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{{Short description|14th–15th century chivalric practice}}
{{short description|The pas d'armes or passage of arms was a type of chivalric hastilude that evolved in the late 14th century and remained popular through the 15th century}}
{{more footnotes|date=August 2016}}
{{more footnotes|date=August 2016}}
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{{Italic title|reason=.}}
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The '''''pas d'armes''''' ({{IPA-fr|pa daʁm}}) or '''passage of arms''' was a type of [[chivalry|chivalric]] [[hastilude]] that evolved in the late 14th century and remained popular through the 15th century. It involved a knight or group of [[knight]]s (''{{lang|frm|tenans}}'' or "holders") who would stake out a traveled spot, such as a bridge or city gate, and let it be known that any other knight who wished to pass (''{{lang|frm|venans}}'' or "comers") must first fight, or be disgraced. If a traveling venan did not have weapons or horse to meet the challenge, one might be provided, and if the venan chose not to fight, he would leave his [[spur]]s behind as a sign of humiliation. If a lady passed unescorted, she would leave behind a glove or scarf, to be rescued and returned to her by a future knight who passed that way.
The '''{{lang|fr|pas d'armes}}''' ({{IPA-fr|pa daʁm}}) or '''passage of arms''' was a type of [[chivalry|chivalric]] [[hastilude]] (martial game) that evolved in the late 14th century and remained popular through the 15th century. It involved a [[knight]] or group of knights (''{{lang|frm|tenans}}'' or "holders") who would stake out a traveled spot, such as a bridge or city gate, and let it be known that any other knight who wished to pass (''{{lang|frm|venans}}'' or "comers") must first fight, or be disgraced. If a traveling venan did not have weapons or horse to meet the challenge, one might be provided, and if the venan chose not to fight, he would leave his [[spur]]s behind as a sign of humiliation. If a lady passed unescorted, she would leave behind a glove or scarf, to be rescued and returned to her by a future knight who passed that way.
[[File:Orbigo Bridge.jpg|thumb|left|In 1434 on this spot—the bridge over the river Órbigo—Suero de Quiñones and ten of his knights challenged all comers to a ''pas d'armes'', promising to "break 300 lances" before moving on.]]
[[File:Orbigo Bridge.jpg|thumb|left|In 1434 on this spot—the bridge over the river Órbigo—Suero de Quiñones and ten of his knights challenged all comers to a ''pas d'armes'', promising to "break 300 lances" before moving on.]]


The origins of ''pas d'armes'' can be found in a number of factors. During the 14th and 15th centuries the chivalric idea of a noble knight clashed with new more deadly forms of warfare, as seen during the [[Hundred Years' War]], when peasants armed with [[longbow]]s could damage and wound knights anonymously from a distance, breaking traditional rules of chivalry; and [[cavalry]] charges could be broken by [[Pike (weapon)|pikemen]] formations introduced by the [[Old Swiss Confederacy|Swiss]].
The origins of {{lang|fr|pas d'armes}} can be found in a number of factors. During the 14th and 15th centuries the chivalric idea of a noble knight clashed with new more deadly forms of warfare, as seen during the [[Hundred Years' War]], when [[commoner]] [[yeoman]]ry armed with [[longbow]]s could attack [[Nobility|noble]] knights anonymously from a distance, breaking traditional rules of chivalry, and [[cavalry]] charges by knights could be broken by the [[Pike (weapon)|pikemen]] formations introduced by the [[Old Swiss Confederacy|Swiss]].


At the same time, the noble classes began to differentiate themselves, in many ways, including through reading courtly literature such as the very popular [[chivalric romance]]s of the 12th century. For the noble classes the line between reality and fiction blurred, the deeds they read about were real, while their deeds in reality were often deadly, if not comical, re-enactments of those they read about. This romanticised "Chivalric Revival" manifested itself in a number of ways, including the ''pas d'armes'', [[Round Table (disambiguation)|round table]] and ''emprise'' (or ''empresa'', enterprise, chivalrous adventure), and in increasingly elaborate rules of [[courtesy]] and [[heraldry]].
At the same time, the noble classes began to differentiate themselves, in many ways, including through reading courtly literature such as the very popular [[chivalric romance]]s of the 12th century. For the noble classes the line between reality and fiction blurred, the deeds they read about were real, while their deeds in reality were often deadly, if not comical, re-enactments of those they read about. This romanticised "Chivalric Revival" manifested itself in a number of ways, including the {{lang|fr|pas d'armes}}, [[Round table (tournament)|round table]] and {{lang|frm|emprise}} (or {{lang|roa|empresa}}, enterprise, chivalrous adventure), and in increasingly elaborate rules of [[courtesy]] and [[heraldry]].


