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{{Short description|Species of grass}} |
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{{italic title}} |
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{{Speciesbox |
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{{taxobox |
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|image = |
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|genus = Cymbopogon |
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|regnum = [[Plantae]] |
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|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]] |
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|unranked_classis = [[Monocots]] |
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|synonyms_ref = <ref name=w>[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/synonomy.do?name_id=406214 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families]</ref> |
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|unranked_ordo = [[Commelinids]] |
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|synonyms = |
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|ordo = [[Poales]] |
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* ''Cymbopogon martini'' <small>([[William Roxburgh|Roxb.]]) [[J. F. Watson|Wats.]], spelling preferred under [[International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants|ICN]]<ref name=w/><ref>[http://www.ipni.org/ipni/idPlantNameSearch.do?id=396962-1&back_page=%2Fipni%2FeditAdvPlantNameSearch.do%3Ffind_infragenus%3D%26find_geoUnit%3D%26find_includePublicationAuthors%3Dtrue%26find_addedSince%3D%26find_family%3D%26find_genus%3DCymbopogon%26find_infrafamily%3D%26find_rankToReturn%3Dspec%26find_publicationTitle%3D%26find_authorAbbrev%3D%26find_infraspecies%3D%26find_includeBasionymAuthors%3Dtrue%26find_modifiedSince%3D%26find_species%3Dmartini%26output_format%3Dnormal The International Plant Names Index]</ref></small> |
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|familia = [[Poaceae]] |
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* ''Andropogon martini'' <small>Roxb.</small> |
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|genus = ''[[Cymbopogon]]'' |
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* ''Cymbopogon martinianus'' <small>Schult.</small> |
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* ''Gymnanthelia martini'' <small>(Roxb.) Andersson</small> |
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|binomial = ''Cymbopogon martinii'' |
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* ''Andropogon schoenanthus'' var. ''martini'' <small>(Roxb.) Hook.f.</small> |
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* ''Andropogon pachnodes'' <small>Trin.</small> |
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* ''Andropogon calamus-aromaticus'' <small>Royle</small> |
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* ''Cymbopogon pachnodes'' <small>(Trin.) W.Watson</small> |
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* ''Cymbopogon martini'' var. ''sofia'' <small>B.K.Gupta</small> |
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* ''Cymbopogon motia'' <small>B.K.Gupta</small> |
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[[File:Cymbopogon martinii Image.jpg|alt=Palmarosa Plant photo , Cymbopogon martinii plant image |thumb|''Cymbopogon martinii'']] |
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'''''Cymbopogon martinii''''' is a species of [[Poaceae|grass]] in the genus ''[[Cymbopogon]]'' (lemongrasses) native to India and Indochina but widely cultivated in many places for its aromatic oil.<ref name="sciencedirect.com">{{cite journal | last1 = Prashar | first1 = A. | last2 = Hili | first2 = P. | last3 = Veness | first3 = R. | last4 = Evans | first4 = C. | year = 2003 | title = Antimicrobial action of palmarosa oil (Cymbopogon martinii) on Saccharomyces cerevisiae | journal = Phytochemistry | volume = 63 | issue = 5| pages = 569–575 | doi=10.1016/S0031-9422(03)00226-7| pmid = 12809717 }}</ref><ref name="journals2.scholarsportal.info">{{cite journal | last1 = Rajeswara Rao | first1 = B. | last2 = Kaul | first2 = P. | last3 = Syamasundar | first3 = K. | last4 = Ramesh | first4 = S. | year = 2005 | title = Chemical profiles of primary and secondary essential oils of palmarosa (Cymbopogon martinii (Roxb.) Wats var. motia Burk.) | url = http://journals2.scholarsportal.info/details/09266690/v21i0001/121_cpopaspmwvmb.xml | journal = Industrial Crops and Products | volume = 21 | issue = 1| pages = 121–127 | doi=10.1016/j.indcrop.2004.02.002}}</ref> It is best known by the common name '''palmarosa''' (''palm rose'') as it smells sweet and rose-like. Other common names include '''Indian geranium''', '''gingergrass''', '''rosha''', and '''rosha grass'''. |
