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{{Short description|Species of tree}}
{{taxobox
{{Speciesbox
|regnum = [[Plant]]ae
|image=Gymnostoma sumatranum at Mounts Botanical Garden, West Palm Beach, Florida, USA 01.jpg
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
|status = LC
|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
|status_system = IUCN3.1
|unranked_ordo = [[Rosids]]
|status_ref = <ref name = iucn>Sudarmono & Kusuma, Y.W.C.K. 2022. [https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/168650564/168907999 ''Gymnostoma sumatranum'']. [[The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] 2022: e.T168650564A168907999. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-2.RLTS.T168650564A168907999.en. Accessed 16 March 2023.</ref>
|ordo = [[Fagales]]
⚫
|genus=Gymnostoma
|familia = [[Casuarinaceae]]
⚫
|species=sumatranum
⚫
|genus = ''[[Gymnostoma]]''
⚫
|authority=([[Jungh.]] ex [[Willem Hendrik de Vriese|de Vriese]]) [[Lawrence Alexander Sidney Johnson|L.A.S.Johnson]]
⚫
|species = '''''G. sumatranum'''''
|synonyms = ''Casuarina sumatrana'' <small>Jungh. ex de Vriese</small>
|binomial = ''Gymnostoma sumatranum''
|synonyms_ref = <ref name = powo>[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:910721-1 ''Gymnostoma sumatranum'' (Jungh. ex de Vriese) L.A.S.Johnson]. ''[[Plants of the World Online]]'', Kew Science. Accessed 16 March 2023.</ref>
⚫
|binomial_authority = ([[Jungh.]] ex [[Willem Hendrik de Vriese|de Vriese]]) [[L.A.S.Johnson]]
|}}
}}


'''''Gymnostoma sumatranum''''' is a tree in the [[Casuarinaceae]] family, native to [[Southeast Asia]] and the [[Malesia]] region..
'''''Gymnostoma sumatranum''''' is a tree in the she-oak family, [[Casuarinaceae]], native to [[Southeast Asia]] and the [[Malesia]] region.


==Range and habitat==
==Distribution==
According to [[Plants of the World Online]], ''Gymnostoma sumatranum'' is [[endemic]] to the island of [[Sumatra]] in [[Indonesia]].<ref name = powo/> The [[IUCN Red List]] indicates a wider range for the species, including Sumatra, Java, Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, the Philippines, Sulawesi, Maluku, New Guinea, the Bismark Archipelago, and the Solomon Islands.<ref name = iucn/>
Areas where the tree is native include [[Burma]], [[Sumatra]], [[Borneo]], [[Java]], [[Kalimantan]], [[Malaysia]], [[Sulawesi]] (Indonesia), [[Western New Guinea]], and the [[Philippines]].

It grows in a range of habitats, including primary lowland, hill, and montane forests. It has been found on thin soil over limestone outcrops, in heath forests on poor sandy soils, and at the edges of river and swamp forests. It has also been found in ''[[Dacrydium]]–[[Tristania (plant)|Tristania]]–[[Podocarpus]]'' forest and montane forests dominated by trees of the beech family ([[Fagaceae]]).<ref name = iucn/>


In Malaysia, ''G. sumatranum'' is known as ''Rhu Bukit'' — with ''bukit'' in Malaysian meaning "hill". The other common [[Casuarinaceae|she-oak]] species in Malaysia is ''Casuarina equisetifolia'' known as Rhu laut - laut in Malaysian means "sea" and typically it grows along the seashore on sandy substrates. In Sarawak it is a protected species (5). ''G. sumatranum'' typically grows further inland. However, when occurring in coastal regions, it provides good indication that the soil is dry and out of the littoral and inundation zone since ''G. sumatranum'' will not normally tolerate sandy or boggy soil.
In Malaysia, ''G. sumatranum'' is known as ''Rhu Bukit'' — with ''bukit'' in Malaysian meaning "hill". The other common [[Casuarinaceae|she-oak]] species in Malaysia is ''Casuarina equisetifolia'' known as Rhu laut - laut in Malaysian means "sea" and typically it grows along the seashore on sandy substrates. In Sarawak it is a protected species (5). ''G. sumatranum'' typically grows further inland. However, when occurring in coastal regions, it provides good indication that the soil is dry and out of the littoral and inundation zone since ''G. sumatranum'' will not normally tolerate sandy or boggy soil.


==Description==
==Description==
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2020}}
''Gymnostoma sumatranum'' is characterised more by its multiple rounded umbrella-shaped crowns, while [[Casuarina equisetifolia]] (the most well-known member of [[Casuarinaceae]]) is typified by its equisetoid appearance. The roots have nitrogen-fixing nodules.
''Gymnostoma sumatranum'' is characterised by its multiple rounded umbrella-shaped crowns, while ''[[Casuarina equisetifolia]]'' (the most well-known member of [[Casuarinaceae]]) is typified by its equisetoid appearance. The roots have nitrogen-fixing nodules.


The stems are angular or tetrahedal in cross section (2). Like the other members of the Casuarinaceae family, they are characterized by drooping '''equisetoid''' (meaning "to look like ''[[Equisetum]]''") twigs, are [[evergreen]], and monoecious or dioecious.
The stems are angular or tetrahedral in cross section (2). Like the other members of the family Casuarinaceae, they are characterized by drooping '''equisetoid''' (meaning "to look like ''[[Equisetum]]''") twigs, are [[evergreen]], and monoecious or dioecious.