There are many thousands of accounts of ''pas d'armes'' during this period. One notable and special account is that of [[Suero de Quiñones]], who in 1434 established the ''Passo Honroso'' ("Pass[age] of Honour") at the [[Órbigo]] bridge in historic [[Castile (historical region)|Castile]] region of the [[Kingdom of León]] (today's [[Castile and León]] in [[Spain]]). This road was used by pilgrims from all over Europe on the way to shrine at [[Santiago de Compostela]]. Suero and ten knights promised to "break 300 lances" before relinquishing the ''pas d'armes'', jousting for over a month, as chronicled in great detail by town notary Don Luis Alonso Luengo, later published as ''Libro del Passo honroso''.<ref>Pedro Rodríguez de Lena (1930), ''[https://books.google.com/books?vid=LCCN31009612&id=NdzaIrbOJPsC&q=The+Passo+Honroso&dq=The+Passo+Honroso&pgis=1 A Critical Annotated Edition of El Passo Honroso de Suero de Quiñones]'', 1977 edition {{ISBN|84-7392-010-4}}</ref>). After 166 battles, de Quiñones and his men were so injured they could not continue and declared the mission complete. Suero de Quiñones became legendary, and was mentioned in ''[[Don Quixote]]'', the 1605 [[satire]] on the notion of romantic chivalry out of touch with reality.
There are many thousands of accounts of {{lang|fr|pas d'armes}} during this period. One notable and special account is that of [[Suero de Quiñones]], who in 1434 established the {{lang|osp|Passo Honroso}} ("Pass[age] of Honour") at the [[Órbigo]] bridge in the [[Kingdom of León]] (today's [[Castile and León]] in [[Spain#Muslim era and Reconquista|Spain]]). [[Way of Saint James|This road]] was used by pilgrims from all over Europe on the way to shrine at [[Santiago de Compostela]]. Suero and ten knights promised to "break 300 lances" before relinquishing the {{lang|fr|pas d'armes}}, jousting for over a month, as chronicled in great detail by town notary Don Luis Alonso Luengo, later published as {{lang|osp|Libro del Passo honroso}}.<ref>Pedro Rodríguez de Lena (1930), ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=NdzaIrbOJPsC&q=The+Passo+Honroso A Critical Annotated Edition of El Passo Honroso de Suero de Quiñones]'', 1977 edition {{ISBN|84-7392-010-4}}</ref> After 166 battles, de Quiñones and his men were so injured they could not continue and declared the mission complete. Suero de Quiñones became legendary, and was mentioned in ''[[Don Quixote]]'', the 1605 [[satire]] on the notion of romantic chivalry out of touch with reality.


