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{{London stations| name = Wood Lane {{access icon}} | image = [[Image:Wood Lane stn entrance.JPG|300px]] | caption = entrance the day after opening | manager = [[London Underground]] | zone = [[Travelcard Zone 2|2]] | locale = [[Wood Lane]] | borough = [[London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham|Hammersmith and Fulham]] | years=2008 | events=Opened 12th October | platforms=| tubeexits= }}
{{Disputed|date=March 2008}}
'''Wood Lane''' is a [[London Underground]] station in west [[London]], on the [[Hammersmith & City Line]].<ref name=TfL_01>{{cite press release|url = http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/media/newscentre/archive/3451.aspx |title = Wood Lane and Shepherd's Bush Market to join Tube map|accessdate = 2007-08-26|date = 20 November 2006|publisher = [[Transport for London]]}}</ref> It is located adjacent to [[Wood Lane]] in the [[White City, London|White City]] area, and will serve the new [[Westfield London]] shopping centre being developed nearby. It has been designed by [[Ian Ritchie Architects]], and opened on [[12th October]] [[2008]].
{{POV|date=February 2008}}
{{Weasel}}
{{Infobox Military Conflict
|conflict=War in the Vendée
|partof=the War of the [[First Coalition]]
|image=[[Image:GuerreVendée 1.jpg|300px]]
|caption=''Henri de La Rochejacquelein at the Battle of Cholet in 1793'' by Paul-Emile Boutigny, (19th C.), Musée d'art et d'histoire de Cholet, [[Cholet]], France.
|date=March [[1793]]-March [[1796]]
|place=[[Vendée]], [[France]]
|result=Republican victory
|combatant1={{flagicon|France}} [[French First Republic|French Republic]]
|combatant2=[[Image:CuoreVandea2.svg|20px]] [[House of Bourbon|French Royalists]]
|commander1=
|commander2=
|strength1=
|strength2=
|casualties1=
|casualties2=
}}
{{Campaignbox War in the Vendee}}
{{Campaignbox French Revolutionary Wars Royalist Revolts}}
{{Campaignbox First Coalition}}
{{French Revolution|image=[[Image:Vendée-Position.png|150px]]|caption=Location of Vendée.}}
{{Religious persecution|right}}
The '''War in Vendée''' ([[1793]] to [[1796]]) was a [[civil war]] in [[Vendée]] between [[House of Bourbon|Royalists]] and [[French First Republic|Republicans]] during the [[French Revolution]]. Vendée is a coastal region, immediately south of the [[Loire River]] in west central [[France]].


The station is between [[Latimer Road tube station|Latimer Road]] and [[Shepherd's Bush Market tube station|Shepherd's Bush Market]] stations. The station is a short walk from [[White City tube station|White City]] station on the [[Central line]] providing an easy interchange between the lines.
==Background==
Class differences were not as great in [[Vendée]] as in the capital [[Paris]] and the other French provinces. In rural Vendée, the local nobility seems to have been more residential and less bitterly resented than in other parts of France.<ref>{{cite book | last = Schama | first = Simon | authorlink = Simon Schama | title = Citizens | publisher = [[Penguin Books]] |date=2004 | pages = p. 589 |bn = 0141017279 }}</ref> The conflicts that drove the revolution were also lessened in this particularly isolated part of France by strong adherence of the populace to their Catholic faith. In 1791 two "representatives mission" informed the [[National Convention]] of the disquieting condition of Vendée, and this news was quickly followed by the exposure of a royalist plot organized by the [[Charles Armand Tuffin, marquis de la Rouerie|Marquis de la Rouerie]]. It was not until the social unrest combined with the external pressures from the [[Civil Constitution of the Clergy]] ([[1790]]) and the introduction of a [[Levée en masse#The French Revolutionary Wars|levy]] of 300,000 on the whole of France, decreed by the National Convention in February 1793, that the region erupted.<ref name=EBEE-Wars_Of_The_Vendee>[[Encyclopaedia Britannica Eleventh Edition]] "[http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Wars_Of_The_Vendee Wars Of The Vendee]"</ref><ref name=Anderson-205>James Maxwell Anderson (2007). Daily Life During the French Revolution, Greenwood Publishing
Group, ISBN 0313336830. [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LWLkLT_hEsQC&pg=PA205&lpg=PA205&source=web&ots=wdiRCxv0t9&sig=bUlrxRpKrBWmUkKfS6WBKQuI_LQ&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=6&ct=result p. 205]</ref><ref>Francois Furet (1996). ''The French Revolution, 1770-1814: 1770-1814'' Blackwell Publishing, France ISBN 0631202994. [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1qN-KifyMncC&pg=PA124&lpg=PA124&source=web&ots=9CRrnPBFSo&sig=XnDqdxdYMlw0FJERG67fwTraQvk&hl=en p. 124]</ref>


