Acaridae: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Family of mites}} |
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{{Taxobox |
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{{Automatic taxobox |
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| image= Grain mite 1.JPG |
| image= Grain mite 1.JPG |
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| image_caption = ''[[Acarus siro]]'' |
| image_caption = ''[[Acarus siro]]'' |
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| |
| taxon = Acaridae |
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| phylum = [[Arthropod]]a |
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| display_parents = 3 |
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| classis = [[Arachnid]]a |
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| subclassis = [[Acari]] |
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| superordo = [[Acariformes]] |
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| ordo = [[Sarcoptiformes]] |
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| unranked_familia = [[Astigmatina]] |
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| familia = '''Acaridae''' |
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| diversity = > 110 genera, > 400 species |
| diversity = > 110 genera, > 400 species |
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| range_map = |
| range_map = |
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| range_map_width = 250px |
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| subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies |
| subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies |
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| subdivision = |
| subdivision = |
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[[Fagacarinae]] |
*[[Fagacarinae]] |
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[[Rhizoglyphinae]] |
*[[Rhizoglyphinae]] |
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}} |
}} |
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[[File:Cheese mite.jpg|thumb|''[[Tyrophagus putrescentiae]]'']] |
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[[File:Rhizoglyphus echinopus (Drawing).jpg|thumb|''[[Rhizoglyphus echinopus]]'']] |
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[[File:5-Sancassania feeding stages ex Pelidnota punctata BMOC-15-0727-004.jpg|thumb|''[[Sancassania]]'' sp.]] |
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The '''Acaridae''' are a [[family (biology)|family]] of [[mite]]s in order [[Sarcoptiformes]].<ref>{{cite web |editor=Barry O'Connor |url=http://insects.tamu.edu/research/collection/hallan/Acari/Family/Acaridae.txt |title=Acaridae Species Listing |work=Biology Catalog |publisher=[[Texas A&M University]] |year=2008 |access-date=July 26, 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100807105304/http://insects.tamu.edu/research/collection/hallan/Acari/Family/Acaridae.txt| archive-date= 7 August 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref> |
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== Distribution == |
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The '''Acaridae''' are a [[family (biology)|family]] of [[mite]]s. Common forms include some [[mold mite]]s, for example the [[grain mite]]. |
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There are several acarid genera with cosmopolitan distributions, such as ''Acarus''<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Acarus {{!}} Bee Mite ID |url=http://idtools.org/id/mites/beemites/factsheet.php?name=15314 |access-date=2022-09-20 |website=idtools.org}}</ref>'', Sancassania''<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Sancassania {{!}} Bee Mite ID |url=http://idtools.org/id/mites/beemites/factsheet.php?name=15312 |access-date=2022-09-19 |website=idtools.org}}</ref> and ''Tyrophagus''.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Tyrophagus {{!}} Bee Mite ID |url=http://idtools.org/id/mites/beemites/factsheet.php?name=15324 |access-date=2022-09-19 |website=idtools.org}}</ref> |