==List of ''pas d'armes''==
==List of ''pas d'armes''==
*Passo de la Fuerte Ventura (1428)
*{{lang|osp|Passo de la Fuerte Ventura}} (1428)
*[[Suero de Quiñones]]' Passo Honroso (1434)
*[[Suero de Quiñones]]' {{lang|osp|Passo Honroso}} (Órbigo, 1434)
*Pas de l'Arbre Charlemagne ([[Dijon]], 1443)
*{{lang|fr|Pas de l'Arbre Charlemagne}} ([[Dijon]], 1443)
*{{lang|fr|Pas du Rocher Périlleux}} (1445)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mediterranee-antique.fr/Auteurs/Fichiers/DEF/Fresne_Beaucourt/Charles_7/T4/C7_4_06.htm |title=Histoire de Charles VII ("History of Charles VII") |access-date=2023-05-23 |quote=pas du rocher périlleux}}</ref>
*Pas de la Rocher Périlleux (1445)
*Pas de la Pastourelle (around 1445)<ref>[http://bcpl.ish-lyon.cnrs.fr/1983_N_4/2LE_LUXE_.PDF Le luxe, le vêtement et la mode a la fin du Moyen-Age] {{in lang|fr}}</ref>
*{{lang|fr|Pas de la Pastourelle}} (around 1445)<ref>[http://bcpl.ish-lyon.cnrs.fr/1983_N_4/2LE_LUXE_.PDF Le luxe, le vêtement et la mode a la fin du Moyen-Age] {{in lang|fr}}</ref>
*Pas de Nancy ([[Nancy, France|Nancy]], 1445)<ref>Sylvie Lefèvre, ''Antoine de la Sale'', Droz, 2006, p. 264.</ref><ref>François Louis de Villeneuve, ''Histoire de René d'Anjou, tome premier, 1408–1445'', Blaise, Paris, 1825, p. 354.</ref><ref>Gabriel Bianciotto, ''Le roman de Troyle'', université de Rouen, 1994, p. 147.</ref>
*{{lang|fr|Pas de Nancy}} ([[Nancy, France|Nancy]], 1445)<ref>Sylvie Lefèvre, ''Antoine de la Sale'', Droz, 2006, p. 264.</ref><ref>François Louis de Villeneuve, ''Histoire de René d'Anjou, tome premier, 1408–1445'', Blaise, Paris, 1825, p. 354.</ref><ref>Gabriel Bianciotto, ''Le roman de Troyle'', université de Rouen, 1994, p. 147.</ref>
*Pas de la Joyeuse Garde (1446)
*{{lang|fr|Pas de la Joyeuse Garde}} (1446)
*Pas de la Belle Pèlerine ([[Saint-Omer]], 1449)
*{{lang|fr|Pas de la Belle Pèlerine}} ([[Saint-Omer]], 1449)
*[[Pas de la Bergère]] (1449)
*{{lang|fr|[[Pas de la Bergère]]}} (1449)
*Pas de la Fontaine aux Pleurs ([[Chalon-sur-Saône]], 1449–1450)
*{{lang|fr|Pas de la Fontaine aux Pleurs}} ([[Chalon-sur-Saône]], 1449–1450)
*Pas du Chevalier au Cygne ([[Lille]], 1454)
*{{lang|fr|Pas du Chevalier au Cygne}} ([[Lille]], 1454)
*Pas du Pin aux Pommes d'Or (1455)
*{{lang|fr|Pas du Pin aux Pommes d'Or}} (1455)
*[[Pas de la Dame Inconnue]] (1463)
*{{lang|fr|[[Pas de la Dame Inconnue]]}} (1463)
*Pas du Perron Fée ([[Bruges]], (1463)
*{{lang|fr|Pas du Perron Fée}} ([[Bruges]], (1463)
*Pas de l'Arbre d'Or, ([[Bruges]], 1468)
*{{lang|fr|Pas de l'Arbre d'Or}}, ([[Bruges]], 1468)
*[[Pas de la Dame Sauvage]] ([[Ghent]], 1470)
*{{lang|fr|[[Pas de la Dame Sauvage]]}} ([[Ghent]], 1470)


==See also==
==See also==
⚫
* [[Tournament (medieval)]]
* [[Combat of the Thirty]]
* [[Black Knight (Monty Python)]]
* [[Black Knight (Monty Python)]]
* [[Knights who say Ni]]
* [[Combat of the Thirty]]
* [[Running the gauntlet]]
⚫
* [[Tournament (medieval)]]
* [[Knights who say Ni]] (from a humorous film)


==Footnotes==
==Footnotes==
Line 43: Line 44:
* Sébastien Nadot, ''Joutes, emprises et pas d'armes en Bourgogne, Castille et France, 1428–1470'', thèse de doctorat soutenue à l'EHESS Paris en avril 2009.
* Sébastien Nadot, ''Joutes, emprises et pas d'armes en Bourgogne, Castille et France, 1428–1470'', thèse de doctorat soutenue à l'EHESS Paris en avril 2009.
* Sébastien Nadot, ''Rompez les lances ! Chevaliers et tournois au Moyen Age'', Editions autrement, Paris, 2010.
* Sébastien Nadot, ''Rompez les lances ! Chevaliers et tournois au Moyen Age'', Editions autrement, Paris, 2010.
*[[Martín de Riquer|Riquer, Martín de]] (1967). ''Caballeros andantes españoles''. Madrid: Editorial Espasa-Calpe.
*[[Martín de Riquer|Riquer, Martín de]] (1967). [https://archive.org/details/caballerosandant0000mart ''Caballeros andantes españoles'']. Madrid: Editorial Espasa-Calpe.


==Further reading==
==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Brown-Grant|first=Rosalind |editor-last1=Murray|editor-first1=Alan V.|editor-last2=Watts|editor-first2=Karen |title=The Medieval Tournament as Spectacle: Tourneys, Jousts and Pas d'Armes, 1100-1600 |publisher=[[Boydell & Brewer]], Boydell Press. |date= September 2020|pages=139-154 |chapter=Chapter 7: Art Imitating Life Imitating Art? Representations of the Pas d'armes in Burgundian Prose Romance: The Case of Jehan d'Avennes |DOI=10.2307/j.ctv105bbwd |isbn= 9781787449237}}
* {{cite book |last=Brown-Grant|first=Rosalind |editor-last1=Murray|editor-first1=Alan V.|editor-last2=Watts|editor-first2=Karen |title=The Medieval Tournament as Spectacle: Tourneys, Jousts and Pas d'Armes, 1100-1600 |publisher=[[Boydell & Brewer]], Boydell Press. |date= September 2020|pages=139–154 |chapter=Chapter 7: Art Imitating Life Imitating Art? Representations of the Pas d'armes in Burgundian Prose Romance: The Case of Jehan d'Avennes |doi=10.2307/j.ctv105bbwd |isbn= 9781787449237|s2cid=241873036 }}


