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The '''Le Rhône 9C''' was a nine-cylinder [[Rotary engine|rotary aircraft engine]] produced in France by ''[[ Société des Moteurs Le Rhône]]'' / [[Gnome et Rhône]]. Also known as the '''Le&nbsp;Rhône&nbsp;80&nbsp;hp''' in a reference to its nominal power rating, the engine was fitted to many military aircraft types during the [[World War I|First World War]]. Le Rhône 9C engines were also produced under license in Great Britain, the United States and Sweden.<ref name=":SY1">{{cite magazine |last=Hartmann| first=Gerard |date=2004 |title=Moteurs de légende : Le Rhône |trans-title= Ledgendary Engines: The Rhone|url= https://www.hydroretro.net/etudegh/moteursdelegende_lerhone.pdf |language=FR |access-date=19 March 2023}}</ref>
The '''Le Rhône 9C''' is a nine-cylinder [[Rotary engine|rotary aircraft engine]] produced in France by ''[[ Société des Moteurs Le Rhône]]'' / [[Gnome et Rhône]]. Also known as the '''Le&nbsp;Rhône&nbsp;80&nbsp;hp''' in a reference to its nominal power rating, the engine was fitted to many military aircraft types during the [[World War I|First World War]]. Le Rhône 9C engines were also produced under license in Great Britain, the United States and Sweden.<ref name=":SY1">{{cite web|last=Hartmann| first=Gerard |date=2004 |title=Moteurs de légende : Le Rhône |trans-title= Legendary Engines: The Rhone|url= https://www.hydroretro.net/etudegh/moteursdelegende_lerhone.pdf |language=FR |access-date=19 March 2023}}</ref>


==Design and development==
==Design and development==
First marketed in 1912, the 80 horsepower 9C was the first of the [[Le Rhône|Rhône]] series rotary engines to have 9 cylinders.<ref name=":SY1"/> In common with earlier seven cylinder Le Rhône series engines, the 9C featured [[copper]] [[Inlet manifold|induction]] pipes and used a single push-pull rod to operate its two [[Overhead valve|overhead valves]]. Unlike the later 110 horsepower 9J, the induction pipes and push rods were located on the front of the engine.<ref name=":SY3">{{cite book |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=1919|chapter=Chapter II - The 80 and 110 Horsepower LeRhone Motor|title=Rotary Engines|location=United States|publisher=The War Department}}</ref>
First marketed in 1912, the 80 horsepower 9C was the first of the [[Le Rhône|Rhône]] series rotary engines to have nine cylinders.<ref name=":SY1"/> In common with earlier seven cylinder Le Rhône series engines, the 9C featured [[copper]] [[Inlet manifold|induction]] pipes and used a single push-pull rod to operate its two [[Overhead valve|overhead valves]]. Unlike the later 110 horsepower 9J, the induction pipes and push rods were located on the front of the engine.<ref name=":SY3">{{cite book |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=1919|chapter=Chapter II - The 80 and 110 Horsepower Le Rhone Motor|title=Rotary Engines|location=United States|publisher=The War Department}}</ref>


Prior to the outbreak of World War One, aircraft powered by the Rhone 9C set numerous long distance city to city records including a highly publicized {{convert|1,400|km|mi|abbr=on}} flight from [[Paris]] to [[Gdańsk]] with a single refueling stop in [[Berlin]]. The 9C also powered the 1913 world altitude record of {{convert|6,120|m|ft|abbr=on}} set by the aviator [[Georges Legagneux]] in a [[Nieuport]].<ref name=":SY1"/>
Prior to the outbreak of World War One, aircraft powered by the Rhône 9C set numerous long distance city to city records including a highly publicised {{convert|1400|km|mi|abbr=on}} flight from [[Paris]] to [[Gdańsk]] with a single refuelling stop in [[Berlin]]. The 9C also powered the 1913 world altitude record of {{convert|6120|m|ft|abbr=on}} set by the aviator [[Georges Legagneux]] in a [[Nieuport]].<ref name=":SY1"/>