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== |
== Ecology == |
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Acaridae live in various habitats and have various diets. |
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'''Family Acaridae''' <small>Latreille, 1802</small><ref>O'Connor, Barry M., ed. [http://insects.tamu.edu/research/collection/hallan/Acari/Family/Acaridae.txt Acaridae Species Listing]. Biology Catalog. Texas A&M University, 2008. Retrieved on July 26, 2010.</ref> |
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Many are [[Generalist and specialist species|generalists]] that live in natural (e.g. soil, litter, animal nests, decomposing plant material) and artificial (e.g. human dwellings, granaries, greenhouses, plant nurseries) environments. They feed on decomposing organic material, [[Fungus|fungi]] and [[Nematode|nematodes]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> |
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There are also more specialised acarids. Some ''Acarus'' inhabit nests of warm-blooded animals, mostly rodents and birds.<ref name=":0" /> Within ''Sancassania,'' there are species associated with certain bees, associated with scarabaeid beetles (riding phoretically on live beetles and feeding on dead beetles) or feeding on [[Mushroom|mushrooms]].<ref name=":1" /> A lineage of ''Tyrophagus'', comprising ''T. formicetorum'' and related species, only occurs in ant nests.<ref name=":2" /> A number of ''Histiogaster'' species live beneath bark (subcortical) and feed on fungi.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Genus Histiogaster |url=https://bugguide.net/node/view/304203 |access-date=2022-09-19 |website=bugguide.net}}</ref> |
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== Dispersal == |
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Various Acaridae have a [[Phoresis|phoretic]] deutonymph stage in their life cycle, a non-feeding nymph stage that can disperse to new habitats by riding on larger animals.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> Hyperphoresy (riding an animal which is itself riding a third animal) has also been reported, with acarid deutonymphs on a larger [[Uropodidae]] mite which in turn was on a beetle.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Beetle Mites |url=https://bugguide.net/node/view/118625 |access-date=2022-09-20 |website=bugguide.net}}</ref> |
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Most ''Tyrophagus'' species do not form deutonymphs (except for the ''T. formicetorum'' lineage), instead dispersing as feeding life stages. They may disperse phoretically, by active movements or by air currents.<ref name=":2" /> |
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== Pests == |
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Some Acaridae species are stored product pests, such as [[Flour mite|''Acarus siro'']], ''A. farris, [[Tyrophagus putrescentiae]], [[Tyrophagus longior]]'' and ''[[Tyrolichus casei]]''. These infest stored organic materials such as grains, flour, [[dried fruit]], milk products, [[Ham|hams]], [[Cheese|cheeses]], [[straw]], [[Hide (skin)|animal hides]], invertebrate culture media, vertebrate bedding materials and [[animal feed]]. They thrive in humid conditions and on damp materials. Acaridae can cause [[dermatitis]] via piercing human skin (in attempts to feed) or via contact [[Allergen|allergens]].<ref>{{Citation |last1=Mullen |first1=Gary R. |title=Mites (Acari) |date=2019 |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9780128140437000261 |work=Medical and Veterinary Entomology |pages=533–602 |publisher=Elsevier |language=en |doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-814043-7.00026-1 |isbn=978-0-12-814043-7 |access-date=2022-09-20 |last2=OConnor |first2=Barry M.|s2cid=239345468 }}</ref> |
