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{{Short description|Norwegian resistance fighter and saboteur}}
{{for|his grandfather, the Norwegian jurist and politician|Gregers Gram (1846–1929)}}
{{EngvarB|date=November 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2017}}
{{Infobox military person
{{Infobox military person
| name = Gregers Gram
| name = Gregers Gram
| image = Gregers Gram.jpg
| image = Gregers Gram.jpg
| caption =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1917|12|15|df=y}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1917|12|15}}
| birth_place = [[Vestre Aker]], Oslo, Norway
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1944|11|13|1917|12|15|df=y}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1944|11|13|1917|12|15}}
| nickname =
| allegiance = [[Norway]]
| death_place = [[Oslo|Plasskafeen, Oslo]], Norway
| branch = [[Norwegian Army]]
| nickname =
| birth_name = Gregers Winther Wulfsberg Gram
⚫
| serviceyears = 1940–1944
| rank = [[Second Lieutenant]]
| allegiance = {{flag|Norway}}
| branch = [[File:Coat of arms of the Norwegian Army.svg|20px]] [[Norwegian Army]]
⚫
| serviceyears = 1940–1944
| rank = [[File:Fenrik.png|20px]] [[Second Lieutenant]]
| unit = [[Special Operations Executive]]
| unit = [[Special Operations Executive]]
* [[Norwegian Independent Company 1]]
* [[Norwegian Independent Company 1]]
| commands =
| commands =
| battles =
| battles =
| awards = [[War Cross with sword]]<br />[[Military Cross]]<br />[[Military Medal]]
| awards = [[File:Krigskorset med sverd stripe.svg|25px]] [[War Cross with sword]]<br />[[File:Military cross BAR.svg|25px]] [[Military Cross]]<br />[[File:UK Military Medal ribbon.svg|25px]] [[Military Medal]]
| relations = [[Gregers Winther Wulfsberg Gram|Gregers Gram, Sr.]] (grandfather)<br>[[Harald Gram]] (father)
| relations = [[Gregers Winther Wulfsberg Gram|Gregers Gram, Sr.]] (grandfather)<br>[[Harald Gram]] (father)
}}
}}


'''Gregers Winther Wulfsberg Gram''' [[Military Cross|MC]] [[Military Medal|MM]] (15 December 1917 &ndash; 13 November 1944) was a [[Norway|Norwegian]] resistance fighter and [[sabotage|saboteur]]. A [[corporal]] and later [[second lieutenant]] in the [[Norwegian Independent Company 1]] during the [[Second World War]], he was killed in 1944.<ref name=kl>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Kraglund |first=Ivar |authorlink= |editor=Hans Fredrik Dahl |encyclopedia=[[Norsk krigsleksikon 1940-45]] |title=Gram, Gregers |language=Norwegian |url=http://mediabase1.uib.no/krigslex/g/g2.html#gram-gregers |accessdate=2008-12-20 |edition= |date= |year=1995 |publisher=Cappelen |volume= |location=Oslo |id= |isbn=82-02-14138-9 |doi= |pages=138 }}</ref>
'''Gregers Winther Wulfsberg Gram''' {{postnominals|country=GBR|MC|MM}} (15 December 1917 – 13 November 1944) was a Norwegian resistance fighter and saboteur. A [[corporal]] and later [[second lieutenant]] in the [[Norwegian Independent Company 1]] ({{lang-no|Kompani Linge}}) during the [[Second World War]], he was killed in 1944.<ref name=kl>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Kraglund |first=Ivar |author-link=Ivar Kraglund |editor=Hans Fredrik Dahl |editor-link=Hans Fredrik Dahl |encyclopedia=[[Norsk krigsleksikon 1940-45]] |title=Gram, Gregers |language=no |url=http://mediabase1.uib.no/krigslex/g/g2.html#gram-gregers |access-date=20 December 2008 |year=1995 |publisher=Cappelen |location=Oslo |isbn=82-02-14138-9 |pages=138 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090420173411/http://mediabase1.uib.no/krigslex/g/g2.html#gram-gregers |archive-date=20 April 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>


