Encephalartos latifrons: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Species of cycad}} |
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{{Use South African English|date = April 2023}} |
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{{Speciesbox |
{{Speciesbox |
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|image = Encephalartos latifrons KirstenboshBotGard09292010B.JPG |
| image = Encephalartos latifrons KirstenboshBotGard09292010B.JPG |
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| image_caption = Encephalartos latifrons at [[Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden]] |
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|status=CR |
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|status_system = IUCN3.1 |
| status = CR |
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| status_system = IUCN3.1 |
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|status_ref = <ref>{{cite iucn| |
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Donaldson, J.S. |date=2010 |title=''Encephalartos latifrons'' |volume=2010 |page=e.T41892A10571584 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T41892A10571584.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref> |
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| status2 = CITES_A1 |
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| status2_system = CITES |
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| status2_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Appendices {{!}} CITES|url=https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php|access-date=2023-04-14|website=cites.org}}</ref> |
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| range_map = {{maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|from=Albany Cycad range.map}} |
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| range_map_caption = Albany Cycad (''Encephalartos latifrons'') distribution |
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'''''Encephalartos latifrons''''' is a [[species]] of [[cycad]] that is native to Eastern Cape province in [[South Africa]] at elevations of |
'''''Encephalartos latifrons''''' (known as the '''Albany Cycad''') is a [[species]] of [[cycad]] that is native to Eastern Cape province in [[South Africa]] at elevations of 200 and 600 metres.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tropicos.org/Name/9600071|title= Encephalartos latifrons in Tropicos}}</ref> |
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==Description== |
==Description== |
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This is a tall, tree-like cycad plant with a stem that can be upright or lying down, reaching up to 4.5 meters in height and 30-45 centimeters in diameter. Its bright green, feather-like leaves grow in a cluster at the top of the trunk, each leaf being 1-1.5 meters long and supported by a 10-20 centimeter long stalk that curves downward. The leaves are made up of many pairs of large, leathery leaflets, each up to 15 centimeters long, arranged at a sharp angle along the central leaf spine, partially overlapping, and with the lower edges having 3-4 triangular lobes. This plant is dioecious, meaning it has separate male and female specimens. Male plants have 1-3 short, cylindrical cones that are about 30-50 centimeters long and 8-17 centimeters wide, olive-green in color. Female plants have 1-3 upright, cylindrical cones that are about 50-60 centimeters long and 23-25 centimeters wide, also olive green, with [[macrosporophylls]] about 8 centimeters long. The seeds are roughly egg-shaped, 2.5-3.0 centimeters long, and covered with dark red [[sarcotesta]].<ref name="PlantZAfrica 2016 q956">{{cite web | title=Encephalartos latifrons | website=PlantZAfrica | date=2016-01-04 | url=https://pza.sanbi.org/encephalartos-latifrons | access-date=2024-01-03}}</ref> |
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It is an arborescent cycad, with an erect or decumbent stem, up to 4.5 m tall and 30-45 cm in diameter. |
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The leaves, pinnate, of a bright green color, arranged in a crown at the apex of the trunk, are 1–1,5 m long, supported by a 10-20 cm long petiole, curved downwards; they are composed of numerous pairs of large leathery leaflets, up to 15 cm long, arranged on the rachis with an acute angle, partially overlapping, with the lower margin presenting from 3 to 4 triangular lobes. |
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== Habitat and Distribution == |
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It is a dioecious species, with male specimens that have from 1 to 3 sub-cylindrical, sessile cones, about 30–50 cm long and 8–17 cm broad, olive-green in color, and female specimens with 1-3 cylindrical cones, erect, about 50–60 cm long and 23–25 cm wide, olive green in color, with macrosporofilli about 8 cm long. |
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''E. latifrons'' occurs (or, more correctly, used to occur) in scattered groups in the districts of [[Bathurst, South Africa|Bathurst]] and [[Albany, South Africa|Albany]] in the Eastern Cape province. The plants grow on rocky outcrops and hill slopes, usually amongst scrub bush vegetation. The rainfall ranges from 1000mm to 1250mm per year, on average, and is fairly evenly distributed during the year. Frost does not occur. Summers may be hot and fairly dry. There existed an early report of ''E. latifrons'' occurring in the [[Uitenhage]] district, but this was almost certainly a mistake, possibly as a result of incorrect labelling.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2008-05-09|title=Cycad Society SA: Encephalartos latifrons|url=http://www.cycadsociety.org/latifrons/latifrons.html|access-date=2021-09-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509121158/http://www.cycadsociety.org/latifrons/latifrons.html|archive-date=2008-05-09}}</ref> |
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The seeds are coarsely ovoid, 2.5-3.0 cm long, covered with a dark red flesh.<ref name="PlantNET Home Page - National Herbarium of New South Wales">{{cite web | title=Encephalartos latifrons | website=PlantNET Home Page - National Herbarium of New South Wales | url=http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/cycadpg?taxname=Encephalartos+latifrons | access-date=2019-09-17}}</ref> |
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== Conservation == |
== Conservation == |
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In August 2014 thirteen ''Encephalartos latifrons'' cycads were stolen from [[Kirstenbosch Botanical Gardens]] in [[Cape Town]], South Africa. The estimated value of all thirteen was at least [[South African rand|R]]200,000 (US18,675). |