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==Uses== |
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Palmarosa oil, which has a scent similar to [[rose]]s, is added to soaps and cosmetics.<ref name=CRC/> |
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| ⚫ | The [[essential oil]] of this plant, which contains the chemical compound [[geraniol]], is valued for its scent and for [[traditional medicine|traditional medicinal]] and household uses. Palmarosa oil may be an effective [[insect repellent]] when applied to stored grain and beans,<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Kumar | first1 = R. | last2 = Srivastava | first2 = M. | last3 = Dubey | first3 = N. K. | year = 2007 | title = Evaluation of ''Cymbopogon martinii'' oil extract for control of postharvest insect deterioration in cereals and legumes | journal = Journal of Food Protection | volume = 70 | issue = 1| pages = 172–78 | doi = 10.4315/0362-028X-70.1.172 | pmid = 17265877 | doi-access = free }}</ref> an [[Anthelmintic|antihelmintic]] against [[nematode]]s,<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Kumaran | first1 = A. M. | last2 = D'souza | year = 2003 | first2 = P | last3 = Agarwal | first3 = A | last4 = Bokkolla | first4 = RM | last5 = Balasubramaniam | first5 = M | title = Geraniol, the putative anthelmintic principle of ''Cymbopogon martinii'' | journal = Phytotherapy Research | volume = 17 | issue = 8| page = 957 |pmid=13680833 | doi = 10.1002/ptr.1267| s2cid = 29478319 |display-authors=etal}}</ref> and an [[Fungicide|antifungal]] and [[mosquito]] repellent.<ref name=CRC>Duke, J. A. and J. duCellier. (1993). ''CRC Handbook of Alternative Cash Crops''. Boca Raton: CRC Press. 214.</ref> Palmarosa oil, which has a scent similar to [[rose]]s, is added to soaps and cosmetics.<ref name="CRC" /> |
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It is widely used for rose-smelling perfumes and cosmetics.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mallavarapu |first1=G. |last2=Rajeswara Rao |first2=B. |last3=Kaul |first3=P. |last4=Ramesh |first4=S. |last5=Bhattacharya |first5=A. |year=1998 |title=Volatile constituents of the essential oils of the seeds and the herb of palmarosa (Cymbopogon martinii (Roxb.) Wats. var. motia Burk.) |url=http://journals1.scholarsportal.info/details/08825734/v13i0003/167_vcoteopmwvmb.xml |journal= Flavour and Fragrance Journal|volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=167–169 |doi=10.1002/(sici)1099-1026(199805/06)13:3<167::aid-ffj719>3.0.co;2-b|doi-access=free }}</ref> It has been used for [[aromatherapy]].<ref name="journals2.scholarsportal.info" /> Palmarosa oil is an antifungal that fights against ''{{Not a typo|Aspergillus niger}}'' (commonly known as black mold), ''[[Chaetomium globosum]]'' (also known as moldy soil), and ''[[Penicillium funiculosum]]'', which is a plant pathogen.<ref name="sciencedirect.com" /> |
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== Cultivation == |
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''C. martinii'' grows fairly tall, ranging from {{convert|1.3|to|3|m|abbr=on}} in height with a pale green color and a strong thin stem. This crop grows slowly, taking three months to flower; once it has flowered, it can be harvested. It received the name palmarosa from the sweet-smelling floral rose aroma it gives off.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Rajeswara Rao | first1 = B. | last2 = Rajput | first2 = D. | last3 = Patel | first3 = R. | year = 2014 | title = Improving Yield and Quality of Palmarosa [Cymbopogon martinii (Roxb.) Wats. Var. Motia Burk.] with Sulfur Fertilization | journal = Journal of Plant Nutrition | volume = 38| issue = 3| pages = 384–396| doi=10.1080/01904167.2014.957395| s2cid = 97732726 }}</ref> |