==External links==
==External links==
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[[Category:Pas d'armes| ]]
[[Category:Pas d'armes| ]]
[[Category:French words and phrases]]
[[Category:Chivalry]]
[[Category:15th century in Europe]]

Latest revision as of 11:00, 17 March 2024


The pas d'armes (French pronunciation: [pa daʁm]) or passage of arms was a type of chivalric hastilude (martial game) that evolved in the late 14th century and remained popular through the 15th century. It involved a knight or group of knights (tenans or "holders") who would stake out a traveled spot, such as a bridge or city gate, and let it be known that any other knight who wished to pass (venans or "comers") must first fight, or be disgraced. If a traveling venan did not have weapons or horse to meet the challenge, one might be provided, and if the venan chose not to fight, he would leave his spurs behind as a sign of humiliation. If a lady passed unescorted, she would leave behind a glove or scarf, to be rescued and returned to her by a future knight who passed that way.

In 1434 on this spot—the bridge over the river Órbigo—Suero de Quiñones and ten of his knights challenged all comers to a pas d'armes, promising to "break 300 lances" before moving on.

The origins of pas d'armes can be found in a number of factors. During the 14th and 15th centuries the chivalric idea of a noble knight clashed with new more deadly forms of warfare, as seen during the Hundred Years' War, when commoner yeomanry armed with longbows could attack noble knights anonymously from a distance, breaking traditional rules of chivalry, and cavalry charges by knights could be broken by the pikemen formations introduced by the Swiss.

At the same time, the noble classes began to differentiate themselves, in many ways, including through reading courtly literature such as the very popular chivalric romances of the 12th century. For the noble classes the line between reality and fiction blurred, the deeds they read about were real, while their deeds in reality were often deadly, if not comical, re-enactments of those they read about. This romanticised "Chivalric Revival" manifested itself in a number of ways, including the pas d'armes, round table and emprise (or empresa, enterprise, chivalrous adventure), and in increasingly elaborate rules of courtesy and heraldry.

There are many thousands of accounts of pas d'armes during this period. One notable and special account is that of Suero de Quiñones, who in 1434 established the Passo Honroso ("Pass[age] of Honour") at the Órbigo bridge in the Kingdom of León (today's Castile and León in Spain). This road was used by pilgrims from all over Europe on the way to shrine at Santiago de Compostela. Suero and ten knights promised to "break 300 lances" before relinquishing the pas d'armes, jousting for over a month, as chronicled in great detail by town notary Don Luis Alonso Luengo, later published as Libro del Passo honroso.[1] After 166 battles, de Quiñones and his men were so injured they could not continue and declared the mission complete. Suero de Quiñones became legendary, and was mentioned in Don Quixote, the 1605 satire on the notion of romantic chivalry out of touch with reality.

List of pas d'armes[edit]

See also[edit]

Footnotes[edit]

  1. ^ Pedro Rodríguez de Lena (1930), A Critical Annotated Edition of El Passo Honroso de Suero de Quiñones, 1977 edition ISBN 84-7392-010-4
  2. ^ "Histoire de Charles VII ("History of Charles VII")". Retrieved 2023-05-23. pas du rocher périlleux
  3. ^ Le luxe, le vêtement et la mode a la fin du Moyen-Age (in French)
  4. ^ Sylvie Lefèvre, Antoine de la Sale, Droz, 2006, p. 264.
  5. ^ François Louis de Villeneuve, Histoire de René d'Anjou, tome premier, 1408–1445, Blaise, Paris, 1825, p. 354.
  6. ^ Gabriel Bianciotto, Le roman de Troyle, université de Rouen, 1994, p. 147.

Sources[edit]

Further reading[edit]

  • Brown-Grant, Rosalind (September 2020). "Chapter 7: Art Imitating Life Imitating Art? Representations of the Pas d'armes in Burgundian Prose Romance: The Case of Jehan d'Avennes". In Murray, Alan V.; Watts, Karen (eds.). The Medieval Tournament as Spectacle: Tourneys, Jousts and Pas d'Armes, 1100-1600. Boydell & Brewer, Boydell Press. pp. 139–154. doi:10.2307/j.ctv105bbwd. ISBN 9781787449237. S2CID 241873036.

External links[edit]

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