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{{Short description|East German government agency}}
{{Expand German|Treuhandanstalt|date=October 2019}}
[[File:Berlin Alexanderplatz - Haus der Elektroindustrie.jpg|thumb|Treuhandanstalt headquarters at [[Alexanderplatz]], Berlin]]
[[File:Berlin Alexanderplatz - Haus der Elektroindustrie.jpg|thumb|Treuhandanstalt headquarters at [[Alexanderplatz]], Berlin]]


The '''{{lang|de|Treuhandanstalt}}''' ("[[Trust law|Trust]] agency"), colloquially referred to as '''{{lang|de|Treuhand}}''', was an agency established by the government of the [[East Germany|German Democratic Republic]] to [[privatization|privatize]] East German enterprises, [[Volkseigener Betrieb|Volkseigene Betriebe]] (VEBs), prior to the [[reunification of Germany|German reunification]]. Created by the [[Volkskammer]] on June 17, 1990, it oversaw the restructuring and selling of about 8500 state-owned companies with over four million employees. At that time it was the world's largest industrial enterprise, controlling everything from steel works to the [[Babelsberg Studios]].{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}
The '''{{lang|de|Treuhandanstalt}}''' ({{IPA-de|ˈtʁɔɪ̯hantˌʔanʃtalt|lang|De-Treuhandanstalt.ogg}}, "[[Trust law|Trust]] agency"), colloquially referred to as '''{{lang|de|Treuhand}}''', was an agency established by the government of the [[East Germany|German Democratic Republic]] to [[Reprivatization|reprivatise]]/[[privatization|privatise]] East German enterprises, [[Volkseigener Betrieb|Volkseigene Betriebe]] (VEBs), prior to [[reunification of Germany|German reunification]]. Created by the [[Volkskammer]] on 17 June 1990, it oversaw the restructure and sale of about 8,500 state-owned companies with over four million employees. At that time, it was the world's largest industrial enterprise, controlling everything from steel works to the [[Babelsberg Studios]].{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}<ref>{{Cite book|title=The film studio : film production in the global economy|author=Goldsmith, Ben|date=2005|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|others=O'Regan, Tom.|isbn=9780742536814|location=Lanham, Md.|oclc=56755687}}</ref>


==Responsibilities==
==Responsibilities==
The Treuhand was responsible for more than just the 8500 state-owned enterprises. It also took over around 2.4 million hectares of agricultural land and forests; the property of the former [[Stasi]]; large parts of the property of the former [[National People's Army]], large-scale public housing property, as well as the property of the state pharmacy network.
The Treuhand was responsible for more than just the 8,500 state-owned enterprises. It also took over around 2.4 million hectares of agricultural land and forests, the property of the former [[Stasi]], large parts of the property of the former [[National People's Army]], large-scale public housing property, and the property of the state pharmacy network.


On the day of the [[German reunification]], 3 October 1990, it also took over the property of the political parties and the mass organisations of the [[German Democratic Republic]].<ref name="Burkhard">{{cite web|url=http://www.uni-hildesheim.de/index.php?id=6601&no_cache=1&sword_list=Einigung|title=Die Treuhandanstalt im Kontext der deutschen Einigung|last=Berndt|first=Burkhard|date= 2 July 2007|publisher=Stiftung Universität Hildesheim (University of Hildesheim)|language=German|accessdate=28 May 2011}}</ref>
On the day of [[German reunification|reunification]], 3 October 1990, it took over the property of the political parties and the mass organisations of the [[German Democratic Republic]].<ref name="Burkhard">{{cite web|url=http://www.uni-hildesheim.de/index.php?id=6601&no_cache=1&sword_list=Einigung|title=Die Treuhandanstalt im Kontext der deutschen Einigung|last=Berndt|first=Burkhard|date= 2 July 2007|publisher=Stiftung Universität Hildesheim (University of Hildesheim)|language=German|accessdate=28 May 2011}}</ref><ref>[https://www.orte-der-einheit.de/en/treuhandanstalt ''Treuhandanstalt: Privatisation, Unemployment, Protests''.] In: [https://www.orte-der-einheit.de/en/ Sites of Unity] ([[Haus der Geschichte]]), 2022.</ref>