==Early life==
==Early life==
Gregers Gram was born in [[Vestre Aker]] in 1917<ref name=nrkgull>{{cite news|url=http://www.nrk.no/kanal/nrk_gull/1.6324148|title=Gregers Gram|last=Alkärr|first=Thomas|date=28 November 2008|publisher=NRK Gull|language=Norwegian|accessdate=21 December 2008}}</ref> as the son of [[Harald Gram]], later known as [[stipendiary magistrate]] of [[Oslo]].<ref name=harald>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Moland |first=Arnfinn |authorlink=Arnfinn Moland |editor=Hans Fredrik Dahl |encyclopedia=Norsk krigsleksikon 1940-45 |title=Gram, Harald |language=Norwegian |url=http://mediabase1.uib.no/krigslex/g/g2.html#gram-harald |accessdate=2008-12-21 |edition= |year=1995 |publisher=Cappelen |volume= |location=Oslo |id= |isbn=82-02-14138-9 |doi= |pages=? }}</ref> He was named after his paternal grandfather [[Gregers Winther Wulfsberg Gram]], who served as [[List of heads of government of Norway#Prime Ministers in Stockholm (1873–1905)|Norwegian Prime Minister in Stockholm]] and [[List of County Governors of Hedmark|County Governor of Hedmark]].
Gregers Gram was born in [[Vestre Aker]] in 1917<ref name=nrkgull>{{cite news|url=http://www.nrk.no/kanal/nrk_gull/1.6324148|title=Gregers Gram|last=Alkärr|first=Thomas|date=28 November 2008|publisher=NRK Gull|language=no|access-date=21 December 2008}}</ref> as the son of [[Harald Gram]], later known as [[stipendiary magistrate]] of [[Oslo]].<ref name=harald>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Moland |first=Arnfinn |author-link=Arnfinn Moland |editor=Hans Fredrik Dahl |encyclopedia=Norsk krigsleksikon 1940–45 |title=Gram, Harald |language=no |url=http://mediabase1.uib.no/krigslex/g/g2.html#gram-harald |access-date=21 December 2008 |year=1995 |publisher=Cappelen |location=Oslo |isbn=82-02-14138-9 |pages=? |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090420173411/http://mediabase1.uib.no/krigslex/g/g2.html#gram-harald |archive-date=20 April 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He was named after his paternal grandfather [[Gregers Winther Wulfsberg Gram]], who served as [[List of heads of government of Norway#Prime Minister in Stockholm|Norwegian Prime Minister in Stockholm]] and [[List of County Governors of Hedmark|County Governor of Hedmark]].


Gram did not pass his [[examen artium]] at the first try,<ref name=nrkgull/> but later enrolled at the [[University of Oslo]] to study law.
Gram did not pass his [[examen artium]] at the first try,<ref name=nrkgull/> but later enrolled at the [[University of Oslo]] to study law.