A short distance to the south along the tracks from the site of the new station is the site of a former [[Wood Lane (Metropolitan Line) tube station|Wood Lane]] station (later called ''"White City"''), that closed after a fire on one of the wooden platforms in [[1959]].
The Civil Constitution required all clerics to swear allegiance to it and by extension to the increasingly anti-clerical [[National Constituent Assembly]]. All but seven of the 160 bishops refused the oath, as did about half of the parish priests.<ref name=Joes-51>Joes, Anthony James [http://books.google.com/books?id=buHXFDFdeoQC&dq Resisting Rebellion: The History and Politics of Counterinsurgency] 2006 University Press of Kentucky ISBN 0813123399. p.51</ref> Persecution of the clergy and the faithful was the first trigger of the rebellion; the second being conscription. Nonjuring priests were exiled or imprisoned.<ref name=Joes-51/> Women on their way to Mass were beaten in the streets.<ref name=Joes-51/> Religious orders were suppressed and Church property confiscated.<ref name=Joes-51/> On March 3, 1793, virtually all the churches were ordered closed.<ref name=Joes-52>Joes, Anthony James [http://books.google.com/books?id=buHXFDFdeoQC&dq Resisting Rebellion: The History and Politics of Counterinsurgency] 2006 University Press of Kentucky ISBN 0813123399. p.52 </ref> Sacramental vessels were confiscated by soldiers and the people were forbidden to place a cross on their graves.<ref name=Joes-52/>


[[Transport for London|TfL]] announced that owing to the popularity of [[Oyster card|Oyster]] cards across the Underground network, there would be no ticket office in the new station.<ref name=TfL_03>{{cite press release|url = http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/media/newscentre/5282.aspx|accessdate = 2008-04-20|title = Oyster success leads Tube ticket office changes| date= 12 June 2007|publisher = [[Transport for London]]}}</ref>
The March 1793 conscription requiring Vendeans to fill their district's quota of 300,000 enraged the populace,<ref name=EBEE-Wars_Of_The_Vendee/><ref name=Anderson-205/> who took up arms as "The Catholic Army", "Royal" being added later, and fought for "above all the reopening of their parish churches with their former priests."<ref name=Jones-52-53>Joes, Anthony James [http://books.google.com/books?id=buHXFDFdeoQC&dq Resisting Rebellion: The History and Politics of Counterinsurgency] 2006 University Press of Kentucky ISBN 0813123399. [http://books.google.com/books?id=buHXFDFdeoQC&pg=PA53&cad=1_1&sig=ACfU3U2D11vTELzIqW-huFbUKO4yuc_axw p. 52-53]</ref>


==Outbreak of revolt==
==See also==
*[[List of London Underground stations]]
There were other levy riots across France, when regions started to draft men into the army in response to the Levy Decree in February. The reaction in the north west in early March was particularly pronounced with large scale rioting verging on insurrection. By early April, north of the Loire order had been restored by the revolutionary government, but south of the Loire in four departments that became known as the ''Vendée Militaire'' there were few troops to control rebels and what had started as rioting quickly took on the form of a full blown insurrection lead by priests and the local nobility<ref Anderson->Donald M. G. Sutherland (2003). ''The French Revolution and Empire: The Quest for a Civic Order'', Blackwell Publishing France, ISBN 0631233636. [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-RqlaVNxLxQC&pg=PA155&lpg=PA155&source=web&ots=d-lvWT6BhC&sig=c8h9bwYQUqWyK-E4h-ObLZYXFHM&hl=en p. 155]</ref>
*[[Shepherd's Bush stations]] - other stations in the [[Shepherd's Bush]] area.
*[[Wood Lane (Central Line) tube station|Wood Lane]] - a closed station on the Central Line
{{Tubeportal}}


