Delphinium tricorne: Difference between revisions
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'''''Delphinium tricorne''''', known by the common |
'''''Delphinium tricorne''''', known by the common names '''dwarf larkspur'''<ref name="natureserve">{{cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.132389/Delphinium_tricorne |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> or '''spring larkspur''',<ref name="TX">{{cite web |title=Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center - The University of Texas at Austin |url=https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=DETR |website=www.wildflower.org}}</ref> is a species of flowering plant in the [[Ranunculaceae]] (buttercup) family. It is native to the central and eastern United States, where it is the most common ''Delphinium'' found.<ref>[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=233500554 Flora of North America]</ref> |
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==Description== |
==Description== |
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''D. tricorne'' is a [[perennial]] plant that grows to a height of {{convert |15-45|cm|0}}, with a thin flowering stalk rising from a group of basal leaves. There are a few alternate leaves along the stalk. All the leaves are grayish green to green, and deeply divided into about 5 lobes that are then each divided further into 2 or 3 secondary lobes. The basal leaves are up to {{convert |4|in|cm|0| order=flip}} long and across.<ref name="IL">{{cite web |title=Dwarf Larkspur (Delphinium tricorne) |url=https://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/woodland/plants/dwf_larkspur.htm |website=www.illinoiswildflowers.info}}</ref> |
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It a perennial that sends up long, stringy thin stems with few leaves and bears attractive flowers in shades of blue. |
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The [[inflorescence]] is a [[raceme]] at the end of the stalk consisting of 6 to 24 flowers that are violet, blue, white, or a mixture of these colors.<ref name="MO">{{cite book |last1=Denison |first1=Edgar |title=Missouri Wildflowers |date=2017 |publisher=Conservation Commission of the State of Missouri |isbn=978-1-887247-59-7 |pages=83 |edition=Sixth}}</ref> The flowers have 4 to 5 [[sepals]] and a long, narrow spur in the back. They are {{convert |1-1.5|in|cm|0|}} long.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vascular Plants of North Carolina |url=https://auth1.dpr.ncparks.gov/flora/species_account.php?id=2268 |website=auth1.dpr.ncparks.gov}}</ref> |
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==Chemical studies== |
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==Etymology== |
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The genus name, ''Delphinium'', comes from the Greek word for "dolphin", and may refer to the shape of the flowers. The specific epithet, ''tricorne'', is Latin for "with three horns", which describes the shape of the fruit.<ref name="MO"/> |
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==Distribution and habitat== |
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''D. tricorne'' is native in the United States from Nebraska to the west, Pennsylvania to the east, Alabama and Mississippi to the south, and Minnesota to the north.<ref name="natureserve"/> It is found in rich mesic forests, often over [[calcareous]] rocks.<ref name=Weakley>{{cite web |url=http://www.herbarium.unc.edu/flora.htm |title=Flora of the Southern and Mid-Atlantic States |access-date=2017-01-15 |archive-date=2018-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006082209/http://herbarium.unc.edu/flora.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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==Ecology== |
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The plant is pollinated by bumblebees and hummingbirds, and several other species of bees visit the flowers for nectar and pollen.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Macior |first1=Lazarus Walter |title=The Pollination Ecology of Delphinium Tricorne (Ranuncul Aceae) |url=https://bsapubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1975.tb11765.x |journal=American Journal of Botany |pages=1009–1016 |language=en |doi=10.1002/j.1537-2197.1975.tb11765.x |date=November 1975|volume=62 |issue=10 }}</ref> |
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==Toxicity== |
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The [[diterpenoid]] [[alkaloid]]s [[lycoctonine]] and [[tricornine]] (otherwise known as [[lycoctonine-18-O-acetate]]) have been isolated from ''D. tricorne''.<ref>S. W. Pelletier and J. Bhattacharyya (1977) ''Phytochemistry'' '''16''' 1464.</ref> The toxicology and pharmacology of lycoctonine have been quite well studied, but there is only limited information available concerning the biological properties of tricornine.<ref>M. H. Benn and J. M. Jacyno (1983). In ''Alkaloids: Chemical and Biological Perspectives, Vol. 1'', (S. W. Pelletier, Ed.) pp. 153-210, New York: Wiley.</ref> Both alkaloids have [[neuro-muscular blocking]] properties,<ref>See Wikipedia entry for [[methyllycaconitine]].</ref> and ''D. tricorne'' should be treated as a potentially poisonous plant. This species has long been regarded as poisonous to livestock.<ref>V. K. Chesnut (1898) ''USDA Farmer's Bull.'' '''86''' 11-13.</ref> |
