1854, one of the early naval actions of the [[Crimean War]]. Promoted ''contre-amiral'' (rear admiral) in 1854, he served with distinction in the [[siege of Sebastopol]], where he was in command of the French marines (''fusiliers-marins''). |
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==Second Opium War== |
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In the end, seventy-six men escaped. Out of those seventy-six, seventy-three of them were recaptured and fifty of those were shot by the Gestapo. Four of those seventy-three escaped at a later date and did get away. This includes John Dodge who was related to [[Winston Churchill]] and was released to secure a cease-fire. |
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[[Image:Rigault de Genouilly Canton Chinese bell at the MEP.jpg|thumb|left|Chinese bell brought from [[Canton]] by Rigault de Genouilly, now in the park of the [[Paris Foreign Missions Society]].]] |
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In 1857 Rigault de Genouilly sailed on ''[[French frigate Némésis (1847)|Némésis]]'' to join the naval armada assembled by Admiral Léonard Charner for the [[Second Opium War]], and was placed in command of the French naval division. During the campaign he took part in the blockade of Macau and captured the city of [[Canton]].<ref>Randier, ''La Royale'', 342</ref> |
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After this success he served at the capture of the Peiho forts and accompanied the Anglo-French expedition to Tientsin. |
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== |
== Cochinchina campaign == |
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In November 1857, in response to the execution of two Spanish missionaries by the Vietnamese emperor [[Tu Duc]] and the failure of a diplomatic mission to Hue led by Charles de Montigny, Rigault de Genouilly was authorised by the French emperor [[Napoleon III]] to launch a punitive expedition against Vietnam. In September 1858 a joint French and Spanish expedition under his command landed at [[Da Nang]] and captured the city.<ref>Thomazi, ''La conquête de l'Indochine'', 29–33</ref> |
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Four tunnels were dug for the escape. They were nicknamed ''fh |
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', ''Dick'', ''Harry'' and ''George''. The operation was so secretive that everyone was to refer to each tunnel by its nickname. Bushell took this so seriously that he threatened to court-martial anyone who even uttered the word "tunnel" aloud. ''Tom'' was dug in hut 123 and extended east into the forest. It was found by the Germans and dynamited. ''Dick'' was dug in the shower room of hut 122 and had the most secure trap door. It was to go in the same direction as ''Tom'' and the prisoners decided that the hut would not be a suspected tunnel site as it was more inward than the others. ''Dick'' was abandoned for escape purposes because the area where it would have popped up at was cleared for camp expansion. ''Dick'' was then used to store dirt, supplies, and as a workshop. ''Harry'' was the tunnel ultimately used for the escape. It was discovered as the escape was in progress and not even half of the projected 220 people had gotten away. To avoid the disaster of ''Tom'', ''Harry'' was filled with sewage, sand, and sealed with cement. After the escape, the prisoners started digging another tunnel called ''George'', but this was abandoned when the camp was evacuated. |
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The allies expected an easy victory, but the war did not at first go as planned. Vietnamese resistance was more stubborn than had been expected, and the French and Spanish found themselves besieged in Da Nang by a Vietnamese army under the command of Nguyen Tri Phuong. The [[Siege of Đà Nẵng]] lasted for nearly three years, and although there was little fighting disease took a heavy toll of the allied expedition. The siege eventually ended with the unopposed evacuation of the French garrison in March 1860.<ref>Thomazi, ''La conquête de l'Indochine'', 38–9</ref> |
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In his obituary, prolific British tunneller [[John Fancy]] was credited as the real-life inspiration for the book.<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/3131228/John-Fancy.html]</ref> |
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[[Image:Prise de Saigon 18 Fevrier 1859 Antoine Morel-Fatio.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Capture of Saigon]], 17 February 1859, a painting by [[Antoine Morel-Fatio]]]] |
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==Film, TV or theatrical adaptations== |
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Shortly after his capture of Da Nang, Rigault de Genouilly cast around for somewhere else to strike the Vietnamese. In January 1859 he proposed to the navy ministry an expedition against Saigon in Cochinchina, a city of considerable strategic significance as a source of food for the Vietnamese army. The expedition was approved, and in early February, leaving ''capitaine de vaisseau'' Thoyon at Da Nang with a small French garrison, Rigault de Genouilly sailed south for Saigon with a powerful naval flotilla and a Franco-Spanish landing force. On 17 February 1859, after forcing the river defences and destroying a series of forts and stockades along the Saigon river, Rigault de Genouilly captured Saigon. The allies were not strong enough to hold the enormous [[Citadel of Saigon]], and on 8 March 1859 blew it up and set fire to its rice magazines. In April Rigault de Genouilly returned to Da Nang with the bulk of his forces to reinforce Thoyon's hard-pressed garrison. On 8 May 1859 he personally led a French attack on the Vietnamese siege lines at Da Nang. The attack achieved limited sucess, but the French were unable to break the siege.<ref>Thomazi, ''La conquête de l'Indochine'', 33–7</ref> |
