Viverravidae: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Extinct family of carnivorous mammals}} |
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{{About|an extinct family of carnivorous mammals|the extant family of carnivorans|Viverridae}} |
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{{Taxobox |
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{{Automatic taxobox |
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| name = Viverravidae |
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|fossil_range = {{fossil range|66.043|33.9}} early [[Paleocene]] - late [[Eocene]] |
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| image = |
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|image = Viverravus minutus 2.jpg |
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| image width = |
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|image_caption = skull of ''[[Viverravus|Viverravus minutus]]'' |
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| image caption= |
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|image2 = Didymictis protenus.jpg |
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| fossil_range = [[Paleocene]]-[[Eocene]] {{fossil range|66|40}} |
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|image2_caption = skull of ''[[Didymictis|Didymictis protenus]]'' |
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| regnum = [[Animal]]ia |
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|display_parents = 3 |
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| phylum = [[Chordata]] |
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|taxon = Viverravidae |
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| classis = [[Mammal]]ia |
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|parent_authority = Wortman & Matthew, 1899 |
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| unranked_ordo = [[Carnivoramorpha]] |
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|authority = Wortman & Matthew, 1899<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wortman |first1=J. L. |last2=Matthew |first2=W. D. |author2-link=William Diller Matthew |title=The ancestry of certain members of the Canidae, Viverridae, and Procyonidae |year=1899 |journal=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History |volume=12 |pages=109–138 |oclc=46687698 |hdl=2246/1535}}</ref> |
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| superfamilia = {{Extinct}}[[Miacoidea]] |
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|type_genus = †''[[Viverravus]]'' |
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| familia = {{Extinct}}'''Viverravidae''' |
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|type_genus_authority = Marsh, 1872 |
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| familia_authority= {{Harvnb|Wortman|Matthew|1899|p=136}}<ref>{{Cite journal |
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|subdivision_ranks = Genera |
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| last1 = Wortman | first1 = J. L. |
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|subdivision = {{center|[see [[#Classification|classification]]]}} |
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| last2 = Matthew | first2 = W. D. | author2-link = William Diller Matthew |
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|synonyms = |
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| title = The ancestry of certain members of the Canidae, Viverridae, and Procyonidae |
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{{collapsible list |bullets=true |title=synonyms of family: |
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| year = 1899 | journal = Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History | volume = 12 | pages = 109–138 |
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|Didymictida {{small|(Kretzoi, 1945)}}<ref>Miklos Kretzoi (1945) "Bemerkungen über das Raubtiersystem." Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, Budapest, vol. 38, pp. 59–83.</ref> |
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| url = http://hdl.handle.net/2246/1535 | access-date = 26 February 2017 |
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|Didymictidae {{small|(Flynn & Galiano, 1982)}}<ref name="Flynn1982"/> |
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| oclc = 46687698 | ref = harv}}<!-- {{Harvnb|Wortman|Matthew|1899}} --></ref> |
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|Viverravidea |
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| subdivision_ranks = [[Genera]] |
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|Viverravinae {{small|(Matthew, 1909)}}<ref>W. D. Matthew (1909) [https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/5744 "The Carnivora and Insectivora of the Bridger Basin, middle Eocene."] Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History 9:289-567</ref> |
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| subdivision = |
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}} |
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{{Extinct}}''[[Bryanictis]]''<br />{{Extinct}}''[[Didymictis]]''<br />{{Extinct}}''[[Ictidopappus]]''<br />{{Extinct}}''[[Mustelodon]]''<br />{{Extinct}}''[[Pristinictis]]''<br />{{Extinct}}''[[Protictis]]''<br/>{{Extinct}}''[[Raphictis]]''<br />{{Extinct}}''[[Simpsonictis]]''<br />{{Extinct}}''[[Viverravus]]''<br />{{Extinct}}''[[Viverriscus]]'' |
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}} |
}} |