The 9C was selected early on for use in military aircraft with the first of many applications being the 1912 [[Voisin (aircraft)|Vosin type 1]].<ref name=":SY2">{{Cite book| title=Early French Aviation 1905-1930|last=Simons|first=Graham M|date=2019|publisher=Pen and Sword|chapter=Hydro Avions|language=en|isbn=9781526758743}}</ref>
The 9C was selected early on for use in military aircraft with the first of many applications being the 1912 [[Voisin L|Voisin Type 1]].<ref name=":SY2">{{Cite book| title=Early French Aviation 1905-1930|last=Simons|first=Graham M|date=2019|publisher=Pen and Sword|chapter=Hydro Avions|language=en|isbn=9781526758743}}</ref>


During WW1 the 9C was the engine used in many single seater scout aircraft such as the [[Nieuport 11|Nieuport 11 “Bebe”]] and the [[Sopwith Pup]]. Later in the war most 9Cs built were used in training aircraft.<ref name=":SY1"/>
During WW1 the 9C was the engine used in many single-seater scout aircraft such as the [[Nieuport 11|Nieuport 11 “Bebe”]] and the [[Sopwith Pup]]. Later in the war most 9Cs built were used in training aircraft.<ref name=":SY1"/>


The German [[Luftstreitkräfte|Fliegertruppen]] fitted captured 9Cs in their [[Fokker Eindecker fighters|Fokker Eindekkers]] in place of engines built by [[Motorenfabrik Oberursel|Oberursel]] (which were themselves licensed built copies of the [[Gnome Lambda]]). Eindekkers fitted with the Le Rhone 9C were found to be superior particularly in relation to climb and maximum altitude.<ref name=":SY4">{{Cite book| title=German Fighter Aircraft in World War I|last=Wilkins|first=Mark C|date=2019|publisher=Casemate|chapter=Outbreak|language=en|isbn=9781612006208}}</ref>
The German [[Luftstreitkräfte|Fliegertruppen]] fitted captured 9Cs in their [[Fokker Eindecker fighters|Fokker Eindekkers]] in place of engines built by [[Motorenfabrik Oberursel|Oberursel]] (which were themselves licensed built copies of the [[Gnome Lambda]]). Eindekkers fitted with the Le Rhône 9C were found to be superior particularly in relation to climb and maximum altitude.<ref name=":SY4">{{Cite book| title=German Fighter Aircraft in World War I|last=Wilkins|first=Mark C|date=2019|publisher=Casemate|chapter=Outbreak|language=en|isbn=9781612006208}}</ref>


==Applications==
==Applications==
[[File:Air Zoo December 2019 041 (Le Rhône 9C).jpg|thumb|Le Rhône 9C on display at the [[Air Zoo]]]]
[[File:Air Zoo December 2019 041 (Le Rhône 9C).jpg|thumb|Le Rhône 9C on display at the [[Air Zoo]]]]
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*[[Avro 504]]
*[[Bristol M.1]]
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*[[TNCA Serie E]]
*[[TNCA Serie E]]
*[[Vickers F.B.12]]
*[[Vickers F.B.12]]
*[[Voisin L]]
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==Survivors and Reproductions==
==Surviving engines and reproductions==
Examples of Le Rhône 9C engines are on view in [[aviation museum]]s either installed in aircraft exhibits or as stand-alone displays. A few examples of the 9C engine remain airworthy both in Europe and North America, one powering a vintage [[Sopwith Pup]] [[biplane]] in England, and a small number of others having powered reproduction WW I-era aircraft at [[Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome]] and other American [[Living museum|"living"]] aviation museums that fly their restored original engines in both similarly restored original, and airworthy reproduction period aircraft.
Examples of Le Rhône 9C engines are on view in [[aviation museum]]s either installed in aircraft exhibits or as stand-alone displays. A few examples of the 9C engine remain airworthy both in Europe and North America, one powering a vintage [[Sopwith Pup]] [[biplane]] in England, and a small number of others having powered reproduction WWI-era aircraft at [[Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome]] and other American [[Living museum|"living"]] aviation museums that fly their restored original engines in both similarly restored original, and airworthy reproduction period aircraft.