==References==
Following the initial outbreak, there were spontaneous and uncoordinated riots on [[March 10]]-[[March 13|13]] in many towns and villages. The representatives of the Republic &mdash; mayors, judges, [[National Guard (France)|National Guardsmen]], educationalists, priests and others &mdash; were singled out for attack and murder. The bloodiest outburst was in [[Machecoul]] on [[March 11]], where forty men were beaten and stabbed to death on the streets before another four hundred or so were gathered up and arrested. The men were taken out in 'rosaries' (tied in a line with rope around the chest), made to dig ditches and shot; their bodies then tumbled into the grave they had dug. {{Fact|date=February 2008}}
{{Reflist}}


==External links==
The crowds then joined, moving from the smaller to the larger settlements, armed with captured weapons and led by gamekeepers and wheelwrights. [[Cholet]] and [[Chemillé]] in the north and [[Fontenay-le-comte]] in the south quickly fell to the rebels, their numbers overwhelming the inadequate Republican garrisons. Local [[nobility|nobles]] were approached, and while many declined, some ([[Louis d'Elbée|d'Elbée]], [[Sapinaud de la Verrie]], [[François Athanase de Charette de la Contrie|Charette]]) became the leaders of their local force, creating a small loyal force for each locality. The clergy were also fairly reticent, but certain prominent members played an important role in rallying the people. {{Fact|date=February 2008}}
*[http://www.alwaystouchout.com/project/24 Details of new transport infrastructure]

*[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/resources/corporate/media/pressimages/rez-high/h-tube-map-2010.jpg Tfl.gov.uk - Underground map of future developments to 2010 showing Wood Lane station]
Within a few weeks the rebel forces had formed a substantial, if ill-equipped, army, the ''Royal and Catholic Army'', supported by two thousand [[irregular military|irregular]] [[cavalry]] and a few captured [[artillery]] pieces. The main force of the rebels operated on a much smaller scale, using [[guerrilla warfare|guerrilla tactics]], supported by the insurgents' unparalleled local knowledge and the good-will of the people.<ref>[http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/journal_of_military_history/v067/67.2north.html General Hoche and Counterinsurgency]</ref>

==Republican response==
[[Image:Coeur-chouan.jpeg|thumb|left|Insignia of the Vendean royalist insurgents. Note the French words 'Dieu Le Roi' beneath the heart-and-cross, meaning 'God (and) the king'.]]
The Republic was quick to respond, dispatching over 45,000 troops to the area by the end of March. Unfortunately for the government, less than one ''bleu'' in twenty was adequately trained,{{Fact|date=February 2008}} the majority being raw young recruits: barely trained, badly equipped and fed, scared and with miserably low morale. {{Fact|date=February 2008}} Worse, this force was scattered in "penny packets" of fifty to a hundred men throughout the region, allowing the brutality of the 'invading' ''bleus'' to anger many people, {{Fact|date=February 2008}} but limiting control to a few urban centres, and providing many weak garrisons as targets. {{Fact|date=February 2008}}

The first pitched battle was on the night of [[March 19]]. A Republican column of 2,000, under <!--need an identification on this person-->General de Marcé, moving from [[La Rochelle]] to [[Nantes]], was intercepted north of [[Chantonnay]] at Pont-Charrault (La Guérinière), near <!--need an identification on this place-->the Lay. After six hours of fighting rebel reinforcements arrived and routed the Republican forces. The rebels advanced as far south as [[Niort]]. In the north, on [[March 22]], another Republican force was routed near [[Chalonnes]], leaving their equipment for the grateful Vendéans. {{Fact|date=February 2008}}