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'''Viverravidae''' ("ancestors of [[Viverridae|viverrids]]") is an [[extinct]] [[monophyletic]] [[Family (biology)|family]] of mammals from extinct superfamily '''Viverravoidea''' within the clade [[Carnivoramorpha]], that lived from the early [[Palaeocene]] to the late [[Eocene]] in [[North America]], [[Europe]] and [[Asia]].<ref>{{BioRef |fossilworks |title=†family Viverravidae (Wortman & Matthew, 1899) (placental) |id=40992 |access-date=29 June 2019}}</ref><ref name="McKenna & Bell">Malcolm C. McKenna, Susan K. Bell: ''Classification of Mammals: Above the Species Level'' in Columbia University Press, New York (1997), 631 Seiten. {{page|year=|isbn=0-231-11013-8|pages=}}</ref><ref name="Zack2012">{{cite journal |last1=Zack |first1=Shawn P. |title=Deciduous dentition of ''Didymictis'' (Carnivoramorpha: Viverravidae): implications for the first appearance of "Creodonta" |journal=Journal of Mammalogy |volume=93 |issue=3 |year=2012 |pages=808–817 |issn=0022-2372 |doi=10.1644/11-MAMM-A-245.1 |doi-access=free}}</ref> They were once thought to be the earliest carnivorans and ancestral to extant ones, but now are placed outside the order [[Carnivora]] based on cranial [[morphology (biology)|morphology]] as relatives (a [[Crown group|plesion-group]]) to extant carnivorans.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wesley-Hunt |first1=G. D. |last2=Flynn |first2=J. J. |title=Phylogeny of the Carnivora: basal relationships among the carnivoramorphans, and assessment of the position of 'Miacoidea' relative to Carnivora |year=2005 |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |volume=3 |pages=1–28 |doi=10.1017/S1477201904001518 |s2cid=86755875}}</ref><ref name=Polly>{{cite journal |author=Polly, David, Gina D. Wesley-Hunt, Ronald E. Heinrich, Graham Davis and Peter Houde |year=2006 |title=Earliest known carnivoran auditory bulla and support for a recent origin of crown-clade carnivora (Eutheria, Mammalia) |journal=Palaeontology |volume=49 |issue=5 |pages=1019–1027 |url=http://mypage.iu.edu/~pdpolly/Papers/Polly%20et%20al,%202006,%20Viverravus.pdf |doi=10.1111/j.1475-4983.2006.00586.x |doi-access=free}}</ref> |
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'''Viverravidae''' is an extinct [[family (biology)|family]] within the superfamily [[Miacoidea]]. They are related to [[carnivora]]ns, and lived from the early [[Palaeocene]] to the [[Eocene]]. |
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==General characteristics== |
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In viverravids, the number of [[molar (tooth)|molars]] is reduced to two and the skull is elongated. Viverravidae is a [[monophyletic]] family, a [[Crown group|plesion-group]]. They are not thought to be ancestral to any extant carnivorans.<ref>{{Cite journal |
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[[Xiaoming Wang (paleontologist)|Wang]] and [[Richard H. Tedford|Tedford]] propose that they arose in North America 66–60 million years ago, spread to Asia then later to Europe, and were the first carnivoramorphans and possessed the first true pair of [[carnassial]] teeth.<ref name=wang2008>Wang, Xiaoming; Tedford, Richard H. (2008.) "Dogs: Their Fossil Relatives and Evolutionary History." New York: Columbia University Press</ref> In viverravids, the [[skull]] is elongated and the number of [[Molar (tooth)|molars]] is reduced to two (M1/m1 and M2/m2 are present and M3/m3 are absent). |
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| last1 = Wesley-Hunt | first1 = G.D. |
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| last2 = Flynn | first2 = J.J. |
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| title = Phylogeny of the Carnivora: basal relationships among the carnivoramorphans, and assessment of the position of 'Miacoidea' relative to Carnivora |
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| year = 2005 | journal = Journal of Systematic Palaeontology | volume = 3 | pages = 1–28 |
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| doi = 10.1017/S1477201904001518}}</ref> |
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==Classification and phylogeny== |
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The viverravids were thought to be the earliest carnivorans: they first appeared in the Paleocene of North America about 60 million years ago. One author proposed that they should be placed outside the order Carnivora based on cranial [[morphology (biology)|morphology]].<ref name=Polly>{{cite journal | author = Polly, David, Gina D. Wesley-Hunt, Ronald E. Heinrich, Graham Davis and Peter Houde | year = 2006 | title = Earliest known carnivoran auditory bulla and support for a recent origin of crown-clade carnivora (Eutheria, Mammalia) | journal = Palaeontology | volume = 49 | issue = 5 | pages = 1019–1027 | url = http://mypage.iu.edu/~pdpolly/Papers/Polly%20et%20al,%202006,%20Viverravus.pdf | doi = 10.1111/j.1475-4983.2006.00586.x}}</ref> |
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===Classification=== |
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Taxonomy retrieved from the [[Paleobiology Database]]<ref>Paleobiology Database. Retrieved with [http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?action=taxonInfo&taxon_no=40992 Fossilworks] (March 3, 2017)</ref> |
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{|class="wikitable" |
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|- style="vertical-align:top;" |
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|style="text-align: center;"|Superfamily: †'''Viverravoidea''' {{small|(Wortman & Matthew, 1899)}}<br />Family: †'''Viverravidae''' {{small|(Wortman & Matthew, 1899)}} |
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---- |
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:{| |
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|- style="vertical-align:top;" |
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| |
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* Genus: †''[[Orientictis]]'' {{small|(Huang & Zheng, 2005)}} |
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** †''Orientictis spanios'' {{small|(Huang & Zheng, 2005)}} |
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* Genus: †''[[Pappictidops]]'' {{small|(Qiu & Li, 1977)}} |
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** †''Pappictidops acies'' {{small|(Wang, 1978)}} |
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** †''Pappictidops obtusus'' {{small|(Wang, 1978)}} |