Both the restored [[Shuttleworth Collection]]'s airworthy [[Sopwith Pup]] and the 1960s-built [https://web.archive.org/web/20130110220913/http://www.ohtm.org/sopwith.html reproduction Pup of the Owl's Head Transportation Museum] (originally from [[Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome]]) are each powered by 80&nbsp;hp Le Rhône 9C rotary engines, and fly regularly throughout the summer months.<ref>[http://www.caa.co.uk/application.aspx?catid=60&pagetype=65&appid=1&mode=detail&owner=shuttleworth&dataindex=35 CAA G-INFO - Sopwith Pup, ''G-EBKY''] Retrieved: 17 November 2010</ref><ref>[http://www.shuttleworth.org/collection/sopwithpup/ Shuttleworth Collection - Sopwith Pup] Retrieved: 06 April 2017.
Both the restored [[Shuttleworth Collection]]'s airworthy [[Sopwith Pup]] and the 1960s-built [https://web.archive.org/web/20130110220913/http://www.ohtm.org/sopwith.html reproduction Pup of the Owl's Head Transportation Museum] (originally from [[Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome]]) are each powered by 80&nbsp;hp Le Rhône 9C rotary engines, and fly regularly throughout the summer months.<ref>[http://www.caa.co.uk/application.aspx?catid=60&pagetype=65&appid=1&mode=detail&owner=shuttleworth&dataindex=35 CAA G-INFO - Sopwith Pup, ''G-EBKY''] Retrieved: 17 November 2010</ref><ref>[http://www.shuttleworth.org/collection/sopwithpup/ Shuttleworth Collection - Sopwith Pup] Retrieved: 06 April 2017.
Line 82: Line 84:


==Engines on display==
==Engines on display==

A Le Rhône 9C is installed in the [[Sopwith Pup]] on display at the [[Royal Air Force Museum London]]. After renovation this aircraft flew for a brief period in the 1970s and is now retired.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20101223040203/http://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/london/collections/aircraft/aircraft-history/82-A-1067%20%20Sopwith%20Pup%20N5182.pdf Royal Air Force Museum London - Sopwith Pup, ''N5182''- Full history] Retrieved: 17 November 2010.</ref>
* A Le Rhône 9C is installed in the [[Sopwith Pup]] on display at the [[Royal Air Force Museum London]]. After renovation this aircraft flew for a brief period in the 1970s and is now retired.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20101223040203/http://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/london/collections/aircraft/aircraft-history/82-A-1067%20%20Sopwith%20Pup%20N5182.pdf Royal Air Force Museum London - Sopwith Pup, ''N5182''- Full history] Retrieved: 17 November 2010.</ref>
⚫
* a Le Rhône 9C is on public display at the [[Aerospace Museum of California]]
* a Le Rhône 9C is on public display at [[The Hangar Flight Museum]]
* A Le Rhône 9C is on public display at the [[Aerospace Museum of California]]
⚫
* A Le Rhône 9C is on public display at [[The Hangar Flight Museum]]


==Specifications (Le Rhône 9C)==
==Specifications (Le Rhône 9C)==
Line 142: Line 145:


==References==
==References==
{{Commons category}}
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


Latest revision as of 14:06, 15 March 2024

9C
Le Rhône 9C engine installed in a Sopwith Pup at the Royal Air Force Museum London
Type Rotary engine
National origin France
Manufacturer Société des Moteurs Le Rhône / Gnome et Rhône, Union Switch & Signal (US), Daimler Company (UK), AB Thulinverken (Sweden)
First run 1912
Major applications Nieuport 11, Sopwith Pup
Number built >10,000
Developed into Le Rhône 9J

The Le Rhône 9C is a nine-cylinder rotary aircraft engine produced in France by Société des Moteurs Le Rhône / Gnome et Rhône. Also known as the Le Rhône 80 hp in a reference to its nominal power rating, the engine was fitted to many military aircraft types during the First World War. Le Rhône 9C engines were also produced under license in Great Britain, the United States and Sweden.[1]

Design and development[edit]