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There are also Acaridae which are pests of living plants. These include the genus ''[[Rhizoglyphus]]'' (pests of plants with [[Bulb|bulbs]])<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bulbmites |url=https://mrec.ifas.ufl.edu/foliage/entomol/ncstate/mite2.htm |access-date=2022-09-20 |website=mrec.ifas.ufl.edu}}</ref> and the species ''T. longior'' (pest of some ornamental plants).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Buxton |first=J. H. |date=1989 |title=Tyrophagus longior (Gervais) (Acarina; Acaridae) as a pest of ornamentals grown under protection |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-3059.1989.tb02167.x |journal=Plant Pathology |language=en |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=447–448 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-3059.1989.tb02167.x |issn=0032-0862|url-access=subscription }}</ref> |
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==Genera== |
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{{div col|colwidth=20em}} |
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* ''[[Fagacarus]]'' <small>Fain & R. A. Norton, 1979</small> |
* ''[[Fagacarus]]'' <small>Fain & R. A. Norton, 1979</small> |
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;Acarinae <small>Nesbitt, 1945</small> |
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* ''[[Acarus]]'' <small>Linnaeus, 1758</small> |
* ''[[Acarus]]'' <small>Linnaeus, 1758</small> |
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* ''[[Aleuroglyphus]]'' <small>Zachvatkin, 1940</small> |
* ''[[Aleuroglyphus]]'' <small>[[Alexsei Zachvatkin|Zachvatkin]], 1940</small> |
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* ''[[Ebertia]]'' <small>Oudemans, 1924</small> |
* ''[[Ebertia]]'' <small>Oudemans, 1924</small> |
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* ''[[Podoglyphus]]'' <small>Oudemans, 1937</small> |
* ''[[Podoglyphus]]'' <small>Oudemans, 1937</small> |
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* ''[[Tyrophagus]]'' <small>Oudemans, 1924</small> |
* ''[[Tyrophagus]]'' <small>Oudemans, 1924</small> |
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;Rhizoglyphinae <small>Zakhvatkin, 1941</small> |
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* ''[[Acarotalpa]]'' <small>Volgin, 1966</small> |
* ''[[Acarotalpa]]'' <small>Volgin, 1966</small> |
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* ''[[Acotyledon]]'' <small>Oudemans, 1903</small> |
* ''[[Acotyledon (mite)|Acotyledon]]'' <small>Oudemans, 1903</small> |
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* ''[[Caloglyphus]]'' <small>Berlese, 1923</small> |
* ''[[Caloglyphus]]'' <small>Berlese, 1923</small> |
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* ''[[Cosmoglyphus]]'' <small>Oudemans, 1932</small> |
* ''[[Cosmoglyphus]]'' <small>Oudemans, 1932</small> |
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* ''[[Froriepia]]'' <small>Vitzthum, 1919</small> |
* ''[[Froriepia (arachnid)|Froriepia]]'' <small>Vitzthum, 1919</small> |
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* ''[[Garsaultia]]'' <small>Oudemans, 1916</small> |
* ''[[Garsaultia]]'' <small>Oudemans, 1916</small> |
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* ''[[Histiogaster]]'' <small>Berlese, 1883</small> |
* ''[[Histiogaster]]'' <small>Berlese, 1883</small> |
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* ''[[Viedebanttia]]'' <small>Oudemans, 1929</small> |
* ''[[Viedebanttia]]'' <small>Oudemans, 1929</small> |
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;Pontoppidaniinae <small>Oudemans, 1925</small> |