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Palmarosa is wildly grown in wetlands in provinces of India and Nepal.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Guenther | first1 = E | year = 1952 | title = Recent developments in essential oil production | url = http://resolver.scholarsportal.info/resolve/001 | journal = Economic Botany | volume = 6 | issue = 4| pages = 355–378 | doi=10.1007/bf02984884| s2cid = 23308848 }}</ref> The Palmarosa oil is extracted from the stem of the grass by distillation of dried leaves.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Kumaran | first1 = A. | last2 = D'Souza | first2 = P. | last3 = Agarwal | first3 = A. | last4 = Bokkolla | first4 = R. | last5 = Balasubramaniam | first5 = M. | year = 2003 | title = Geraniol, the putative anthelmintic principle of Cymbopogon martinii | journal = Phytotherapy Research | volume = 17 | issue = 8| pages = 957 | doi=10.1002/ptr.1267 | pmid=13680833| s2cid = 29478319 }}</ref> Once the stems and leaves have been distilled for two to three hours, to separate the oil from the palmarose, then the leftover distilled grass is turned into organic matter and becomes manure or is composted.<ref name="Roxb 2004">{{cite journal | last1 = Rajeswara Rao | first1 = B. | last2 = Kaul | first2 = P. | last3 = Syamasundar | first3 = K. | last4 = Ramesh | first4 = S. | year = 2005 | title = Chemical profiles of primary and secondary essential oils of palmarosa (Cymbopogon martinii (Roxb.) Wats var. motia Burk.) | url = http://journals2.scholarsportal.info/details/09266690/v21i0001/121_cpopaspmwvmb.xml | journal = Industrial Crops and Products | volume = 21 | issue = 1| pages = 121–127 | doi=10.1016/j.indcrop.2004.02.002}}</ref> |
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The most efficient way to grow palmarosa is in a nursery with much irrigation and soil pH of 7-8.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Maheshwari | first1 = P. | last2 = Tandon | first2 = S. | year = 1959 | title = Agriculture and economic development in India | journal = Economic Botany | volume = 13 | issue = 3| pages = 205–242 | doi=10.1007/bf02860584| s2cid = 34433000 }}</ref> Two or three days before planting, it is best to overwhelm the soil with water to increase soil moisture above 60% when planting the seeds. This moisture increases the germination of the seed and increases weed control in the nursery beds as well. It is also recommended to flood the soil monthly to maintain a high moisture level in the soil. Irrigation in a nursery is most important for the first 40 days. Palmarosa grass grows well in sandy texture soil with low nitrogen, sufficient phosphorus and potassium. Manual weeding must be done often.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Singh | first1 = A. | last2 = Singh | first2 = M. | last3 = Singh | first3 = D. | year = 1997 | title = Pre-plant weed control for a palmarosa (Cymbopogon martinii ) nursery | journal = International Journal of Pest Management | volume = 43 | issue = 1| pages = 45–48 | doi=10.1080/096708797228979}}</ref> Palmarosa is often [[Intercropping|intercropped]] to help suppress the weeds, thus increasing yields and the land efficiency. Mostly farmers intercrop with pigeon pea, also millet and sorghum work well with row or strip intercropping because palmarosa can be harvested three to four times per year.<ref name="resolver.scholarsportal.info">{{cite journal | last1 = Maheshwari | first1 = P. | last2 = Tandon | first2 = S. | year = 1959 | title = Agriculture and economic development in India | url = http://resolver.scholarsportal.info/resolve/001 | journal = Economic Botany | volume = 13 | issue = 3| pages = 205–242 | doi=10.1007/bf02860584| s2cid = 34433000 }}</ref><ref name="Roxb 2004"/> |
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A nursery is needed or there will be poor growth yields, that may not bring any profit to the farmer and potentially the farmer could have an economical loss. This requirement increases the startup cost for farmers which some farmers are unable to pay.<ref name="resolver.scholarsportal.info"/> If not grown in a nursery this will increase the weeding labour inputs by over 70% and decrease the yield. Farmers will be spending more time weeding the plots and will receive a smaller return than if they had a nursery.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Singh | first1 = A. | last2 = Singh | first2 = M. | last3 = Singh | first3 = D. | year = 1997 | title = Pre-plant weed control for a palmarosa (Cymbopogon martinii) nursery | journal = International Journal of Pest Management | volume = 43 | issue = 1| pages = 45–48 | doi=10.1080/096708797228979}}</ref> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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*[http://www.kew.org/data/grasses-db/www/imp02642.htm Kew GrassBase Species Profile] |
*[http://www.kew.org/data/grasses-db/www/imp02642.htm Kew GrassBase Species Profile] |
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*[http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=CYMA15 USDA Plants Profile] |