==Second World War==
==Second World War==
When [[Operation Weserübung|German troops invaded Norway]] on 9 April 1940, Gregers Gram became active in the [[Norwegian resistance movement|resistance movement]]. After serving as a soldier in the early battles following the German invasion, he soon became involved in propaganda activity and the illegal press, he had to flee from Norway in 1941.<ref name=kl/>
⚫
When [[Operation Weserübung|German troops invaded Norway]] on 9 April 1940, Gregers Gram became active in the [[Norwegian resistance movement|resistance movement]]. After serving as a soldier in the early battles following the German invasion, he soon became involved in propaganda activity and the illegal press, he had to flee from Norway in 1941.<ref name=kl/> After arriving in Great Britain, he was recruited by the [[Special Operations Executive]] and received military training with the [[Norwegian Independent Company 1]].<ref name=kl-komplinge>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Nøkleby |first=Berit |authorlink= |editor=Hans Fredrik Dahl |encyclopedia=Norsk krigsleksikon 1940-45 |title=Kompani Linge |language=Norwegian |url=http://mediabase1.uib.no/krigslex/k/k3.html#kompani-linge |accessdate=2008-12-20 |edition= |date= |year=1995 |publisher=Cappelen |volume= |location=Oslo |id= |isbn=82-02-14138-9 |doi= |pages=221 |quote= }}</ref> He was [[Paratrooper|paradropped]] into Norway together with [[Max Manus]] on 12 March 1943, and the two performed a successful sabotage mission (''[[Operation Mardonius]]'').<ref name=kl/> Gram and Manus left Norway after ''Operation Mardonius'', returning to the United Kingdom, where they stayed until October 1943. Gram was awarded the British [[Military Medal]] as a result of his participation in the operation, the recommendation for the award describes how Manus became ill with pneumonia shortly after they arrived in Norway, meaning that Gram had to undertake much of the organisation on the ground, and also nursing Manus during his recovery. The most successful attack was on 28 April 1943 which resulted in the sinking of two ships, and damage to a third, despite the fact it was a very light night, and water conditions were such that the canoes generated a very visible [[phosphoresence]] in their wake.<ref name=recommendations>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documentsonline/details-result.asp?Edoc_Id=7695690|title=Recommendations for Honours and Awards (Army)—Image details—Gram, Gregers|work=DocumentsOnline|publisher=[[The National Archives]]|format=fee required to view full pdf of original recommendations|accessdate=2008-12-22}}</ref> Gram was also decorated with Norway's [[War Cross with sword]] in summer 1943, presented to him by [[Haakon VII of Norway|King Haakon]] at a ceremony at the training school [[List of SOE establishments#Training Schools|STS 26]] in Scotland, near [[Nethy Bridge]].<ref name=manus-mittliv>{{cite book |last=Manus |first=Max |authorlink= |editor=|title=Mitt liv |date= |year=1995 |publisher=Damm |volume= |location=Oslo |id= |isbn=82-04-09571-6 |doi= |language=Norwegian |pages=176–177 }}</ref> In addition to Gram, Manus, and [[Joachim Rønneberg|Rønneberg]] and [[Jens Anton Poulsson|Poulsson]] from the [[Norwegian heavy water sabotage|Rjukan missions]], also received the War Cross with sword at this ceremony.<ref name=manus-mittliv/> Also present were [[Olav V of Norway|Crown Prince Olav]], [[Minister of Defence]] [[Oscar Torp]], and [[Chief of Defence of Norway]] General [[Wilhelm von Tangen Hansteen|von Tangen Hansteen]].<ref name=manus-mittliv/>


After arriving in Great Britain, he was recruited by the [[Special Operations Executive]] and received military training with [[Norwegian Independent Company 1]].<ref name=kl-komplinge>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Nøkleby |first=Berit |author-link=Berit Nøkleby |editor=Hans Fredrik Dahl |encyclopedia=Norsk krigsleksikon 1940–45 |title=Kompani Linge |language=no |url=http://mediabase1.uib.no/krigslex/k/k3.html#kompani-linge |access-date=20 December 2008 |year=1995 |publisher=Cappelen |location=Oslo |isbn=82-02-14138-9 |pages=221 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811004631/http://mediabase1.uib.no/krigslex/k/k3.html#kompani-linge |archive-date=11 August 2011 }}</ref>
In October 1943 Gram (along with Manus, Einar Juvén and C.F. Wiborg) returned to Norway to perform a second operation, known as ''Bundle'', targeting German ships.<ref name=kl/>