The ''Vendée Militaire'' covered the area between the [[Loire River|Loire]] and the Lay - covering Vendée (Marais, Bocage Vendéen, Collines Vendéennes), part of [[Maine-et-Loire]] west of <!--need an identification on this place-->the Layon, and the portion of [[Deux Sèvres]] west of <!--need an identification on this place-->the [[Thouet|River Thouet]]. Having secured their ''pays'', the deficiencies of the Vendéan army became more apparent. Lacking a unified strategy (or army) and fighting a defensive campaign, from April onwards the army lost cohesion and its special advantages. Successes continued for some time: [[Battle of Thouars|Thouars]] was taken in early May and [[Battle of Saumur (1793)|Saumur]] in June; there were victories at [[Châtillon]] and [[Vihiers]]. But the Vendéans then turned to a protracted and wasteful siege of [[Battle of Nantes|Nantes]]. {{Fact|date=February 2008}}

==Defeat==
On [[August 1]] 1793 the Committee of Public Safety ordered General Jean-Baptiste Carrier to carry out a "pacification" of the region, by complete physical destruction.<ref name=autogenerated1>Sutherland, Donald [http://books.google.com/books?id=-RqlaVNxLxQC&pg=PA222&lpg=PA222&dq The French Revolution and Empire: The Quest for a Civic Order] p. 222, 2003 Blackwell Publishing ISBN 0631233636</ref> The orders for "pacification" were not carried out immediately, but a steady stream of demands for total destruction continued.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> Under orders from Committee of Public Safety in February 1794 the Republican forces launched their final "pacification" (Vendée-Vengé or "Vendée Avenged"): twelve columns, the ''colonnes infernales'' ("infernal columns") under Louis-Marie Turreau, were marched through Vendée.<ref> Masson, Sophie [http://www.godspy.com/culture/Remembering-The-Vendee.cfm Remembering the Vendée] (Godspy 2004. First published in "Quadrant" magazine Australia, 1996)</ref> General Turreau inquired about "the fate of the women and children I will encounter in rebel territory", stating that if it was "necessary to pass them all by sword" he would require a decree.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> In response, the Committee of Public Safety ordered him to "eliminate the brigands to the last man, there is your duty..." .<ref name=autogenerated1 />

The Republican army was reinforced, benefiting from the first men of the ''[[levée en masse]]'' and reinforcements from [[Mainz]]. The Vendéan army had its first serious defeat at Cholet on [[October 17]]; worse for the rebels, their army was split. In October [[1793]] the main force, commanded by [[Henri de la Rochejaquelein]] and numbering some 25,000 (followed by thousands of civilians of all ages), crossed the Loire, headed for the port of [[Granville]] where they expected to be greeted by a British fleet and an army of exiled French nobles. Arriving at Granville, they found the city surrounded by Republican forces, with no British ships in sight. Their attempts to take the city were unsuccessful. During the retreat the extended columns fell prey to Republican forces; suffering from hunger and disease, they died in their thousands. The force was defeated in the last, decisive battle at [[Savenay]] on [[December 23]].

A massacre of 6,000 Vendée prisoners, many of them women, took place after the battle of Savenay, along with the drowning of 3,000 Vendée women at Pont-au-Baux and 5,000 Vendée priests, old men, women, and children killed by drowning at the [[Loire River]] at [[Nantes]] in what was called the "national bath" - tied in groups in barges and then sunk into the Loire.<ref name=EBEE-Wars_Of_The_Vendee/><ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/global/main.jhtml?xml=/global/2007/09/27/schools-teaching-children-france.xml What are the educational options for British children moving to France?]</ref><ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950DE2DB1231F934A25755C0A96F948260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all In a Corner of France, Long Live the Old Regime]</ref>

The campaign was ordered as such by the ''Comité de Salut public'':
<blockquote>
''"The committee has prepared measures that tend to exterminate this rebellious race of Vendéeans, to make their abodes disappear, to torch their forests, to cut their crops."''{{Fact|date=August 2008}}
</blockquote>
The orders to Turreau were:
<blockquote>
''"Exterminate the brigands to the last man instead of burning the farms, punish the fleeing ones and the cowards, and crush that horrible Vendée. Combine the most assured means to exterminate all of this race of brigands."''<ref>Secher, Reynald. ''A French Genocide: The Vendee.'' [[University of Notre Dame Press]], (2003). p. 119 ISBN 0268028656 </ref>
</blockquote>