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** †''Pappictidops orientalis'' {{small|(Qiu & Li, 1977)}} |
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* Genus: †''[[Preonictis]]'' {{small|(Tong & Wang, 2006)}} |
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** †''Preonictis youngi'' {{small|(Tong & Wang, 2006)}} |
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* Genus: †''[[Variviverra]]'' {{small|(Tong & Wang, 2006)}} |
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** †''Variviverra vegetatus'' {{small|(Tong & Wang, 2006)}} |
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* ''[[Incertae sedis]]'': |
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** †[[Viverravidae sp. (CM 71188 & CM 71189)|Viverravidae sp. [''CM 71188'' & ''CM 71189'']]] {{small|(Friscia & Rasmussen, 2010)}} |
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* Subfamily: †'''[[Didymictinae]]''' {{small|(Flynn & Galiano, 1982)}} |
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** Genus: †''[[Bryanictis]]'' {{small|(MacIntyre, 1966)}} |
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*** †''Bryanictis microlestes'' {{small|(Simpson, 1935)}} |
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*** †''Bryanictis paulus'' {{small|(Meehan & Wilson, 2002)}} |
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*** †''Bryanictis terlinguae'' {{small|(Standhardt, 1986)}} |
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** Genus: †''[[Didymictis]]'' {{small|(Cope, 1875)}} |
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*** †''Didymictis altidens'' {{small|(Cope, 1880)}} |
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*** †''Didymictis dellensis'' {{small|(Dorr, 1952)}} |
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*** †''Didymictis leptomylus'' {{small|(Cope, 1880)}} |
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*** †''Didymictis protenus'' {{small|(Cope, 1874)}} |
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*** †''Didymictis proteus'' {{small|(Polly, 1997)}} |
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*** †''Didymictis vancleveae'' {{small|(Robinson, 1966)}} |
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*** †''Didymictis'' sp. [Erquelinnes, Hainaut, Belgium] {{small|(Dollo, 1909)}} |
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** Genus: †''[[Intyrictis]]'' {{small|(Gingerich & Winkler, 1985)}} |
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*** †''Intyrictis vanvaleni'' {{small|(MacIntyre, 1966)}} |
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** Genus: †''[[Pristinictis]]'' {{small|(Fox & Youzwyshyn, 1994)}} |
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*** †''Pristinictis connata'' {{small|(Fox & Youzwyshyn, 1994)}} |
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** Genus: †''[[Protictis]]'' <sup>([[Paraphyly|paraphyletic]] genus)</sup> {{small|(Matthew, 1937)}} |
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*** †''Protictis agastor'' {{small|(Gingerich & Winkler, 1985)}} |
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*** †''Protictis haydenianus'' {{small|(Cope, 1882)}} |
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*** †''Protictis minor'' {{small|(Meehan & Wilson, 2002)}} |
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*** †''Protictis paralus'' {{small|(Holtzman, 1978)}} |
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*** †''Protictis simpsoni'' {{small|(Meehan & Wilson, 2002)}} |
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*** Subgenus: †''[[Protictoides]]'' {{small|(Flynn & Galiano, 1982)}} |
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**** †''Protictis aprophatos'' {{small|(Flynn & Galiano, 1982)}} |
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** Genus: †''[[Raphictis]]'' {{small|(Gingerich & Winkler, 1985)}} |
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*** †''Raphictis gausion'' {{small|(Gingerich & Winkler, 1985)}} |
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*** †''Raphictis iota'' {{small|(Scott, 2008)}} |
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*** †''Raphictis machaera'' {{small|(Rankin, 2009)}} |
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*** †''Raphictis nanoptexis'' {{small|(Rankin, 2009)}} |
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** ''[[Incertae sedis]]'': |
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*** †''[[Deltatherium durini|"Deltatherium" durini]]'' {{small|(Van Valen, 1978)}} |
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| |
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* Subfamily: †'''[[Ictidopappus|Ictidopappinae]]''' {{small|(Van Valen, 1969)}} |
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** Genus: †''[[Ictidopappus]]'' {{small|(Simpson, 1935)}} |
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*** †''Ictidopappus mustelinus'' {{small|(Simpson, 1935)}} |
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* Subfamily: †'''[[Viverravinae]]''' {{small|(Wortman & Matthew, 1899)}} |
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** Genus: †''[[Simpsonictis]]'' {{small|(MacIntyre, 1962)}} |
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*** †''Simpsonictis jaynanneae'' {{small|(Rigby, 1980)}} |
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*** †''Simpsonictis pegus'' {{small|(Gingerich & Winkler, 1985)}} |
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*** †''Simpsonictis tenuis'' {{small|(Simpson, 1935)}} |
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** Genus: †''[[Viverravus]]'' {{small|(Marsh, 1872)}} |
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*** †''Viverravus acutus'' {{small|(Matthew & Granger, 1915)}} |
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*** †''Viverravus gracilis'' {{small|(Marsh, 1872)}} |
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*** †''Viverravus lawsoni'' {{small|(Hooker, 2010)}} |
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*** †''Viverravus laytoni'' {{small|(Gingerich & Winkler, 1985)}} |