⚫
He was [[Paratrooper|paradropped]] into Norway together with [[Max Manus]] on 12 March 1943, and the two carried out a successful sabotage mission, [[Operation Mardonius]], which resulted in the sinking of two ships and damage to a third on 28 April, despite the fact it was a very light night, and water conditions were such that the canoes generated a very visible [[phosphorescence]] in their wake.<ref name=recommendations>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documentsonline/details-result.asp?Edoc_Id=7695690|title=Recommendations for Honours and Awards (Army)—Image details—Gram, Gregers|work=DocumentsOnline|publisher=[[The National Archives (United Kingdom)|The National Archives]]|format=fee required to view full pdf of original recommendations|access-date=22 December 2008|archive-date=15 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715072109/https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Bitter|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=kl/> Gram and Manus returned to the United Kingdom, where they stayed until October 1943. Gram was awarded the British [[Military Medal]] as a result of his participation in the operation, the recommendation for the award describes how Manus became ill with pneumonia shortly after they arrived in Norway, meaning that Gram had to undertake much of the organisation on the ground, and also nursing Manus during his recovery. Gram was also decorated with Norway's [[War Cross with sword]] in summer 1943, presented to him by [[Haakon VII of Norway|King Haakon]] at a ceremony at the training school [[List of SOE establishments#Training schools|STS 26]] in Scotland, near [[Nethy Bridge]].<ref name=manus-mittliv>{{cite book |last=Manus |first=Max |author-link=Max Manus |title=Mitt liv |year=1995 |publisher=Damm |location=Oslo |isbn=82-04-09571-6 |language=no |pages=176–177 }}</ref> In addition to Gram, Manus, and [[Joachim Rønneberg|Rønneberg]] and [[Jens Anton Poulsson|Poulsson]] from the [[Norwegian heavy water sabotage|Rjukan missions]], also received the War Cross with sword at this ceremony.<ref name=manus-mittliv/> Present were [[Olav V of Norway|Crown Prince Olav]], [[Minister of Defence]] [[Oscar Torp]], and [[Chief of Defence of Norway]] General [[Wilhelm von Tangen Hansteen|von Tangen Hansteen]].<ref name=manus-mittliv/>
⚫
Other sabotage missions followed, coordinated within [[Oslogjengen]], [[Milorg]]'s sabotage group in Oslo led by [[Gunnar Sønsteby]].<ref name=kl-oslogjeng>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Borgersrud |first=Lars |authorlink= |editor=Hans Fredrik Dahl |encyclopedia=Norsk krigsleksikon 1940-45 |title=Oslogjengen |language=Norwegian |url=http://mediabase1.uib.no/krigslex/o/o2.html#oslogjengen |accessdate=2008-12-20 |edition= |date= |year=1995 |publisher=Cappelen |volume= |location=Oslo |id= |isbn=82-02-14138-9 |doi= |pages=319 }}</ref> Parallel to his saboteur activity, Gram continued his involvement with propaganda, including the [[black propaganda]] [[Operation Derby]] directed towards German soldiers.<ref name=kl/> In particular he was involved in an attack organised by Sønsteby which destroyed German records about the Norwegian workforce, and his attack on an oil storage depot.<ref name=recommendations />


⚫
In October 1943, Gram (along with Manus, Einar Juvén and C.F. Wiborg) returned to Norway to perform a second operation, known as Bundle, targeting German ships.<ref name=kl/> Other sabotage missions followed, coordinated within [[Oslogjengen]], [[Milorg]]'s sabotage group in Oslo led by [[Gunnar Sønsteby]].<ref name=kl-oslogjeng>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Borgersrud |first=Lars |author-link=Lars Borgersrud |editor=Hans Fredrik Dahl |encyclopedia=Norsk krigsleksikon 1940–45 |title=Oslogjengen |language=no |url=http://mediabase1.uib.no/krigslex/o/o2.html#oslogjengen |access-date=20 December 2008 |year=1995 |publisher=Cappelen |location=Oslo |isbn=82-02-14138-9 |pages=319 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100105235217/http://mediabase1.uib.no/krigslex/o/o2.html#oslogjengen |archive-date=5 January 2010 }}</ref> Parallel to his saboteur activity, Gram continued his involvement with propaganda, including the [[black propaganda]] Operation Derby directed towards German soldiers.<ref name=kl/> In particular he was involved in an attack organised by Sønsteby which destroyed German records about the Norwegian workforce, and his attack on an oil storage depot.<ref name=recommendations />
⚫
Gram was killed on 13 November 1944 in an ambuscade in a café at [[Grünerløkka]] in Oslo.<ref name=kl/> Together with fellow resistance member [[Edvard Tallaksen]], Gram was set up at a meeting with faux Nazi [[desertion|deserters]].<ref name=kl/> Shooting ensued, and Gram was killed at the hands of [[Gestapo]].<ref name=nrkgull/> His father Harald Gram, who was also involved in the resistance movement, survived the war.<ref name=harald/>