==Opposition==
==Opposition==
[[Image:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1990-1219-006, Berln, Stahlwerker protestieren vor Treuhandanstalt.jpg|thumb|250px|Steel workers protest in Berlin in front of the Treuhand, December 1990.]]
[[Image:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1990-1219-006, Berlin, Stahlwerker protestieren vor Treuhandanstalt.jpg|thumb|250px|Steel workers protest in Berlin in front of the Treuhand, December 1990.]]
Its operations drew criticism from some quarters for unnecessarily closing allegedly profitable businesses, misuse and waste of funds and layoffs that were claimed to be unnecessary. It also drew substantial protests from the workforces affected, as 2.5 million employees in state-owned enterprises (out of 4m in total) were laid off in the early 1990s. Supporters argued that not placing the former state-owned enterprises into private hands would have caused the loss of many more jobs and slowed down economic recovery.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Nellis|first=John R.|date=Summer–Fall 2007|title=Privatization in Developing Countries: A Summary Assessment|journal=The SAIS Review|publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press|volume=27|issue=2|pages=3–29|issn=0036-0775|doi=10.1353/sais.2007.0039|url=http://www.eces.org.eg/Uploaded_Files/%7B3DD908DA-591A-41C9-9848-81FA83170817%7D_ECESDLS24e.pdf|accessdate=28 May 2011}}</ref>
Its operations drew criticism for unnecessarily closing allegedly profitable businesses, misuse and waste of funds and layoffs that were claimed to be unnecessary. It also drew substantial protest from the workforces affected, as 2.5 million employees in state-owned enterprises (out of 4&nbsp;million in total) were laid off in the early 1990s.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Giacché|first=Vladimiro|date=2014|title=Anschluss: Die deutsche Vereinigung und die Zukunft Europas|publisher=Laika-Verlag}}</ref> Supporters argued that not placing the former state-owned enterprises into private hands would have caused the loss of many more jobs and slowed economic recovery.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Nellis|first=John R.|date=Summer–Fall 2007|title=Privatization in Developing Countries: A Summary Assessment|journal=The SAIS Review|publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press|volume=27|issue=2|pages=3–29|issn=0036-0775|doi=10.1353/sais.2007.0039|s2cid=154744152|url=http://www.eces.org.eg/Uploaded_Files/%7B3DD908DA-591A-41C9-9848-81FA83170817%7D_ECESDLS24e.pdf|accessdate=28 May 2011}}</ref>


On 1 April 1991 the chairman of the Treuhand, [[Detlev Karsten Rohwedder]], was shot dead by an unknown assassin (possibly the [[Red Army Faction]]).<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.spiegel.de/einestages/kalenderblatt-1-4-1991-a-946757.html|title=Kalenderblatt: 1.4.1991: Todesschuss aus dem Hinterhalt|accessdate=13 February 2015}}</ref>
On 1 April 1991, chairman of the Treuhand [[Detlev Karsten Rohwedder]] was shot dead by an unknown assassin (possibly the [[Red Army Faction]]).<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.spiegel.de/einestages/kalenderblatt-1-4-1991-a-946757.html|title=Kalenderblatt: 1.4.1991: Todesschuss aus dem Hinterhalt|accessdate=13 February 2015}}</ref>
He was succeeded by [[Birgit Breuel]].
He was succeeded by [[Birgit Breuel]].