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q2671107}} |
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[[Category:Flora of the Indian subcontinent]] |
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{{Panicoideae-stub}} |
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[[nl:Palmarosa]] |
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[[pt:Cymbopogon martinii]] |
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Latest revision as of 19:34, 8 November 2023
| Cymbopogon martinii | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Monocots |
| Clade: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Poaceae |
| Subfamily: | Panicoideae |
| Genus: | Cymbopogon |
| Species: | C. martinii
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| Binomial name | |
| Cymbopogon martinii | |
| Synonyms[1] | |
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Cymbopogon martinii is a species of grass in the genus Cymbopogon (lemongrasses) native to India and Indochina but widely cultivated in many places for its aromatic oil.[3][4] It is best known by the common name palmarosa (palm rose) as it smells sweet and rose-like. Other common names include Indian geranium, gingergrass, rosha, and rosha grass.
Uses[edit]
The essential oil of this plant, which contains the chemical compound geraniol, is valued for its scent and for traditional medicinal and household uses. Palmarosa oil may be an effective insect repellent when applied to stored grain and beans,[5] an antihelmintic against nematodes,[6] and an antifungal and mosquito repellent.[7] Palmarosa oil, which has a scent similar to roses, is added to soaps and cosmetics.[7]
It is widely used for rose-smelling perfumes and cosmetics.[8] It has been used for aromatherapy.[4] Palmarosa oil is an antifungal that fights against Aspergillus niger (commonly known as black mold), Chaetomium globosum (also known as moldy soil), and Penicillium funiculosum, which is a plant pathogen.[3]
Cultivation[edit]
C. martinii grows fairly tall, ranging from 1.3 to 3 m (4 ft 3 in to 9 ft 10 in) in height with a pale green color and a strong thin stem. This crop grows slowly, taking three months to flower; once it has flowered, it can be harvested. It received the name palmarosa from the sweet-smelling floral rose aroma it gives off.[9]
Palmarosa is wildly grown in wetlands in provinces of India and Nepal.[10] The Palmarosa oil is extracted from the stem of the grass by distillation of dried leaves.[11] Once the stems and leaves have been distilled for two to three hours, to separate the oil from the palmarose, then the leftover distilled grass is turned into organic matter and becomes manure or is composted.[12]
The most efficient way to grow palmarosa is in a nursery with much irrigation and soil pH of 7-8.[13] Two or three days before planting, it is best to overwhelm the soil with water to increase soil moisture above 60% when planting the seeds. This moisture increases the germination of the seed and increases weed control in the nursery beds as well. It is also recommended to flood the soil monthly to maintain a high moisture level in the soil. Irrigation in a nursery is most important for the first 40 days. Palmarosa grass grows well in sandy texture soil with low nitrogen, sufficient phosphorus and potassium. Manual weeding must be done often.[14] Palmarosa is often intercropped to help suppress the weeds, thus increasing yields and the land efficiency. Mostly farmers intercrop with pigeon pea, also millet and sorghum work well with row or strip intercropping because palmarosa can be harvested three to four times per year.[15][12]
A nursery is needed or there will be poor growth yields, that may not bring any profit to the farmer and potentially the farmer could have an economical loss. This requirement increases the startup cost for farmers which some farmers are unable to pay.[15] If not grown in a nursery this will increase the weeding labour inputs by over 70% and decrease the yield. Farmers will be spending more time weeding the plots and will receive a smaller return than if they had a nursery.[16]
References[edit]
- ^ a b Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
- ^ The International Plant Names Index
- ^ a b Prashar, A.; Hili, P.; Veness, R.; Evans, C. (2003). "Antimicrobial action of palmarosa oil (Cymbopogon martinii) on Saccharomyces cerevisiae". Phytochemistry. 63 (5): 569–575. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(03)00226-7. PMID 12809717.