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* ''[[Diphtheroglyphus]]'' <small>Nesbitt, 1950</small> |
* ''[[Diphtheroglyphus]]'' <small>Nesbitt, 1950</small> |
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* ''[[Pontoppidania]]'' <small>Oudemans, 1923</small> |
* ''[[Pontoppidania]]'' <small>Oudemans, 1923</small> |
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'' |
;''[[Incertae sedis]]'' |
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* ''[[Aellenella]]'' <small>S. Mahunka, 1978</small> |
* ''[[Aellenella]]'' <small>S. Mahunka, 1978</small> |
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* ''[[Apiacarus]]'' <small>Volgin, 1974</small> |
* ''[[Apiacarus]]'' <small>Volgin, 1974</small> |
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* ''[[Amphicalvolia]]'' <small>Türk, 1963</small> |
* ''[[Amphicalvolia]]'' <small>Türk, 1963</small> |
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* ''[[Madaglyphus]]'' <small>Fain, 1971</small> |
* ''[[Madaglyphus]]'' <small>Fain, 1971</small> |
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* ''[[Mahunkaglyphus]]'' <small>Eraky, 1998</small> |
* ''[[Mahunkaglyphus]]'' <small>Eraky, 1998</small> |
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* ''[[Mahunkallinia]]'' <small>Eraky, 1999</small> |
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* ''[[Mauracarus]]'' <small>S. Mahunka, 1978</small> |
* ''[[Mauracarus]]'' <small>S. Mahunka, 1978</small> |
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* ''[[Medeus]]'' <small>Volgin, 1974</small> |
* ''[[Medeus]]'' <small>Volgin, 1974</small> |
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* ''[[Passaloglyphus]]'' <small>Mahunka & Samsinak, 1972</small> |
* ''[[Passaloglyphus]]'' <small>Mahunka & Samsinak, 1972</small> |
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* ''[[Paulacarellus]]'' <small>Fain, 1976</small> |
* ''[[Paulacarellus]]'' <small>Fain, 1976</small> |
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* ''[[Pelzneria]]'' <small>Scheucher, in Stammer 1957 |
* ''[[Pelzneria]]'' <small>Scheucher, in Stammer 1957</small> |
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* ''[[Pinoglyphus]]'' <small>S. Mahunka, 1978</small> |
* ''[[Pinoglyphus]]'' <small>S. Mahunka, 1978</small> |
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* ''[[Psyllacarus]]'' <small>Fain, F. Bartholomaeus, B. Cooke & J. C. Beaucournu, 1990</small> |
* ''[[Psyllacarus]]'' <small>Fain, F. Bartholomaeus, B. Cooke & J. C. Beaucournu, 1990</small> |
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* ''[[Umakefeq]]'' <small>Klimov, 2000</small> |
* ''[[Umakefeq]]'' <small>Klimov, 2000</small> |
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* ''[[Volginia]]'' <small>Kadzhaya, 1967</small> |
* ''[[Volginia]]'' <small>Kadzhaya, 1967</small> |
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{{div col end}} |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{ |
{{Reflist}} |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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{{Commons category-inline|Acaridae}} |
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* Stuart M. Bennett (2003): [http://www.the-piedpiper.co.uk/th7g.htm ''Acarus siro'' (Flour Mite)] |
* Stuart M. Bennett (2003): [http://www.the-piedpiper.co.uk/th7g.htm ''Acarus siro'' (Flour Mite)] |
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{{commonscat|Acaridae}} |
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q1931942}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
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[[Category:Sarcoptiformes]] |
[[Category:Sarcoptiformes]] |
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[[Category:Acari families]] |
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{{acari-stub}} |