⚫
Gram was killed on 13 November 1944 in an ambush in a café at [[Grünerløkka]] in Oslo.<ref name=kl/> Together with fellow resistance member [[Edvard Tallaksen]], Gram went to a meeting with fake Nazi deserters.<ref name=kl/> Shooting ensued, and Gram was killed at the hands of [[Gestapo]].<ref name=nrkgull/> His father Harald Gram, who was also involved in the resistance movement, survived the war.<ref name=harald/>


==Legacy==
==Legacy==
[[File:Gregers Gram bust.jpg|thumb|left|Bust of Gregers Gram outside [[Njårdhallen]], Oslo.]]
At the time of his death, the process of recommending Gram for the British [[Military Cross]] was already under way (this medal was not generally awarded posthumously at the time). The recommendation particularly mentions the successful sinking of a German patrol vessel in Oslo harbour in February 1944, and the daring, but unsuccessful, daylight attack on the troopship [[MS Monte Rosa (1930)|''Monte Rosa'']]. His Military Medal was presented to his father on 7 February 1945 by [[Victor Mallet|Sir Victor Mallet]], who was then head of the British [[Legation]] in Stockholm.<ref name=recommendations />
At the time of his death, the process of recommending Gram for the British [[Military Cross]] was already under way (this medal was not generally awarded posthumously at the time). The recommendation particularly mentions the successful sinking of a German patrol vessel in Oslo harbour in February 1944, and the daring, but unsuccessful, daylight attack on the troopship [[MS Monte Rosa (1930)|''Monte Rosa'']]. His Military Medal was presented to his father on 7 February 1945 by [[Victor Mallet|Sir Victor Mallet]], who was then head of the British [[Legation]] in Stockholm.<ref name=recommendations />


To commemorate Gram a [[Bust (sculpture)|bust]] was erected near Njårdhallen, in the [[Ullern]] borough of Oslo, in 1994.<ref name=kl/> The road ''Gregers Grams vei'' in Oslo has been named after him.
To commemorate Gram a [[Bust (sculpture)|bust]] was erected near Njårdhallen, in the [[Ullern]] borough of Oslo, in 1994.<ref name=kl/> The road ''Gregers Grams vei'' in Oslo has been named after him.


In 2008 he was portrayed in the Norwegian film ''[[Max Manus (film)|Max Manus]]'' by actor [[Nicolai Cleve Broch]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/kultur/1.6359717|title=Hennie fryktet kritikk fra Tikken|agency=[[Norwegian News Agency]]|work=[[Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation]]|date=17 December 2008|language=Norwegian|accessdate=21 December 2008}}</ref>
In 2008 he was portrayed in the Norwegian film ''[[Max Manus (film)|Max Manus]]'' by actor [[Nicolai Cleve Broch]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/kultur/1.6359717|title=Hennie fryktet kritikk fra Tikken|agency=[[Norwegian News Agency]]|work=[[Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation]]|date=17 December 2008|language=no|access-date=21 December 2008}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
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*[http://vestraat.net/TNG/getperson.php?personID=I108127&tree=IEA Family genealogy]
*[http://vestraat.net/TNG/getperson.php?personID=I108127&tree=IEA Family genealogy]