- ^ a b Rajeswara Rao, B.; Kaul, P.; Syamasundar, K.; Ramesh, S. (2005). "Chemical profiles of primary and secondary essential oils of palmarosa (Cymbopogon martinii (Roxb.) Wats var. motia Burk.)". Industrial Crops and Products. 21 (1): 121–127. doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2004.02.002.
- ^ Kumar, R.; Srivastava, M.; Dubey, N. K. (2007). "Evaluation of Cymbopogon martinii oil extract for control of postharvest insect deterioration in cereals and legumes". Journal of Food Protection. 70 (1): 172–78. doi:10.4315/0362-028X-70.1.172. PMID 17265877.
- ^ Kumaran, A. M.; D'souza, P; Agarwal, A; Bokkolla, RM; Balasubramaniam, M; et al. (2003). "Geraniol, the putative anthelmintic principle of Cymbopogon martinii". Phytotherapy Research. 17 (8): 957. doi:10.1002/ptr.1267. PMID 13680833. S2CID 29478319.
- ^ a b Duke, J. A. and J. duCellier. (1993). CRC Handbook of Alternative Cash Crops. Boca Raton: CRC Press. 214.
- ^ Mallavarapu, G.; Rajeswara Rao, B.; Kaul, P.; Ramesh, S.; Bhattacharya, A. (1998). "Volatile constituents of the essential oils of the seeds and the herb of palmarosa (Cymbopogon martinii (Roxb.) Wats. var. motia Burk.)". Flavour and Fragrance Journal. 13 (3): 167–169. doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-1026(199805/06)13:3<167::aid-ffj719>3.0.co;2-b.
- ^ Rajeswara Rao, B.; Rajput, D.; Patel, R. (2014). "Improving Yield and Quality of Palmarosa [Cymbopogon martinii (Roxb.) Wats. Var. Motia Burk.] with Sulfur Fertilization". Journal of Plant Nutrition. 38 (3): 384–396. doi:10.1080/01904167.2014.957395. S2CID 97732726.
- ^ Guenther, E (1952). "Recent developments in essential oil production". Economic Botany. 6 (4): 355–378. doi:10.1007/bf02984884. S2CID 23308848.
- ^ Kumaran, A.; D'Souza, P.; Agarwal, A.; Bokkolla, R.; Balasubramaniam, M. (2003). "Geraniol, the putative anthelmintic principle of Cymbopogon martinii". Phytotherapy Research. 17 (8): 957. doi:10.1002/ptr.1267. PMID 13680833. S2CID 29478319.
- ^ a b Rajeswara Rao, B.; Kaul, P.; Syamasundar, K.; Ramesh, S. (2005). "Chemical profiles of primary and secondary essential oils of palmarosa (Cymbopogon martinii (Roxb.) Wats var. motia Burk.)". Industrial Crops and Products. 21 (1): 121–127. doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2004.02.002.
- ^ Maheshwari, P.; Tandon, S. (1959). "Agriculture and economic development in India". Economic Botany. 13 (3): 205–242. doi:10.1007/bf02860584. S2CID 34433000.
- ^ Singh, A.; Singh, M.; Singh, D. (1997). "Pre-plant weed control for a palmarosa (Cymbopogon martinii ) nursery". International Journal of Pest Management. 43 (1): 45–48. doi:10.1080/096708797228979.
- ^ a b Maheshwari, P.; Tandon, S. (1959). "Agriculture and economic development in India". Economic Botany. 13 (3): 205–242. doi:10.1007/bf02860584. S2CID 34433000.
- ^ Singh, A.; Singh, M.; Singh, D. (1997). "Pre-plant weed control for a palmarosa (Cymbopogon martinii) nursery". International Journal of Pest Management. 43 (1): 45–48. doi:10.1080/096708797228979.