The foliage of this tropical [[angiosperm]] tree looks like that of [[gymnosperm]] pine trees which typically grow in temperate climates. The stomata are not restricted to sunken grooves (2).
The foliage of this tropical [[angiosperm]] tree looks like that of [[gymnosperm]] pine trees which typically grow in temperate climates. The stomata are not restricted to sunken grooves (2).
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==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
# Dilcher, D. L. ''et al.''. (1990) Evolution of the Casuarinaceae: morphological comparisons of some extant species. American journal of Botany. 77(3): 338-355. 1990.
# Dilcher, D. L. ''et al.''. (1990) Evolution of the Casuarinaceae: morphological comparisons of some extant species. American journal of Botany. 77(3): 338-355. 1990.
# P. S. Green, Klaus Kubitzki, E. Götz, K. U. Kramer. (1990) The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Published by springer. 404 pages
# P. S. Green, Klaus Kubitzki, E. Götz, K. U. Kramer. (1990) The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Published by springer. 404 pages
Line 34: Line 38:
# Barlow, B.A., (1983). Casuarina Ecology,. Management and Utilization. edited by S.J.Midgely. pp.&nbsp;10–18
# Barlow, B.A., (1983). Casuarina Ecology,. Management and Utilization. edited by S.J.Midgely. pp.&nbsp;10–18
# [http://www.sarawakforestry.com/htm/snp-bc-pp.asp Sarawak Forestry ordinance 1998]
# [http://www.sarawakforestry.com/htm/snp-bc-pp.asp Sarawak Forestry ordinance 1998]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q15379334}}


[[Category:Gymnostoma|sumatranum]]
[[Category:Gymnostoma|sumatranum]]
[[Category:Trees of Myanmar]]
[[Category:Trees of Malesia]]
[[Category:Trees of Malesia]]

Latest revision as of 14:31, 17 March 2023

Gymnostoma sumatranum
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Fagales
Family: Casuarinaceae
Genus: Gymnostoma
Species:
G. sumatranum
Binomial name
Gymnostoma sumatranum
Synonyms[2]

Casuarina sumatrana Jungh. ex de Vriese

Gymnostoma sumatranum is a tree in the she-oak family, Casuarinaceae, native to Southeast Asia and the Malesia region.

Range and habitat[edit]

According to Plants of the World Online, Gymnostoma sumatranum is endemic to the island of Sumatra in Indonesia.[2] The IUCN Red List indicates a wider range for the species, including Sumatra, Java, Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, the Philippines, Sulawesi, Maluku, New Guinea, the Bismark Archipelago, and the Solomon Islands.[1]

It grows in a range of habitats, including primary lowland, hill, and montane forests. It has been found on thin soil over limestone outcrops, in heath forests on poor sandy soils, and at the edges of river and swamp forests. It has also been found in Dacrydium–Tristania–Podocarpus forest and montane forests dominated by trees of the beech family (Fagaceae).[1]

In Malaysia, G. sumatranum is known as Rhu Bukit — with bukit in Malaysian meaning "hill". The other common she-oak species in Malaysia is Casuarina equisetifolia known as Rhu laut - laut in Malaysian means "sea" and typically it grows along the seashore on sandy substrates. In Sarawak it is a protected species (5). G. sumatranum typically grows further inland. However, when occurring in coastal regions, it provides good indication that the soil is dry and out of the littoral and inundation zone since G. sumatranum will not normally tolerate sandy or boggy soil.

Description[edit]

Gymnostoma sumatranum is characterised by its multiple rounded umbrella-shaped crowns, while Casuarina equisetifolia (the most well-known member of Casuarinaceae) is typified by its equisetoid appearance. The roots have nitrogen-fixing nodules.

The stems are angular or tetrahedral in cross section (2). Like the other members of the family Casuarinaceae, they are characterized by drooping equisetoid (meaning "to look like Equisetum") twigs, are evergreen, and monoecious or dioecious.

The foliage of this tropical angiosperm tree looks like that of gymnosperm pine trees which typically grow in temperate climates. The stomata are not restricted to sunken grooves (2).

The female inflorescences are borne terminally (2).

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c Sudarmono & Kusuma, Y.W.C.K. 2022. Gymnostoma sumatranum. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2022: e.T168650564A168907999. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-2.RLTS.T168650564A168907999.en. Accessed 16 March 2023.
  2. ^ a b Gymnostoma sumatranum (Jungh. ex de Vriese) L.A.S.Johnson. Plants of the World Online, Kew Science. Accessed 16 March 2023.
  1. Dilcher, D. L. et al.. (1990) Evolution of the Casuarinaceae: morphological comparisons of some extant species. American journal of Botany. 77(3): 338-355. 1990.
  2. P. S. Green, Klaus Kubitzki, E. Götz, K. U. Kramer. (1990) The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Published by springer. 404 pages
  3. Jane N. Prider and David C. Christophel Distributional ecology of Gymnostoma australianum (Casuarinaceae), a putative palaeoendemic of Australian wet tropic forests. Australian Journal of Botany 48(4) 427 - 434
  4. Barlow, B.A., (1983). Casuarina Ecology,. Management and Utilization. edited by S.J.Midgely. pp. 10–18
  5. Sarawak Forestry ordinance 1998
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