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*** †''Viverravus lutosus'' {{small|(Gazin, 1952)}} |
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*** †''Viverravus minutus'' {{small|(Wortman, 1901)}} |
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*** †''Viverravus politus'' {{small|(Matthew & Granger, 1915)}} |
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*** †''Viverravus rosei'' {{small|(Polly, 1997)}} |
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*** †''Viverravus sicarius'' {{small|(Matthew, 1909)}} |
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*** †''Viverravus'' sp. [''V11141''] {{small|(Meng, 1998)}} |
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*** †''Viverravus'' sp. [Locality Group 2, Washakie Basin, Wyoming] {{small|(Tomiya, 2021)}} |
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** Genus: †''[[Viverriscus]]'' {{small|(Beard & Dawson, 2009)}} |
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*** †''Viverriscus omnivorus'' {{small|(Beard & Dawson, 2009)}} |
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|} |
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|} |
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===Phylogeny=== |
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[[Xiaoming Wang|Wang]] and [[Richard H. Tedford|Tedford]] propose that they arose in North America 65-60 million years ago, spread to Asia then later to Europe, and were the first carnivorans and possessed the first true pair of [[carnassial]] teeth.<ref name=wang2008>Wang, Xiaoming; Tedford, Richard H.; Dogs: Their Fossil Relatives and Evolutionary History. New York: Columbia University Press, 2008.</ref>{{rp|p8}} |
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The phylogenetic relationships of family Viverravidae are shown in the following cladogram:<ref name=Flynn1982>J. J. Flynn and H. Galiano. (1982.) "Phylogeny of Early Tertiary Carnivora, With a Description of a New Species of ''Protictis'' From the Middle Eocene of Northwestern Wyoming" American Museum Novitates 2725:1-64</ref><ref>P. D. Gingerich and D. A. Winkler. (1985.) [https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/48525/ID378.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y "Systematics of Paleocene Viverravidae (Mammalia, Carnivora) in the Bighorn Basin and Clark's Fork Basin, Wyoming."] Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan 27(4):87-128</ref><ref>P. D. Polly. (1997.) [https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/48638/ID504.pdf?sequence=2 "Ancestry and Species Definition in Paleontology: A Stratocladistic Analysis of Paleocene-Eocene Viverravidae (Mammalia, Carnivora) from Wyoming."] Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan 30(1):1-53</ref><ref name="SoléSmith2016">{{cite journal |last1=Solé |first1=Floréal |last2=Smith |first2=Thierry |last3=De Bast |first3=Eric |last4=Codrea |first4=Vlad |last5=Gheerbrant |first5=Emmanuel |title=New carnivoraforms from the latest Paleocene of Europe and their bearing on the origin and radiation of Carnivoraformes (Carnivoramorpha, Mammalia) |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=36 |issue=2 |year=2016 |pages=e1082480 |issn=0272-4634 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2016.1082480|s2cid=87537565 }}</ref><ref>S. Faurby, L. Werdelin, A. Antonelli (2019.) [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2019/09/05/755207.full.pdf "Dispersal ability predicts evolutionary success among mammalian carnivores"] Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, SE</ref> |
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{{clade |style=font-size:85%;line-height:100%; |
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|label1= '''[[Carnivoramorpha]]''' |
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|1={{clade |
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|thickness2=2 |thickness3=2 |thickness4=2 |
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|1='''[[Carnivoraformes]]''' [[File:Dogs,_jackals,_wolves,_and_foxes_(Plate_XI).jpg|50px]] |
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|label2= '''?''' |state2=dotted |
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|2=†[[Carnivoramorpha sp. (UALVP 31176)|Carnivoramorpha sp. (''UALVP 31176'')]] |
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|label3= '''?''' |state3=dotted |
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|3=†[[Carnivoramorpha sp. (USNM 538395)|Carnivoramorpha sp. (''USNM 538395'')]] |
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|label4= '''?''' |state4=dotted |
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|4=†''[[Sinopa insectivorus|"Sinopa" insectivorus]]'' |
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|label5= †'''Viverravidae''' |sublabel5= ''sensu lato'' |
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|5={{clade |
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|thickness1=2 |thickness2=2 |thickness3=2 |label1= '''?''' |state1=dotted |
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|1=†''[[Ravenictis]]'' |
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|label2= '''?''' |state2=dotted |
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|2=†[[Carnivoramorpha sp. (UALVP 50993 & UALVP 50994)|Carnivoramorpha sp. (''UALVP 50993'' & ''UALVP 50994'')]] |
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|label3= †'''Viverravoidea''' |
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|3={{clade |
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|thickness=2 |label1= †'''Viverravidae''' |sublabel1= ''sensu stricto'' |
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|1={{clade |
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|thickness=2 |
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|1={{clade |
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|thickness=2 |
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|1={{clade |
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|thickness=2 |label1= †''[[Pappictidops]]'' |