With these massacres came formal orders for forced evacuation; also, a '[[scorched earth]]' policy was initiated: farms were destroyed, crops and forests burned and villages razed. There were many reported atrocities and a campaign of mass killing universally targeted at residents of the Vendée regardless of combatant status, political affiliation, age or gender.<ref>[http://www.genocidetext.net/gaci_origins.pdf Jones, Adam Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction p.7 (Routledge/Taylor & Francis Publishers Forthcoming 2006)]</ref>

After the defeat at Savenay regular warfare was at an end, the French general [[Francois Joseph Westermann]] penned a letter to the Committee of Public Safety stating “There is no more Vendée. It died with its wives and its children by our free sabres. I have just buried it in the woods and the swamps of Savenay. According to the orders that you gave me, I crushed the children under the feet of the horses, massacred the women who, at least for these, will not give birth to any more brigands. I do not have a prisoner to reproach me. I have exterminated all. The roads are sown with corpses. At Savenay, brigands are arriving all the time claiming to surrender, and we are shooting them non-stop... Mercy is not a revolutionary sentiment."<ref>Davies, Norman. ''Europe: A history'' [[Pimlico]], (1997). p. 705 </ref> <ref name="Schama 788">{{cite book | last = Schama | first = Simon | authorlink = Simon Schama | title = Citizens | publisher = [[Penguin Books]] |date=2004 | pages = p. 788 | isbn = 0141017279 }}</ref>

According to historian [[Simon Schama]], “Every atrocity the time could imagine was meted out to the defenseless population. Women were routinely raped, children killed, both mutilated. . . . At Gonnord . . . two hundred old people, along with mothers and children, [were forced] to kneel in front of a large pit they had dug; they were then shot so as to tumble into their own grave. . . . Thirty children and two women were buried alive when earth was shoveled onto the pit.”<ref>{{cite book | last = Schama | first = Simon | authorlink = Simon Schama | title = Citizens | publisher = [[Penguin Books]] |date=2004 | pages = p. 791 | isbn = 0141017279 }}</ref>

Following the <!--link for the following?-->[[law of 14 Frimaire]], in December alone over 6,000 prisoners were executed,<ref name="Schama 788"/> a number in what was called "the Republican baptisms" or the "national bath": tied in groups in barges and then sunk into the Loire.<ref name="Schama 789">{{cite book | last = Schama | first = Simon | authorlink = Simon Schama | title = Citizens | publisher = [[Penguin Books]] |date=2004 | pages = p. 789 | isbn = 0141017279 }}</ref> Initially, these mass drownings were confined to priests and took place by night, but before long they became habitual and occurred in broad daylight.<ref name="Schama 789"/> Those attempting to escape by jumping in were sabered in the water.<ref name="Schama 789"/> Estimates of those who were dispatched in this manner range from 2,000 to 4,800;<ref name="Schama 789"/>

Although regular warfare was now at an end, Turreau and his "infernal columns" still continued to scour the disaffected districts to pacify the country. The Convention issued conciliatory proclamations allowing the Vendeans liberty of worship and guaranteeing their property. General Hoche applied these measures with great success. He restored their cattle to the peasants who submitted, "let the priests have a few crowns," and on [[20 July]] 1795 annihilated an ''émigré'' expedition which had been equipped in England and had seized Fort Penthievre and Quiberon. Treaties were concluded at [[La Jaunaie]] (February 15, 1795) and at [[La Mabillaie]], and were fairly well observed by the Vendeans; and nothing remained but to cope with the feeble and scattered remnant of the Vendeans still under arms, and with the [[Chouans]]. On the [[30 July]] 1796 the state of siege was raised in the western departments.<ref name=EBEE-Wars_Of_The_Vendee/>