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In 1963, the [[Mirisch Company|Mirisch brothers]] worked with [[United Artists]] to produce ''[[The Great Escape (film)|The Great Escape]]'' as a film. The men in the movie were composites of those from real life and the timeline was condensed. |
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In November 1859 Rigault de Genouilly, whose actions in Cochinchina had been severely criticised in France, was replaced by Admiral François Page, who was instructed to obtain a treaty protecting the Catholic faith in Vietnam but not to seek any territorial gains.<ref>Tucker, ''Vietnam'', 29</ref> |
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== Later career == |
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Between 1862 and 1864, following his return to France, Rigault de Genouilly served first aboard ''Bretagne'' and then aboard ''Ville de Paris'' as commander of the French squadron of evolutions (''escadre d’évolutions'') in the Mediterranean. He was [[List of Naval Ministers of France|navy minister]] from 20 January 1867 to 4 September 1870, replacing [[Justin de Chasseloup-Laubat]]. He also became [[Minister of War]] on August 13, 1869, succeeding [[Adolphe Niel]]. He only held the position for a few days, and was replaced by [[Edmond Le Bœuf]] on August 21, 1869. |
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Rigault de Genouilly turned down the offer of command of one of the French fleets during the [[Franco-Prussian War]] and resigned as navy minister on the fall of the Second Empire after the [[battle of Sedan]]. One of his last acts as navy minister was to order naval personnel and gunboats to take part in the Siege of Paris. After his resignation he retired to Spain to live out his last years. He died in Barcelona in 1873. |
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==See also== |
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*[[Colonization of Cochinchina]] |
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*[[France-Vietnam relations]] |
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==Notes== |
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{{Reflist}} |
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==References== |
==References== |
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* Encyclopedia Britannica Online [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9063673/Charles-Rigault-de-Genouilly] |
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{{reflist}} |
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* Randier, J., ''La Royale'' (Editions Babouji, 2006) ISBN 2352610222 |
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* Taboulet, G., ''La geste française en Indochine'' (Paris, 1956) |
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* Thomazi, A., ''La conquête de l'Indochine'' (Paris, 1934) |
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* Thomazi, A., ''Histoire militaire de l'Indochine français'' (Hanoi, 1931) |
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* Tucker, S. C., ''Vietnam'' (University Press of Kentucky, 1999) ISBN 0813109663 |
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== Offices held == |
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{{start box}} |
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{{succession box | title=[[List of Naval Ministers of France|Minister of the Navy]]| |
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before= [[Prosper de Chasseloup-Laubat]]| years=[[20 January]], [[1867]]–[[4 September]], [[1870]]| after=[[Maurice Fourichon]]}} |
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{{succession box | title=[[Minister of Defence (France)|Minister of War]]| |
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before= [[Adolphe Niel]]| years=[[13 August]], [[1869]]–[[21 August]], [[1869]]| after=[[Edmond Le Bœuf]]}} |
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{{end box}} |
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[[Category:1873 deaths]] |
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[[Category:French Navy admirals]] |
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[[Category:Military history of Vietnam]] |
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[[fr:Charles Rigault de Genouilly]] |
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{{Template:Cochinchina campaign}} |
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{{Template:French Indochina}} |
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[[Category:Autobiographical novels]] |
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[[Category:World War II novels|Great Escape, The]] |
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Revision as of 01:24, 13 October 2008
Charles Rigault de Genouilly | |
|---|---|
 Charles Rigault de Genouilly. | |
| Allegiance |  France |
| Service/ | French Navy |
| Rank | Amiral de France |
| Battles/wars | Bombardment of Da Nang Crimean War Second Opium War Siege of Đà Nẵng Capture of Saigon |
Pierre-Louis-Charles Rigault de Genouilly (born April 12, 1807 in Rochefort, died May 4, 1873 in Barcelona) was a nineteenth-century French admiral. He fought with distinction in the Crimean War and the Second Opium War, but is chiefly remembered today for his command of French and Spanish forces during the opening phase of the Cochinchina campaign (1858–62), which inaugurated the French conquest of Vietnam.
Early career
Rigault de Genouilly entered the Ecole Polytechnique in 1825.[1] He entered the navy as a midshipman in 1827, and served in the Morea expedition aboard the frigate Fleur de Lys. In 1828 he was transferred to Résolute, and took part in operations against pirates in the Greek archipelago.
Promoted enseigne de vaisseau in 1830, he participated in the French expedition against Algiers and the forcing of the Tagus in 1831. In 1832 he served aboard Ducreuse during the blockade of the Dutch coast in the Belgian War of Independence. He was promoted lieutenant de vaisseau in 1834.