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|1={{clade |
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|thickness=2 |
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|1={{clade |
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|thickness=2 |
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|1=†''Pappictidops acies'' |
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|2=†''Pappictidops obtusus'' |
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}} |
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|2=†''Pappictidops orientalis'' |
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}} |
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|label2= †''[[Orientictis]]'' |
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|2=†''Orientictis spanios'' |
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|label3= †''[[Preonictis]]'' |
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|3=†''Preonictis youngi'' |
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|label4= †''[[Variviverra]]'' |
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|4=†''Variviverra vegetatus'' |
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}} |
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|2={{clade |
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|thickness=2 |label1= †'''[[Ictidopappus|Ictidopappinae]]''' |
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|1={{clade |
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|thickness=2 |label1= †''[[Ictidopappus]]'' |
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|1=†''Ictidopappus mustelinus'' |
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}} }} }} |
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|2={{clade |
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|thickness=2 |label1= †'''[[Viverravinae]]''' |
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|1={{clade |
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|thickness=2 |label1= †''[[Viverravus]]'' |
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|1={{clade |
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|thickness=2 |
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|1={{clade |
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|thickness=2 |
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|1={{clade |
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|thickness=2 |
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|1={{clade |
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|thickness=2 |
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|1={{clade |
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|thickness=2 |
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|1=†''Viverravus minutus'' |
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|2=†''Viverravus sicarius'' |
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|3=†''Viverravus'' sp. (Locality Group 2, Washakie Basin, Wyoming) |
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}} |
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|2=†''Viverravus gracilis'' |
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|3=†''Viverravus lutosus'' |
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}} |
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|2=†''Viverravus acutus'' |
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|3=†''Viverravus rosei'' |
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}} |
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|2=†''Viverravus laytoni'' |
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}} |
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|label2= '''?''' |state2=dotted |
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|2=†''Viverravus'' sp. (''V11141'') |
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|3=†''Viverravus lawsoni'' |
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|4=†''Viverravus politus'' |
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}} |
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|2={{clade |
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|thickness=2 |label1= †''[[Viverriscus]]'' |
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|1=†''Viverriscus omnivorus'' |
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|label2= †''[[Simpsonictis]]'' |
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|2={{clade |
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|thickness=2 |
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|1=†''Simpsonictis jaynanneae'' |
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|2=†''Simpsonictis pegus'' |
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|3=†''Simpsonictis tenuis'' |
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}} }} }} |
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|label2= '''?''' |state2=dotted |
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|2=†[[Viverravidae sp. (CM 71188 & CM 71189)|Viverravidae sp. (''CM 71188'' & ''CM 71189'')]] |
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|label3= †'''[[Didymictinae]]''' |
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|3={{clade |
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|thickness=2 |
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|1={{clade |
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|thickness=2 |label1= †''[[Bryanictis]]'' |
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|1={{clade |
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|thickness=2 |
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|1=†''Bryanictis microlestes'' |
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|2=†''Bryanictis paulus'' |
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|3=†''Bryanictis terlinguae'' |
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}} |
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|label2= †''[[Intyrictis]]'' |
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|2=†''Intyrictis vanvaleni'' |
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}} |