{{Authority control}}
{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. -->

| NAME = Gram, Gregers
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 15 December 1917
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH = 13 November 1944
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gram, Gregers}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gram, Gregers}}
[[Category:1917 births]]
[[Category:1917 births]]
[[Category:1944 deaths]]
[[Category:1944 deaths]]
[[Category:Norwegian Army personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Norwegian military personnel killed in World War II]]
[[Category:Norwegian military personnel killed in World War II]]
[[Category:Norwegian people of World War II]]
[[Category:Resistance members killed by Nazi Germany]]
[[Category:Norwegian resistance members]]
[[Category:Norwegian resistance members]]
[[Category:People from Oslo]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Oslo]]
[[Category:Special Operations Executive personnel]]
[[Category:Norwegian Special Operations Executive personnel]]
[[Category:World War II resistance press activists]]
[[Category:World War II resistance press activists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Norwegian War Cross with Sword]]
[[Category:Recipients of the War Cross with Sword (Norway)]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Military Cross]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Military Cross]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Military Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Military Medal]]
[[Category:Deaths by firearm in Norway]]

[[no:Gregers Gram]]
[[nn:Gregers Gram]]
[[sv:Gregers Gram (1917–1944)]]

Latest revision as of 23:08, 18 September 2023

For his grandfather, the Norwegian jurist and politician, see Gregers Gram (1846–1929).

Gregers Gram
Birth nameGregers Winther Wulfsberg Gram
Born(1917-12-15)15 December 1917
Vestre Aker, Oslo, Norway
Died13 November 1944(1944-11-13) (aged 26)
Plasskafeen, Oslo, Norway
Allegiance Norway
Service/branch Norwegian Army
Years of service1940–1944
Rank Second Lieutenant
UnitSpecial Operations Executive
Awards War Cross with sword
Military Cross
Military Medal
RelationsGregers Gram, Sr. (grandfather)
Harald Gram (father)

Gregers Winther Wulfsberg Gram MC MM (15 December 1917 – 13 November 1944) was a Norwegian resistance fighter and saboteur. A corporal and later second lieutenant in the Norwegian Independent Company 1 (Norwegian: Kompani Linge) during the Second World War, he was killed in 1944.[1]

Early life[edit]

Gregers Gram was born in Vestre Aker in 1917[2] as the son of Harald Gram, later known as stipendiary magistrate of Oslo.[3] He was named after his paternal grandfather Gregers Winther Wulfsberg Gram, who served as Norwegian Prime Minister in Stockholm and County Governor of Hedmark.

Gram did not pass his examen artium at the first try,[2] but later enrolled at the University of Oslo to study law.

Second World War[edit]

When German troops invaded Norway on 9 April 1940, Gregers Gram became active in the resistance movement. After serving as a soldier in the early battles following the German invasion, he soon became involved in propaganda activity and the illegal press, he had to flee from Norway in 1941.[1]

After arriving in Great Britain, he was recruited by the Special Operations Executive and received military training with Norwegian Independent Company 1.[4]

He was paradropped into Norway together with Max Manus on 12 March 1943, and the two carried out a successful sabotage mission, Operation Mardonius, which resulted in the sinking of two ships and damage to a third on 28 April, despite the fact it was a very light night, and water conditions were such that the canoes generated a very visible phosphorescence in their wake.[5][1] Gram and Manus returned to the United Kingdom, where they stayed until October 1943. Gram was awarded the British Military Medal as a result of his participation in the operation, the recommendation for the award describes how Manus became ill with pneumonia shortly after they arrived in Norway, meaning that Gram had to undertake much of the organisation on the ground, and also nursing Manus during his recovery. Gram was also decorated with Norway's War Cross with sword in summer 1943, presented to him by King Haakon at a ceremony at the training school STS 26 in Scotland, near Nethy Bridge.[6] In addition to Gram, Manus, and Rønneberg and Poulsson from the Rjukan missions, also received the War Cross with sword at this ceremony.[6] Present were Crown Prince Olav, Minister of Defence Oscar Torp, and Chief of Defence of Norway General von Tangen Hansteen.[6]