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Latest revision as of 19:45, 6 February 2024
Acaridae | |
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Acarus siro | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Arthropoda |
Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
Class: | Arachnida |
Order: | Sarcoptiformes |
(unranked): | Astigmatina |
Suborder: | Acaridia |
Superfamily: | Acaroidea |
Family: | Acaridae Latreille, 1802 |
Subfamilies | |
Diversity | |
> 110 genera, > 400 species |
The Acaridae are a family of mites in order Sarcoptiformes.[1]
Distribution[edit]
There are several acarid genera with cosmopolitan distributions, such as Acarus[2], Sancassania[3] and Tyrophagus.[4]
Ecology[edit]
Acaridae live in various habitats and have various diets.
Many are generalists that live in natural (e.g. soil, litter, animal nests, decomposing plant material) and artificial (e.g. human dwellings, granaries, greenhouses, plant nurseries) environments. They feed on decomposing organic material, fungi and nematodes.[2][3][4]
There are also more specialised acarids. Some Acarus inhabit nests of warm-blooded animals, mostly rodents and birds.[2] Within Sancassania, there are species associated with certain bees, associated with scarabaeid beetles (riding phoretically on live beetles and feeding on dead beetles) or feeding on mushrooms.[3] A lineage of Tyrophagus, comprising T. formicetorum and related species, only occurs in ant nests.[4] A number of Histiogaster species live beneath bark (subcortical) and feed on fungi.[5]
Dispersal[edit]
Various Acaridae have a phoretic deutonymph stage in their life cycle, a non-feeding nymph stage that can disperse to new habitats by riding on larger animals.[2][3][4][5] Hyperphoresy (riding an animal which is itself riding a third animal) has also been reported, with acarid deutonymphs on a larger Uropodidae mite which in turn was on a beetle.[6]
Most Tyrophagus species do not form deutonymphs (except for the T. formicetorum lineage), instead dispersing as feeding life stages. They may disperse phoretically, by active movements or by air currents.[4]
Pests[edit]
Some Acaridae species are stored product pests, such as Acarus siro, A. farris, Tyrophagus putrescentiae, Tyrophagus longior and Tyrolichus casei. These infest stored organic materials such as grains, flour, dried fruit, milk products, hams, cheeses, straw, animal hides, invertebrate culture media, vertebrate bedding materials and animal feed. They thrive in humid conditions and on damp materials. Acaridae can cause dermatitis via piercing human skin (in attempts to feed) or via contact allergens.[7]
There are also Acaridae which are pests of living plants. These include the genus Rhizoglyphus (pests of plants with bulbs)[8] and the species T. longior (pest of some ornamental plants).[9]
Genera[edit]
- Fagacarinae Fain & R. A. Norton, 1979
- Fagacarus Fain & R. A. Norton, 1979
- Acarinae Nesbitt, 1945
- Acarus Linnaeus, 1758
- Aleuroglyphus Zachvatkin, 1940
- Ebertia Oudemans, 1924
- Podoglyphus Oudemans, 1937
- Tyrolichus Oudemans, 1924
- Tyroglyphites Pampaloni, 1902
- Tyrophagus Oudemans, 1924
- Rhizoglyphinae Zakhvatkin, 1941
- Acarotalpa Volgin, 1966
- Acotyledon Oudemans, 1903
- Caloglyphus Berlese, 1923
- Cosmoglyphus Oudemans, 1932
- Froriepia Vitzthum, 1919
- Garsaultia Oudemans, 1916
- Histiogaster Berlese, 1883
- Horstia Oudemans, 1905
- Mycetoglyphus Oudemans, 1932
- Myrmoglyphus Vitzthum, 1935
- Rhizoglyphus Claparédè, 1869
- Sancassania Oudemans, 1916
- Schwiebea Oudemans, 1916
- Stereoglyphus Berlese, 1923
- Thyreophagus Rondani, 1874
- Troglocoptes Fain, 1966
- Valmontia Oudemans, 1923
- Viedebanttia Oudemans, 1929
- Pontoppidaniinae Oudemans, 1925
- Diphtheroglyphus Nesbitt, 1950
- Pontoppidania Oudemans, 1923
- Aellenella S. Mahunka, 1978
- Apiacarus Volgin, 1974
- Amphicalvolia Türk, 1963