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|2={{clade |
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|thickness=2 |caption={{Uline|c=green| †''[[Protictis]]'' }} |captionstyle=text-align:center;font-weight:bold;padding:2px 10px 1px 1px; |color=green |
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|1={{Uline|c=green| †''[[Protictis|Protictis haydenianus]]'' }} |
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|2={{Uline|c=green| †''[[Protictis|Protictis minor]]'' }} |
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|3={{Uline|c=green| †''[[Protictis|Protictis simpsoni]]'' }} |
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|4={{clade |
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|thickness=2 |color=green |
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|1={{clade |
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|thickness=2 |label1= †''[[Raphictis]]'' |color=green |color1=black |
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|1={{clade |
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|thickness=2 |
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|1=†''Raphictis gausion'' |
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|2=†''Raphictis iota'' |
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|3=†''Raphictis machaera'' |
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|4=†''Raphictis nanoptexis'' |
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}} |
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|2={{Uline|c=green| †''[[Protictis|Protictis paralus]]'' }} |
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}} |
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|2={{clade |
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|thickness=2 |color=green |color3=black |color4=black |color5=black |
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|1={{Uline|c=green| †''[[Protictis|Protictis agastor]]'' }} |
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|label2= †(''[[Protictoides]]'') |
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|2={{Uline|c=green| †''[[Protictoides|Protictis aprophatos]]'' }} |
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|label3= †''[[Pristinictis]]'' |
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|3=†''Pristinictis connata'' |
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|label4= '''?''' |state4=dotted |
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|4=†''[[Deltatherium durini|"Deltatherium" durini]]'' |
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|label5= †''[[Didymictis]]'' |
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|5={{clade |
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|thickness=2 |
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|1=†''Didymictis dellensis'' |
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|2=†''Didymictis proteus'' |
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|label3= '''?''' |state3=dotted |
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|3=†''Didymictis'' sp. (Erquelinnes, Hainaut, Belgium) |
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|4={{clade |
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|thickness=2 |
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|1=†''Didymictis altidens'' |
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|2=†''Didymictis leptomylus'' |
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|3=†''Didymictis protenus'' |
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|4=†''Didymictis vancleveae'' |
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}} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} |
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== |
==See also== |
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* [[Mammal classification]] |
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* [[Carnivoramorpha]] |
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* [[Miacoidea]] |
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==References== |
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Taxonomy retrieved from the [[Paleobiology Database]]<ref>Paleobiology Database. Retrieved with [http://fossilworks.org/bridge.pl?action=taxonInfo&taxon_no=40992 Fossilworks] (March 3, 2017)</ref> |
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{{Reflist|2}} |
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*Family †Viverravidae Wortman and Matthew 1899 (synonym: Didymictidae Flynn and Galiano 1982) |
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**Genus †''[[Didymictis]]'' Cope 1875 |
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***†''Didymictis altidens'' Cope 1880 |
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***†''Didymictis leptomylus'' Cope 1880 |
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***†''Didymictis protenus'' Cope 1874 (synonym: ''Didymictis curtidens'' Cope 1882) |
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***†''Didymictis proteus'' Polly 1997 (synonym: ''Didymictis dellensis'' Dorr 1952) |
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***†''Didymictis vancleveae'' Robinson 1966 |
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**Genus †''[[Intyrictis]]'' Gingerich and Winkler 1985 |
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***†''Intyrictis vanvaleni'' MacIntyre 1966 |
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**Genus †''[[Orientictis]]'' Huang and Zheng 2005 |
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***†''Orientictis spanios'' Huang and Zheng 2005 |
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**Genus †''[[Preonictis]]'' Tong and Wang 2006 |
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***†''Preonictis youngi'' Tong and Wang 2006 |
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**Genus †''[[Protictis]]'' Matthew |
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***Subgenus. †''Protictis'' (''[[Bryanictis]]'') MacIntyre 1966 |
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****†''Bryanictis microlestes'' Simpson 1935 |