By July 1796, the estimated Vendean dead numbered between 117,000 and 500,000, out of a population of around 800,000.<ref name=autogenerated2>[http://content.cdlib.org/xtf/view?docId=ft2h4nb1h9&doc.view=content&chunk.id=d0e1419&toc.depth=1&anchor.id=0&brand=eschol Three State and Counterrevolution in France by Charles Tilly]</ref><ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=travel&res=950DE1DC123AF93AA35754C0A96F948260 Vive la Contre-Revolution!]</ref><ref>McPhee, Peter [http://www.h-france.net/vol4reviews/mcphee3.html Review of Reynald Secher, A French Genocide: The Vendée] H-France Review Vol. 4 (March 2004), No. 26 </ref>

==1815==
During [[Napoleon Bonaparte|Napoleon Bonaparte's]] [[Hundred Days]] in 1815, some of the population of Vendée remained loyal to King [[Louis XVIII]], forcing Bonaparte &ndash; who was short of troops to fight the Waterloo Campaign &ndash; to send a force of 10,000 under the command of [[Jean Maximilien Lamarque]] to pacify the region.<ref name=EB1911WC>[[Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition]] Waterloo Campaign.</ref>

==Genocide debate==

In 1986 Reynald Secher wrote a controversial book entitled: ''A French Genocide: The Vendée'', in which he argued that the actions of the French republican government during the revolt in the Vendée (1793–1796), a popular Royalist uprising against the Republican government during the [[French Revolution]], was the first modern genocide.<ref name=SR-Vendee> Secher, Reynald. ''A French Genocide: The Vendée'', University of Notre Dame Press, (2003), ISBN 0268028656.</ref> Secher's claims, in addition to his political and religious affiliations, caused a minor uproar in France amongst scholars of modern French history, as mainstream authorities on the period—both French and foreign—published articles refuting Secher's claims (see below). In the rebellion, initially the Vendée rebels gained the upper hand, so on [[August 1]] [[1793]] the [[Committee of Public Safety]] ordered General [[Jean-Baptiste Carrier]] to carry out a pacification of the region. The Republican army was reinforced and the Vendéan army was eventually defeated. Under orders from Committee of Public Safety in February 1794 the Republican forces launched their final "pacification" (the ''Vendée-Vengé'' or "Vendée Avenged")—twelve columns, the ''colonnes infernales'' ("infernal columns") under [[Louis-Marie Turreau]], were marched through the Vendée, and, according to Secher, killed both rebels and civilians indiscriminately.<ref>[http://www.newoxfordreview.org/reviews.jsp?did=0504-gardiner The Heart of Darkness: How Visceral Hatred of Catholicism Turns Into Genocide]</ref><ref>[http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Wars_Of_The_Vendee Wars Of The Vendee]</ref> When the campaign dragged to an end in March 1796 the estimated dead, both Republican and Royalist, numbered between 117,000 and 500,000, out of a population of around 800,000.<ref name=autogenerated2 /><ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=travel&res=950DE1DC123AF93AA35754C0A96F948260 "Vive la Contre-Revolution!"]</ref><ref>McPhee, Peter [http://www.h-france.net/vol4reviews/mcphee3.html Review of Reynald Secher, A French Genocide: The Vendée], H-France Review Vol. 4 (March 2004), No. 26.</ref>