The [[diterpenoid]] [[alkaloid]]s [[lycoctonine]] and [[tricornine]] (otherwise known as [[lycoctonine-18-O-acetate]]) have been isolated from ''D. tricorne''.<ref>S. W. Pelletier and J. Bhattacharyya (1977) ''Phytochemistry'' '''16''' 1464.</ref> The toxicology and pharmacology of lycoctonine have been quite well studied, but there is only limited information available concerning the biological properties of tricornine.<ref>M. H. Benn and J. M. Jacyno (1983). In ''Alkaloids: Chemical and Biological Perspectives, Vol. 1'', (S. W. Pelletier, Ed.) pp. 153-210, New York: Wiley.</ref> Both alkaloids have [[neuro-muscular blocking]] properties,<ref>See Wikipedia entry for [[methyllycaconitine]].</ref> and ''D. tricorne'' should be treated as a potentially poisonous plant. This species has long been regarded as poisonous to livestock.<ref>V. K. Chesnut (1898) ''USDA Farmer's Bull.'' '''86''' 11-13.</ref> |
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[[Category:Flora of the Northeastern United States]] |
[[Category:Flora of the Northeastern United States]] |
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[[Category:Flora of the North-Central United States]] |
[[Category:Flora of the North-Central United States]] |
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{{Ranunculales-stub}} |
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Latest revision as of 03:50, 7 January 2024
| Delphinium tricorne | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Ranunculales |
| Family: | Ranunculaceae |
| Genus: | Delphinium |
| Species: | D. tricorne
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| Binomial name | |
| Delphinium tricorne | |
Delphinium tricorne, known by the common names dwarf larkspur[1] or spring larkspur,[2] is a species of flowering plant in the Ranunculaceae (buttercup) family. It is native to the central and eastern United States, where it is the most common Delphinium found.[3]
Description[edit]
D. tricorne is a perennial plant that grows to a height of 15–45 centimetres (6–18 in), with a thin flowering stalk rising from a group of basal leaves. There are a few alternate leaves along the stalk. All the leaves are grayish green to green, and deeply divided into about 5 lobes that are then each divided further into 2 or 3 secondary lobes. The basal leaves are up to 10 centimetres (4 in) long and across.[4]
The inflorescence is a raceme at the end of the stalk consisting of 6 to 24 flowers that are violet, blue, white, or a mixture of these colors.[5] The flowers have 4 to 5 sepals and a long, narrow spur in the back. They are 1–1.5 inches (3–4 cm) long.[6]
Etymology[edit]
The genus name, Delphinium, comes from the Greek word for "dolphin", and may refer to the shape of the flowers. The specific epithet, tricorne, is Latin for "with three horns", which describes the shape of the fruit.[5]
Distribution and habitat[edit]
D. tricorne is native in the United States from Nebraska to the west, Pennsylvania to the east, Alabama and Mississippi to the south, and Minnesota to the north.[1] It is found in rich mesic forests, often over calcareous rocks.[7]
Ecology[edit]
The plant is pollinated by bumblebees and hummingbirds, and several other species of bees visit the flowers for nectar and pollen.[8]
Toxicity[edit]
The diterpenoid alkaloids lycoctonine and tricornine (otherwise known as lycoctonine-18-O-acetate) have been isolated from D. tricorne.[9] The toxicology and pharmacology of lycoctonine have been quite well studied, but there is only limited information available concerning the biological properties of tricornine.[10] Both alkaloids have neuro-muscular blocking properties,[11] and D. tricorne should be treated as a potentially poisonous plant. This species has long been regarded as poisonous to livestock.[12]
References[edit]
- ^ a b "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org.
- ^ "Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center - The University of Texas at Austin". www.wildflower.org.
- ^ Flora of North America
- ^ "Dwarf Larkspur (Delphinium tricorne)". www.illinoiswildflowers.info.
- ^ a b Denison, Edgar (2017). Missouri Wildflowers (Sixth ed.). Conservation Commission of the State of Missouri. p. 83. ISBN 978-1-887247-59-7.
- ^ "Vascular Plants of North Carolina". auth1.dpr.ncparks.gov.
- ^ "Flora of the Southern and Mid-Atlantic States". Archived from the original on 2018-10-06. Retrieved 2017-01-15.
- ^ Macior, Lazarus Walter (November 1975). "The Pollination Ecology of Delphinium Tricorne (Ranuncul Aceae)". American Journal of Botany. 62 (10): 1009–1016. doi:10.1002/j.1537-2197.1975.tb11765.x.
- ^ S. W. Pelletier and J. Bhattacharyya (1977) Phytochemistry 16 1464.
- ^ M. H. Benn and J. M. Jacyno (1983). In Alkaloids: Chemical and Biological Perspectives, Vol. 1, (S. W. Pelletier, Ed.) pp. 153-210, New York: Wiley.
- ^ See Wikipedia entry for methyllycaconitine.
- ^ V. K. Chesnut (1898) USDA Farmer's Bull. 86 11-13.