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****†''Bryanictis paulus'' Meehan and Wilson 2002 |
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***Subg. †''Protictis'' (''Protictis'') Matthew 1937 |
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***Subg. †''Protictis'' (''[[Protictoides]]'') Flynn and Galiano 1982 |
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****†''Protictoides aprophatos'' Flynn and Galiano 1982 |
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***†''Protictis agastor'' Gingerich and Winkler 1985 |
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***†''Protictis haydenianus'' Cope 1882 (synonyms: ''Didymictis primus'' Cope 1884, ''Prolimnocyon macfaddeni'' Rigby, Jr. 1980) |
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***†''Protictis minor'' Meehan and Wilson 2002 |
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***†''Protictis paralus'' Holtzman 1978 |
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***†''Protictis simpsoni'' Meehan and Wilson 2002 |
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**Genus †''[[Simpsonictis]]'' MacIntyre 1962 |
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***†''Simpsonictis jaynanneae'' Rigby, Jr. 1980 |
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***†''Simpsonictis pegus'' Gingerich and Winkler 1985 |
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***†''Simpsonictis tenuis'' Simpson 1935 |
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**G. †''Variviverra'' Tong and Wang 2006 |
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***†''Variviverra vegetatus'' Tong and Wang 2006 |
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**Genus †''[[Viverravus]]'' Marsh 1872 |
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***†''Viverravus acutus'' Matthew and Granger 1915 |
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***†''Viverravus gracilis'' Marsh 1872 (type species)(synonyms: ''Didymictis dawkinsianus'' Cope 1881, ''Harpalodon vulpinus'' Marsh 1872, ''Triacodon fallax'' Marsh 1871, ''Ziphacodon rugatus'' Marsh 1872) |
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***†''Viverravus lawsoni'' Hooker 2010 |
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***†''Viverravus laytoni'' Gingerich and Winkler 1985 (synonym: ''Viverravus bowni'' Gingerich 1987) |
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***†''Viverravus lutosus'' Gazin 1952 |
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***†''Viverravus minutus'' Wortman 1901 |
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***†''Viverravus nitidus'' Marsh 1872 |
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***†''Viverravus politus'' Matthew and Granger 1915 (synonym: ''Protictis schaffi'' Gingerich and Winkler 1985) |
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***†''Viverravus rosei'' Polly 1997 |
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***†''Viverravus sicarius'' Matthew 1909 (synonym: ''Ziphacodon'' Marsh 1872) |
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**Genus †''[[Viverriscus]]'' Beard and Dawson 2009 |
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***†''Viverriscus omnivorus'' Beard and Dawson 2009 |
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**''incertae sedis'': |
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***''[[Deltatherium|Deltatherium durini]]'' Van Valen 1978 [nomen dubium] (syonym: ''Prolimnocyon durini '') |
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***''[[Prolimnocyon|Prolimnocyon macfaddeni]]'' Rigby, 1980<ref name="Zack2012">{{cite journal|last1=Zack|first1=Shawn P.|title=Deciduous dentition of Didymictis(Carnivoramorpha: Viverravidae): implications for the first appearance of "Creodonta"|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|volume=93|issue=3|year=2012|pages=808–817|issn=0022-2372|doi=10.1644/11-MAMM-A-245.1}}</ref> |
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{{Pan-Carnivora|C.|state=collapsed}} |
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== References == |
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q4889586}} |
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{{Reflist}} |
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[[Category:Viverravids| ]] |
[[Category:Viverravids| ]] |
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[[Category:Paleocene first appearances]] |
[[Category:Paleocene first appearances]] |
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[[Category:Eocene extinctions]] |
[[Category:Eocene extinctions]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Prehistoric mammal families]] |
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Latest revision as of 20:41, 19 January 2024
Viverravidae early | |
---|---|
skull of Viverravus minutus | |
skull of Didymictis protenus | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Mammalia |
Clade: | Pan-Carnivora |
Clade: | Carnivoramorpha |
Superfamily: | †Viverravoidea Wortman & Matthew, 1899 |
Family: | †Viverravidae Wortman & Matthew, 1899[1] |
Type genus | |
†Viverravus Marsh, 1872
| |
Genera | |
[see classification]
| |
Synonyms | |
Viverravidae ("ancestors of viverrids") is an extinct monophyletic family of mammals from extinct superfamily Viverravoidea within the clade Carnivoramorpha, that lived from the early Palaeocene to the late Eocene in North America, Europe and Asia.[5][6][7] They were once thought to be the earliest carnivorans and ancestral to extant ones, but now are placed outside the order Carnivora based on cranial morphology as relatives (a plesion-group) to extant carnivorans.[8][9]
General characteristics[edit]
Wang and Tedford propose that they arose in North America 66–60 million years ago, spread to Asia then later to Europe, and were the first carnivoramorphans and possessed the first true pair of carnassial teeth.[10] In viverravids, the skull is elongated and the number of molars is reduced to two (M1/m1 and M2/m2 are present and M3/m3 are absent).