Secher's allegation of genocide, Claude Langlois (of the Institute of History of the French Revolution) derides as "quasi-mythological".<ref name="CL-426–434">Claude Langlois, « Les héros quasi mythiques de la Vendée ou les dérives de l'imaginaire », in F. Lebrun, 1987, p. 426–434, et « Les dérives vendéennes de l’imaginaire révolutionnaire », AESC, n°3, 1988, p. 771–797.</ref> Timothy Tackett of the University of California summarizes the case as such: "In reality... the Vendée was a tragic civil war with endless horrors committed by both sides—initiated, in fact, by the rebels themselves. The Vendéeans were no more blameless than were the republicans. The use of the word genocide is wholly inaccurate and inappropriate." <ref>Voir l'intervention de Timothy Tackett, dans ''French Historical Studies'', Autumn 2001, p. 572.</ref> Hugh Gough (Professor of history at University College Dublin,) considers Secher's book an attempt at [[historical revisionism]] that is unlikely to have any lasting impact.<ref>Hugh Gough, "Genocide & the Bicentenary: the French Revolution and the revenge of the Vendée", (''Historical Journal'', vol. 30, 4, 1987, pp. 977–88.) p. 987. </ref> Peter McPhee roundly criticizes Secher, including the assertion of commonality between the functions of the Republican government and Communist totalitarianism. McPhee does this by pointing to what he considers to be a number of dubious assumptions and flawed methodology on Secher's part.<ref name=PMc>Peter McPhee, [http://www.h-france.net/vol4reviews/mcphee3.html a review] of Reynald Secher, ''A French Genocide'', published in H-France Review Vol. 4 (March 2004), No. 26.</ref> Other scholars who have published against Secher's thesis include: Julian Jackson (professor of history modern at the University of London),<ref>Stefan Berger, Mark Donovan, Kevin Passmore (dir.), ''Writing National Histories—Western Europe Since 1800'', Routledge, Londres, 1999, 247 pages, contribution by Julian Jackson. ([http://www.history.qmul.ac.uk/staff/jackson.html jackson biography] published by [[Queen Mary, University of London|QMUL]] ),</ref> and professors of modern history and related fields François Lebrun of the University of High-Brittany-Rennes II,<ref>François Lebrun, « La guerre de Vendée : massacre ou génocide ? », ''L'Histoire'', Paris, n°78, May 1985, p.93 to 99 et no. 81, September 1985, p. 99 to 101.</ref> and of the University of Paris, I-Pantheon-Sorbonne, Paul Tallonneau<ref>Paul Tallonneau, ''Les Lucs et le génocide vendéen : comment on a manipulé les textes'', éditions Hécate, 1993</ref> Claude Petitfrère,<ref>Claude Petitfrère, ''La Vendée et les Vendéens'', Editions Gallimard/Julliard, 1982.</ref> and Jean-Clément Martin.<ref>Voir Jean-Clément Martin, ''La Vendée et la France'', Le Seuil, 1987.</ref>

Peter McPhee says that the pacification the Vendée does not fit either the United Nations' [[CPPCG]] definition of genocide or that of Frank Chalk and Kurt Jonassohn ("Genocide is a form of one-sided mass killing in which a state or other authority intends to destroy a group, as that group and membership in it are defined by the perpetrator") because the events happened in a civil war. So it was not a one-sided mass killing and the Committee of Public Safety did not intend to exterminate the whole population of Vendée as parts of the population were allied to the revolutionary government.<ref name=PMc/> However in ''Genocide and Gross Human Rights Violations'' Kurt Jonassohn writes "The reason we consider this a case of genocide is that exterminatory intent was clearly stated in the orders of several generals as well as in the several decrees passed by the government". <ref>Jonassohn, Kurt and Karin Solveig Bjeornson ''Genocide and Gross Human Rights Violations'' p. 208, 1998, [[Transaction Publishers]], ISBN 0765804174.</ref> Further support for Secher come from Adam Jones, who wrote in ''Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction'' a summary of the Vendée uprising, citing Secher and others, supporting the view that it was a genocide,<ref>Jones, Adam. ''[http://www.genocidetext.net/ Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction]'', [[Routledge]]/Taylor & Francis Publishers, (2006), ISBN 0-415-35385-8. [http://www.genocidetext.net/gaci_origins.pdf Chapter 1] Section "The Vendée uprising" pp 6, 7.</ref> and Pierre Chaunu, a professor of history at [[Paris IV-Sorbonne]] university.{{Fact|date=October 2007}} Other historians have employed the term "genocide" to describe the massacres made during the civil war in the republican camp, such as Jean Tulard.<ref>J. Tulard, J.-F. Fayard, A. Fierro, Histoire et dictionnaire de la Révolution française, 1789-1799, Robert Laffont, collection Bouquins, 1987, p.1113</ref> [[Stéphane Courtois]], a Director of Research at the [[CNRS]] who specializes in the history of Communism, tells of how [[Lenin]] compared the people of Vendée to the [[Cossacks]], and expressed joy at subjecting them to the program [[Gracchus Babeuf]], "the inventor of modern [[Communism]]", characterized as "[[populicide]]" in 1795 against the people of the Vendée.<ref>{{cite book | last = Courtois | first = Stéphane | authorlink = Stéphane Courtois | title = [[The Black Book of Communism]]: Crimes, Terror, Repression | publisher = [[Harvard University Press]] |date=1999 | pages = p. 9 | isbn = 0674076087}}</ref> British historian [[Ruth Scurr]] states that the actions of the revolutionaries, such as mass executions by [[grapeshot]] fired from cannons and [[Noyades|group drownings]] in the Vendée, constitute [[crimes against humanity]] that they would today be held accountable for under the European human rights legislation they themselves pioneered.<ref>[[Ruth Scurr|Scurr, Ruth]] (2006). ''Fatal Purity: Robespierre and the French Revolution.'' Metropolitan Books. p. 282 ISBN 0805079874</ref>