In October 1943, Gram (along with Manus, Einar Juvén and C.F. Wiborg) returned to Norway to perform a second operation, known as Bundle, targeting German ships.[1] Other sabotage missions followed, coordinated within Oslogjengen, Milorg's sabotage group in Oslo led by Gunnar Sønsteby.[7] Parallel to his saboteur activity, Gram continued his involvement with propaganda, including the black propaganda Operation Derby directed towards German soldiers.[1] In particular he was involved in an attack organised by Sønsteby which destroyed German records about the Norwegian workforce, and his attack on an oil storage depot.[5]

Gram was killed on 13 November 1944 in an ambush in a café at Grünerløkka in Oslo.[1] Together with fellow resistance member Edvard Tallaksen, Gram went to a meeting with fake Nazi deserters.[1] Shooting ensued, and Gram was killed at the hands of Gestapo.[2] His father Harald Gram, who was also involved in the resistance movement, survived the war.[3]

Legacy[edit]

Bust of Gregers Gram outside Njårdhallen, Oslo.

At the time of his death, the process of recommending Gram for the British Military Cross was already under way (this medal was not generally awarded posthumously at the time). The recommendation particularly mentions the successful sinking of a German patrol vessel in Oslo harbour in February 1944, and the daring, but unsuccessful, daylight attack on the troopship Monte Rosa. His Military Medal was presented to his father on 7 February 1945 by Sir Victor Mallet, who was then head of the British Legation in Stockholm.[5]

To commemorate Gram a bust was erected near Njårdhallen, in the Ullern borough of Oslo, in 1994.[1] The road Gregers Grams vei in Oslo has been named after him.

In 2008 he was portrayed in the Norwegian film Max Manus by actor Nicolai Cleve Broch.[8]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Kraglund, Ivar (1995). "Gram, Gregers". In Hans Fredrik Dahl (ed.). Norsk krigsleksikon 1940-45 (in Norwegian). Oslo: Cappelen. p. 138. ISBN 82-02-14138-9. Archived from the original on 20 April 2009. Retrieved 20 December 2008.
  2. ^ a b c Alkärr, Thomas (28 November 2008). "Gregers Gram" (in Norwegian). NRK Gull. Retrieved 21 December 2008.
  3. ^ a b Moland, Arnfinn (1995). "Gram, Harald". In Hans Fredrik Dahl (ed.). Norsk krigsleksikon 1940–45 (in Norwegian). Oslo: Cappelen. pp. ?. ISBN 82-02-14138-9. Archived from the original on 20 April 2009. Retrieved 21 December 2008.
  4. ^ Nøkleby, Berit (1995). "Kompani Linge". In Hans Fredrik Dahl (ed.). Norsk krigsleksikon 1940–45 (in Norwegian). Oslo: Cappelen. p. 221. ISBN 82-02-14138-9. Archived from the original on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 20 December 2008.
  5. ^ a b c "Recommendations for Honours and Awards (Army)—Image details—Gram, Gregers". DocumentsOnline. The National Archives. Archived from the original (fee required to view full pdf of original recommendations) on 15 July 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2008.
  6. ^ a b c Manus, Max (1995). Mitt liv (in Norwegian). Oslo: Damm. pp. 176–177. ISBN 82-04-09571-6.
  7. ^ Borgersrud, Lars (1995). "Oslogjengen". In Hans Fredrik Dahl (ed.). Norsk krigsleksikon 1940–45 (in Norwegian). Oslo: Cappelen. p. 319. ISBN 82-02-14138-9. Archived from the original on 5 January 2010. Retrieved 20 December 2008.
  8. ^ "Hennie fryktet kritikk fra Tikken". Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation (in Norwegian). Norwegian News Agency. 17 December 2008. Retrieved 21 December 2008.

External links[edit]

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gregers_Gram&oldid=1176019781"