In 1843, he assumed command of the corvette Victorieuse on the China and India Seas station, and took part in an expedition to explore the Yellow Sea. On 25 April 1847 Victorieuse and Gloire (capitaine de vaisseau Augustin de Lapierre), which had been sent to Da Nang (Tourane) to negotiate for the release of two French Catholic missionaries, were attacked without warning by several Vietnamese vessels, in an incident known as the Bombardment of Da Nang. The two French ships fought back, and with their superior armament rapidly destroyed their attackers.[2] In July 1847 Victorieuse ran aground on the coast of Korea, but Rigault de Genouilly was exonerated from blame by a court of enquiry.
He was promoted captaine de vaisseau in July 1848, and served on a commission charged with studying the defences of Havre. He then became chef de cabinet of the navy minister Joseph Grégoire Cazy. Between 1849 and 1851 he was captain successively of the frigate Vauban and of Charlemagne, the first screw-driven French warship. He conducted extensive tests on Charlemagne, for which he received the thanks of the admiralty.[3]
Crimean War
In 1853 he was appointed flag-captain of Ville de Paris by Admiral Hamelin and took part in the bombardment of Odessa on 22 April 1854, one of the early naval actions of the Crimean War. Promoted contre-amiral (rear admiral) in 1854, he served with distinction in the siege of Sebastopol, where he was in command of the French marines (fusiliers-marins).
Second Opium War
In 1857 Rigault de Genouilly sailed on Némésis to join the naval armada assembled by Admiral Léonard Charner for the Second Opium War, and was placed in command of the French naval division. During the campaign he took part in the blockade of Macau and captured the city of Canton.[4] After this success he served at the capture of the Peiho forts and accompanied the Anglo-French expedition to Tientsin.
Cochinchina campaign
In November 1857, in response to the execution of two Spanish missionaries by the Vietnamese emperor Tu Duc and the failure of a diplomatic mission to Hue led by Charles de Montigny, Rigault de Genouilly was authorised by the French emperor Napoleon III to launch a punitive expedition against Vietnam. In September 1858 a joint French and Spanish expedition under his command landed at Da Nang and captured the city.[5]
The allies expected an easy victory, but the war did not at first go as planned. Vietnamese resistance was more stubborn than had been expected, and the French and Spanish found themselves besieged in Da Nang by a Vietnamese army under the command of Nguyen Tri Phuong. The Siege of Đà Nẵng lasted for nearly three years, and although there was little fighting disease took a heavy toll of the allied expedition. The siege eventually ended with the unopposed evacuation of the French garrison in March 1860.[6]
Shortly after his capture of Da Nang, Rigault de Genouilly cast around for somewhere else to strike the Vietnamese. In January 1859 he proposed to the navy ministry an expedition against Saigon in Cochinchina, a city of considerable strategic significance as a source of food for the Vietnamese army. The expedition was approved, and in early February, leaving capitaine de vaisseau Thoyon at Da Nang with a small French garrison, Rigault de Genouilly sailed south for Saigon with a powerful naval flotilla and a Franco-Spanish landing force. On 17 February 1859, after forcing the river defences and destroying a series of forts and stockades along the Saigon river, Rigault de Genouilly captured Saigon. The allies were not strong enough to hold the enormous Citadel of Saigon, and on 8 March 1859 blew it up and set fire to its rice magazines. In April Rigault de Genouilly returned to Da Nang with the bulk of his forces to reinforce Thoyon's hard-pressed garrison. On 8 May 1859 he personally led a French attack on the Vietnamese siege lines at Da Nang. The attack achieved limited sucess, but the French were unable to break the siege.[7]
In November 1859 Rigault de Genouilly, whose actions in Cochinchina had been severely criticised in France, was replaced by Admiral François Page, who was instructed to obtain a treaty protecting the Catholic faith in Vietnam but not to seek any territorial gains.[8]
Later career
Between 1862 and 1864, following his return to France, Rigault de Genouilly served first aboard Bretagne and then aboard Ville de Paris as commander of the French squadron of evolutions (escadre d’évolutions) in the Mediterranean. He was navy minister from 20 January 1867 to 4 September 1870, replacing Justin de Chasseloup-Laubat. He also became Minister of War on August 13, 1869, succeeding Adolphe Niel. He only held the position for a few days, and was replaced by Edmond Le Bœuf on August 21, 1869.
Rigault de Genouilly turned down the offer of command of one of the French fleets during the Franco-Prussian War and resigned as navy minister on the fall of the Second Empire after the battle of Sedan. One of his last acts as navy minister was to order naval personnel and gunboats to take part in the Siege of Paris. After his resignation he retired to Spain to live out his last years. He died in Barcelona in 1873.
See also
Notes
References
- Encyclopedia Britannica Online [1]
- Randier, J., La Royale (Editions Babouji, 2006) ISBN 2352610222
- Taboulet, G., La geste française en Indochine (Paris, 1956)
- Thomazi, A., La conquête de l'Indochine (Paris, 1934)
- Thomazi, A., Histoire militaire de l'Indochine français (Hanoi, 1931)
- Tucker, S. C., Vietnam (University Press of Kentucky, 1999) ISBN 0813109663
Offices held