Secher attracted further controversy in 1991 with his publication ''Jews and Vendeans: From One Genocide to Another'', comparing the fate of [[Royalist]] Vendeans with [[Jew]]s in [[Nazi Germany]]. <ref>http://www.zundelsite.org/french/rhr/Secher.pdf</ref>

== See also ==
*Vendéean leaders:
**[[Charles Melchior Artus de Bonchamps]]
**[[Jacques Cathelineau]]
**[[François de Charette]]
**[[Louis d'Elbée]]
**[[Louis Marie de Lescure]]
**[[Jean-Nicolas Stofflet]]
**[[Henri de la Rochejaquelein]]

*Republican leaders:
**[[Jean-Baptiste Carrier]]
**[[Lazare Hoche]]
**[[François Joseph Westermann]]

*Other links:
**[[Chouannerie]] (another Royalist uprising)
**[[Cholet]]
**[[Clisson]]
**[[Fontenay-le-Comte]]
**[[La Roche-sur-Yon]] (capital of Vendée)
**[[Ninety-Three]] (novel by [[Victor Hugo]])

==References==
* Secher, Reynald ''A French Genocide: The Vendee'' Univ. of Notre Dame Press; (June 2003) ISBN 0268028656
* Fournier, Elie ''Turreau et les colonnes infernales, ou, L'échec de la violence'' A. Michel; (1985) ISBN 2226025243
* Davies, Norman ''[[Europe: A History]]'' Oxford University Press; (1996)


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[[Category:War in the Vendée| ]]
[[Category:18th century in France]]
[[Category:Genocide]]
[[Category:Religious persecution]]
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[[cs:Povstání ve Vendée]]
[[de:Aufstand der Vendée]]
[[es:Guerra de Vendée]]
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[[ja:ヴァンデの反乱]]
[[pl:Wojny wandejskie]]
[[pt:Rebelião da Vendéia]]
[[ru:Вандейский мятеж]]
[[sr:Побуна у Вандеји]]

Revision as of 01:39, 14 October 2008

Wood Lane Disabled access
LocationWood Lane
Local authorityHammersmith and Fulham
Managed byLondon Underground
Other information
London transport portal

Wood Lane is a London Underground station in west London, on the Hammersmith & City Line.[1] It is located adjacent to Wood Lane in the White City area, and will serve the new Westfield London shopping centre being developed nearby. It has been designed by Ian Ritchie Architects, and opened on 12th October 2008.

The station is between Latimer Road and Shepherd's Bush Market stations. The station is a short walk from White City station on the Central line providing an easy interchange between the lines.

A short distance to the south along the tracks from the site of the new station is the site of a former Wood Lane station (later called "White City"), that closed after a fire on one of the wooden platforms in 1959.

TfL announced that owing to the popularity of Oyster cards across the Underground network, there would be no ticket office in the new station.[2]

See also

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References

  1. ^ "Wood Lane and Shepherd's Bush Market to join Tube map" (Press release). Transport for London. 20 November 2006. Retrieved 2007-08-26.
  2. ^ "Oyster success leads Tube ticket office changes" (Press release). Transport for London. 12 June 2007. Retrieved 2008-04-20.

External links

Current arrangement
Preceding station   London Underground   Following station
Template:LUL lines

51°30′35.27″N 0°13′27″W / 51.5097972°N 0.22417°W / 51.5097972; -0.22417

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