- Armacarus S. Mahunka, 1979
- Askinasia Yunker, 1970
- Australhypopus Fain & Friend, 1984
- Baloghella Mahunka, 1963
- Bembidioglyphus Klimov, 1998
- Boletacarus V. I. Volgin & S. V. Mironov, 1980
- Boletoglyphus Volgin, 1953
- Bromeliaglyphus H. H. J. Nesbitt, 1985
- Calvoliella Samsinak, 1969
- Calvoliopsis Mahunka, 1973
- Capillaroglyphus Klimov, 1998
- Carabidobius Volgin, 1953
- Cerophagopsis Zachvatkin, 1941
- Chibidaria Sasa, 1952
- Contromelisia Samsinak, 1969
- Ctenocolletacarus Fain, 1984
- Diadasiopus OConnor, 1997
- Dynastopus Fain, 1978
- Ewingia Pearse, 1929
- Fainoglyphus S. Mahunka, 1979
- Forcellinia Oudemans, 1924
- Ghanacarus Mahunka, 1973
- Halictacarus Mahunka, 1975
- Heteroglyphus Foa, 1897
- Hoogstraalacarus Yunker, 1970
- Horstiella Türk, 1949
- Hortacarus S. Mahunka, 1979
- Hyohondania Sasa, 1952
- Irianopus Fain, 1986
- Kanekobia Fain, C. E. Yunker, J. van Goethem & D. E. Johnston, 1982
- Kargoecius Fain, 1985
- Konoglyphus Delfinado & Baker, 1974
- Kuzinia Zachvatkin, 1941
- Lackerbaueria Zachvatkin, 1941
- Lamtoglyphus Fain, 1975
- Lasioacarus Kadzhyaya, 1968
- Lemmaniella Mahunka, 1977
- Lindquistia Mahunka, 1977
- Lowryacarus Fain, 1986
- Machadoglyphus Mahunka, 1963
- Madaglyphus Fain, 1971
- Mahunkaglyphus Eraky, 1998
- Mahunkallinia Eraky, 1999
- Mauracarus S. Mahunka, 1978
- Medeus Volgin, 1974
- Megachilopus Fain, 1974
- Mezorhizoglyphus Kadzhaya, 1966
- Mycetosancassania Klimov, 2000
- Myrmolichus Türk & Türk, 1957
- Naiacus H. H. J. Nesbitt, 1990
- Naiadacarus Fashing, 1974
- Neoacotyledon K. Samsinak, 1980
- Neohorstia Zachvatkin, 1941
- Neotropacarus Baker, 1985
- Notiopsyllopus Fain, 1977
- Ocellacarus S. Mahunka, 1979
- Olafsenia Oudemans, 1927
- Omentopus Fain, 1978
- Paraceroglyphus Fain & Beaucournu, 1979
- Paraforcellinia Kadzhaya, 1974
- Passaloglyphus Mahunka & Samsinak, 1972
- Paulacarellus Fain, 1976
- Pelzneria Scheucher, in Stammer 1957
- Pinoglyphus S. Mahunka, 1978
- Psyllacarus Fain, F. Bartholomaeus, B. Cooke & J. C. Beaucournu, 1990
- Psylloglyphus Fain, 1966
- Psyllopus Fain & J. C. Beaucournu, 1993
- Reckiacarus G. Kadzhaya, 1972
- Rettacarus S. Mahunka, 1979
- Rhizoglyphoides V. I. Volgin, 1978
- Rodionovia Zachvatkin, 1941
- Scatoglyphus Berlese, 1913
- Schulzea Zachvatkin, 1941
- Sennertionyx Zachvatkin, 1941
- Setoglyphus S. Mahunka, 1979
- Sinolardoglyphus Z. T. Jiang, 1991
- Sinosuidasia Jiang, 1996
- Spinacaropus Fain & A. M. Camerik, 1978
- Terglyphus Samsinak, 1965
- Thectochloracarus Fain, Engel, Flechtmann & OConnor, 1999
- Trichopsyllopus Fain & G. T. Baker, 1983
- Troxocoptes Fain & J. R. Philips, 1983
- Umakefeq Klimov, 2000
- Volginia Kadzhaya, 1967
References[edit]
- ^ Barry O'Connor, ed. (2008). "Acaridae Species Listing". Biology Catalog. Texas A&M University. Archived from the original on 7 August 2010. Retrieved July 26, 2010.
- ^ a b c d "Acarus | Bee Mite ID". idtools.org. Retrieved 2022-09-20.
- ^ a b c d "Sancassania | Bee Mite ID". idtools.org. Retrieved 2022-09-19.
- ^ a b c d e "Tyrophagus | Bee Mite ID". idtools.org. Retrieved 2022-09-19.
- ^ a b "Genus Histiogaster". bugguide.net. Retrieved 2022-09-19.
- ^ "Beetle Mites". bugguide.net. Retrieved 2022-09-20.
- ^ Mullen, Gary R.; OConnor, Barry M. (2019), "Mites (Acari)", Medical and Veterinary Entomology, Elsevier, pp. 533–602, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-814043-7.00026-1, ISBN 978-0-12-814043-7, S2CID 239345468, retrieved 2022-09-20
- ^ "Bulbmites". mrec.ifas.ufl.edu. Retrieved 2022-09-20.
- ^ Buxton, J. H. (1989). "Tyrophagus longior (Gervais) (Acarina; Acaridae) as a pest of ornamentals grown under protection". Plant Pathology. 38 (3): 447–448. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3059.1989.tb02167.x. ISSN 0032-0862.
External links[edit]
Media related to Acaridae at Wikimedia Commons
- Stuart M. Bennett (2003): Acarus siro (Flour Mite)