First marketed in 1912, the 80 horsepower 9C was the first of the Rhône series rotary engines to have nine cylinders.[1] In common with earlier seven cylinder Le Rhône series engines, the 9C featured copper induction pipes and used a single push-pull rod to operate its two overhead valves. Unlike the later 110 horsepower 9J, the induction pipes and push rods were located on the front of the engine.[2]

Prior to the outbreak of World War One, aircraft powered by the Rhône 9C set numerous long distance city to city records including a highly publicised 1,400 km (870 mi) flight from Paris to Gdańsk with a single refuelling stop in Berlin. The 9C also powered the 1913 world altitude record of 6,120 m (20,080 ft) set by the aviator Georges Legagneux in a Nieuport.[1]

The 9C was selected early on for use in military aircraft with the first of many applications being the 1912 Voisin Type 1.[3]

During WW1 the 9C was the engine used in many single-seater scout aircraft such as the Nieuport 11 “Bebe” and the Sopwith Pup. Later in the war most 9Cs built were used in training aircraft.[1]

The German Fliegertruppen fitted captured 9Cs in their Fokker Eindekkers in place of engines built by Oberursel (which were themselves licensed built copies of the Gnome Lambda). Eindekkers fitted with the Le Rhône 9C were found to be superior particularly in relation to climb and maximum altitude.[4]

Applications[edit]

Le Rhône 9C on display at the Air Zoo

Surviving engines and reproductions[edit]

Examples of Le Rhône 9C engines are on view in aviation museums either installed in aircraft exhibits or as stand-alone displays. A few examples of the 9C engine remain airworthy both in Europe and North America, one powering a vintage Sopwith Pup biplane in England, and a small number of others having powered reproduction WWI-era aircraft at Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome and other American "living" aviation museums that fly their restored original engines in both similarly restored original, and airworthy reproduction period aircraft.

Both the restored Shuttleworth Collection's airworthy Sopwith Pup and the 1960s-built reproduction Pup of the Owl's Head Transportation Museum (originally from Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome) are each powered by 80 hp Le Rhône 9C rotary engines, and fly regularly throughout the summer months.[5][6] An operative Le Rhone 9C is shown at the Museo Nacional de Aeronautica in Buenos Aires Argentina.

Engines on display[edit]

Specifications (Le Rhône 9C)[edit]

Close-up view of a Le Rhône 9C showing the valve operating rods, front-side induction manifold (contrast with the Le Rhône 9J's rear mounted design) and manufacturer's data plate

Data from Lumsden [8]

General characteristics

  • Type: Nine-cylinder, single-row rotary engine
  • Bore: 105 mm (4.13 in)
  • Stroke: 140 mm (5.51 in)
  • Displacement: 10.89 L (664.47 cu in)
  • Diameter: 94.5 cm (37.2 in)
  • Dry weight: 121.5 kg (268 lb)

Components

  • Valvetrain: Cam-operated single rocker for both inlet and exhaust valves
  • Oil system: Castor oil, total loss
  • Cooling system: Air-cooled

Performance

See also[edit]

Comparable engines

Related lists

References[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Le Rhône 9C.
  1. ^ a b c d Hartmann, Gerard (2004). "Moteurs de légende : Le Rhône" [Legendary Engines: The Rhone] (PDF) (in French). Retrieved 19 March 2023.
  2. ^ "Chapter II - The 80 and 110 Horsepower Le Rhone Motor". Rotary Engines. United States: The War Department. 1919.
  3. ^ Simons, Graham M (2019). "Hydro Avions". Early French Aviation 1905-1930. Pen and Sword. ISBN 9781526758743.
  4. ^ Wilkins, Mark C (2019). "Outbreak". German Fighter Aircraft in World War I. Casemate. ISBN 9781612006208.
  5. ^ CAA G-INFO - Sopwith Pup, G-EBKY Retrieved: 17 November 2010
  6. ^ Shuttleworth Collection - Sopwith Pup Retrieved: 06 April 2017.
  7. ^ Royal Air Force Museum London - Sopwith Pup, N5182- Full history Retrieved: 17 November 2010.
  8. ^ Lumsden, Alec (2002). British Piston Engines and their Aircraft. Airlife Publishing. ISBN 1853102946.
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