Classification and phylogeny[edit]
Classification[edit]
Taxonomy retrieved from the Paleobiology Database[11]
Superfamily: †Viverravoidea (Wortman & Matthew, 1899) Family: †Viverravidae (Wortman & Matthew, 1899)
|
Phylogeny[edit]
The phylogenetic relationships of family Viverravidae are shown in the following cladogram:[3][12][13][14][15]
Carnivoramorpha |
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See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ Wortman, J. L.; Matthew, W. D. (1899). "The ancestry of certain members of the Canidae, Viverridae, and Procyonidae". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 12: 109–138. hdl:2246/1535. OCLC 46687698.
- ^ Miklos Kretzoi (1945) "Bemerkungen über das Raubtiersystem." Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, Budapest, vol. 38, pp. 59–83.
- ^ a b J. J. Flynn and H. Galiano. (1982.) "Phylogeny of Early Tertiary Carnivora, With a Description of a New Species of Protictis From the Middle Eocene of Northwestern Wyoming" American Museum Novitates 2725:1-64
- ^ W. D. Matthew (1909) "The Carnivora and Insectivora of the Bridger Basin, middle Eocene." Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History 9:289-567
- ^ "†family Viverravidae (Wortman & Matthew, 1899) (placental)". Fossilworks. Gateway to the Paleobiology Database. Retrieved 29 June 2019.
- ^ Malcolm C. McKenna, Susan K. Bell: Classification of Mammals: Above the Species Level in Columbia University Press, New York (1997), 631 Seiten. Viverravidae
- ^ Zack, Shawn P. (2012). "Deciduous dentition of Didymictis (Carnivoramorpha: Viverravidae): implications for the first appearance of "Creodonta"". Journal of Mammalogy. 93 (3): 808–817. doi:10.1644/11-MAMM-A-245.1. ISSN 0022-2372.
- ^ Wesley-Hunt, G. D.; Flynn, J. J. (2005). "Phylogeny of the Carnivora: basal relationships among the carnivoramorphans, and assessment of the position of 'Miacoidea' relative to Carnivora". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 3: 1–28. doi:10.1017/S1477201904001518. S2CID 86755875.
- ^ Polly, David, Gina D. Wesley-Hunt, Ronald E. Heinrich, Graham Davis and Peter Houde (2006). "Earliest known carnivoran auditory bulla and support for a recent origin of crown-clade carnivora (Eutheria, Mammalia)" (PDF). Palaeontology. 49 (5): 1019–1027. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2006.00586.x.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Wang, Xiaoming; Tedford, Richard H. (2008.) "Dogs: Their Fossil Relatives and Evolutionary History." New York: Columbia University Press
- ^ Paleobiology Database. Retrieved with Fossilworks (March 3, 2017)
- ^ P. D. Gingerich and D. A. Winkler. (1985.) "Systematics of Paleocene Viverravidae (Mammalia, Carnivora) in the Bighorn Basin and Clark's Fork Basin, Wyoming." Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan 27(4):87-128
- ^ P. D. Polly. (1997.) "Ancestry and Species Definition in Paleontology: A Stratocladistic Analysis of Paleocene-Eocene Viverravidae (Mammalia, Carnivora) from Wyoming." Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan 30(1):1-53
- ^ Solé, Floréal; Smith, Thierry; De Bast, Eric; Codrea, Vlad; Gheerbrant, Emmanuel (2016). "New carnivoraforms from the latest Paleocene of Europe and their bearing on the origin and radiation of Carnivoraformes (Carnivoramorpha, Mammalia)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 36 (2): e1082480. doi:10.1080/02724634.2016.1082480. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 87537565.
- ^ S. Faurby, L. Werdelin, A. Antonelli (2019.) "Dispersal ability predicts evolutionary success among mammalian carnivores" Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, SE