In August 2014 thirteen ''Encephalartos latifrons'' cycads were stolen from [[Kirstenbosch Botanical Gardens]] in [[Cape Town]], South Africa. The estimated value of all thirteen was at least [[South African rand|R]]200,000 (US18,675). The plants were planted over 100 years ago as part of a research and reproduction programme of this particular species of Encephalartos that no longer naturally reproduces in the wild. Encephalartos is highly valued as a garden or ornamental plant in many parts of the world and it is thought the plants were stolen to be sold on the black market.<ref name="IOLstolen">{{cite web | url=http://www.iol.co.za/news/crime-courts/endangered-cycads-stolen-from-kirstenbosch-1.1730495#.U_TAFfmSx8E | title=Endangered cycads stolen from Kirstenbosch | publisher=Cape Argus | date=5 August 2014 | accessdate=21 August 2014 | author=Yeld, John}}</ref> |
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== Threats == |
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Encephalartos latifrons, a plant species, now exists in areas used for pineapple and chicory farming and livestock rearing. Historical photos indicate the disappearance of plants at several sites by 1996, possibly due to land use changes. The primary threat to the species is the trade in cycads, driven by its rarity. The removal of mature plants is a significant risk, as the species heavily relies on adult survival, and the extinction of natural pollinators and a lack of recent seed production add to its challenges.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Redlist article about the Encephalartos latifrons |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/41892/51052295}}</ref> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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* {{ |
* {{commons category-inline|Encephalartos latifrons|''Encephalartos latifrons''}} |
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* {{wikispecies-inline|Encephalartos latifrons|''Encephalartos latifrons''}} |
* {{wikispecies-inline|Encephalartos latifrons|''Encephalartos latifrons''}} |
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[[Category:Encephalartos|latifrons]] |
[[Category:Encephalartos|latifrons]] |
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{{cycad-stub}} |
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Latest revision as of 19:49, 10 March 2024
| Encephalartos latifrons | |
|---|---|
| |
| Encephalartos latifrons at Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden | |
Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Gymnospermae |
| Division: | Cycadophyta |
| Class: | Cycadopsida |
| Order: | Cycadales |
| Family: | Zamiaceae |
| Genus: | Encephalartos |
| Species: | E. latifrons
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| Binomial name | |
| Encephalartos latifrons Lehm.
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| Albany Cycad (Encephalartos latifrons) distribution | |
Encephalartos latifrons (known as the Albany Cycad) is a species of cycad that is native to Eastern Cape province in South Africa at elevations of 200 and 600 metres.[3]
Description[edit]
This is a tall, tree-like cycad plant with a stem that can be upright or lying down, reaching up to 4.5 meters in height and 30-45 centimeters in diameter. Its bright green, feather-like leaves grow in a cluster at the top of the trunk, each leaf being 1-1.5 meters long and supported by a 10-20 centimeter long stalk that curves downward. The leaves are made up of many pairs of large, leathery leaflets, each up to 15 centimeters long, arranged at a sharp angle along the central leaf spine, partially overlapping, and with the lower edges having 3-4 triangular lobes. This plant is dioecious, meaning it has separate male and female specimens. Male plants have 1-3 short, cylindrical cones that are about 30-50 centimeters long and 8-17 centimeters wide, olive-green in color. Female plants have 1-3 upright, cylindrical cones that are about 50-60 centimeters long and 23-25 centimeters wide, also olive green, with macrosporophylls about 8 centimeters long. The seeds are roughly egg-shaped, 2.5-3.0 centimeters long, and covered with dark red sarcotesta.[4]
Habitat and Distribution[edit]
E. latifrons occurs (or, more correctly, used to occur) in scattered groups in the districts of Bathurst and Albany in the Eastern Cape province. The plants grow on rocky outcrops and hill slopes, usually amongst scrub bush vegetation. The rainfall ranges from 1000mm to 1250mm per year, on average, and is fairly evenly distributed during the year. Frost does not occur. Summers may be hot and fairly dry. There existed an early report of E. latifrons occurring in the Uitenhage district, but this was almost certainly a mistake, possibly as a result of incorrect labelling.[5]
Conservation[edit]
In August 2014 thirteen Encephalartos latifrons cycads were stolen from Kirstenbosch Botanical Gardens in Cape Town, South Africa. The estimated value of all thirteen was at least R200,000 (US18,675). The plants were planted over 100 years ago as part of a research and reproduction programme of this particular species of Encephalartos that no longer naturally reproduces in the wild. Encephalartos is highly valued as a garden or ornamental plant in many parts of the world and it is thought the plants were stolen to be sold on the black market.[6]
Threats[edit]
Encephalartos latifrons, a plant species, now exists in areas used for pineapple and chicory farming and livestock rearing. Historical photos indicate the disappearance of plants at several sites by 1996, possibly due to land use changes. The primary threat to the species is the trade in cycads, driven by its rarity. The removal of mature plants is a significant risk, as the species heavily relies on adult survival, and the extinction of natural pollinators and a lack of recent seed production add to its challenges.[7]
References[edit]
- ^ Donaldson, J.S. (2010). "Encephalartos latifrons". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010: e.T41892A10571584. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T41892A10571584.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
- ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2023-04-14.
- ^ "Encephalartos latifrons in Tropicos".
- ^ "Encephalartos latifrons". PlantZAfrica. 2016-01-04. Retrieved 2024-01-03.
- ^ "Cycad Society SA: Encephalartos latifrons". 2008-05-09. Archived from the original on 2008-05-09. Retrieved 2021-09-06.
- ^ Yeld, John (5 August 2014). "Endangered cycads stolen from Kirstenbosch". Cape Argus. Retrieved 21 August 2014.
- ^ "Redlist article about the Encephalartos latifrons".
External links[edit]
Media related to Encephalartos latifrons at Wikimedia Commons
Data related to Encephalartos latifrons at Wikispecies