Line 19: Line 21:
==Successors==
==Successors==
[[image:Deutschland Lage von Sachsen-Anhalt.svg|thumb|right|Total land sales by the BVVG amounted to around half the area of the state of [[Saxony-Anhalt]]]]
[[image:Deutschland Lage von Sachsen-Anhalt.svg|thumb|right|Total land sales by the BVVG amounted to around half the area of the state of [[Saxony-Anhalt]]]]
Although the Treuhand closed operations in 1994, it still retained much property and some other legal responsibilities. These were transferred to three successor agencies:
Although the Treuhand ceased operations in 1994, it still retained much property and some other legal responsibilities. These were transferred to three successor agencies:
* the ''Bundesanstalt für vereinigungsbedingte Sonderaufgaben'', BvS (Federal Agency for Unification-derived Special Tasks), which managed remaining state-owned enterprises;
* the ''Bundesanstalt für vereinigungsbedingte Sonderaufgaben'', BvS (Federal Agency for Unification-related Special Tasks), which managed remaining state-owned enterprises;
* the ''Treuhandliegenschaftsgesellschaft'' (now TLG Immobilien GmbH), which manages the remaining state-owned urban and industrial real estate;
* the ''Treuhandliegenschaftsgesellschaft'' (now TLG Immobilien GmbH), which manages the remaining state-owned urban and industrial real estate;
* the ''Bodenverwertungs- und -verwaltungs GmbH'' (BVVG), a subsidiary of the Treuhand created in 1992, which manages the state-owned agricultural land, forest lands, and related real estate.
* the ''Bodenverwertungs- und -verwaltungs GmbH'' (BVVG), a subsidiary of the Treuhand created in 1992, which manages the state-owned agricultural land, forest lands, and related real estate.


The BvS ceased operations at the end of 2000, but it remains legally in existence; its remaining tasks are all delegated to other bodies. TLG and BVVG remain the largest real estate owners in the [[New states of Germany|new federal states]]. In 2000, TLG was reoriented from focussing on privatisation of its assets to "active portfolio management" with a view to making profits for the German federal government. By 2007, having sold 45,000 properties in six years and reinvested 1.5 billion euros, it was still managing 1500 properties worth 1.4 billion euros.<ref>[http://www.tlg.de/hauptnavigation/unternehmen/historie/2006-2000/?L=1 TLG – History]</ref> The planned privatisation of TLG itself was put on hold in July 2008 because of adverse economic conditions.<ref>[http://www.thomas-daily.de/news/item/id/2407/t/TLG-Immobilien-Federal-government-halts-privatization/lang/en "TLG Immobilien: Federal government halts privatization"], Thomas Daily, 11 July 2008</ref>
The BvS ceased operations at the end of 2000, but it remains legally in existence; its remaining tasks are all delegated to other bodies. TLG and BVVG remain the largest real estate owners in the [[New states of Germany|new federal states]]. In 2000, TLG was reoriented from focussing on privatisation of its assets to "active portfolio management" with a view to making profits for the German federal government. By 2007, having sold 45,000 properties in six years and reinvested 1.5 billion euros, it was still managing 1500 properties worth 1.4 billion euros.<ref>[http://www.tlg.de/hauptnavigation/unternehmen/historie/2006-2000/?L=1 TLG – History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090512163726/http://www.tlg.de/hauptnavigation/unternehmen/historie/2006-2000/?L=1 |date=2009-05-12 }}</ref> The planned privatisation of TLG itself was put on hold in July 2008 because of adverse economic conditions.<ref>[http://www.thomas-daily.de/news/item/id/2407/t/TLG-Immobilien-Federal-government-halts-privatization/lang/en "TLG Immobilien: Federal government halts privatization"], Thomas Daily, 11 July 2008</ref> In January 2020, TLG Immobilien was acquired by the Luxembourg-domiciled property company [[Aroundtown SA]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zeit.de/wirtschaft/unternehmen/2019-11/aroundtown-tlg-gewerbe-immobilienkonzerne-fusion|title = ZEIT ONLINE &#124; Lesen Sie zeit.de mit Werbung oder im PUR-Abo. Sie haben die Wahl}}</ref>


In July 2008, the BVVG announced total privatization receipts of 3.5 billion euros since its establishment in 1992, which it had gained through the sale of around 525,000 ha of agricultural land, with a similar amount of forest land and a small amount of other land. Total land sales amounted to around half the area of the state of [[Saxony-Anhalt]]. At the end of 2007, it still owned over 500,000 ha of agricultural land and just under 100,000 ha of forest land.<ref>[http://www.bvvg.de/Internet/waktuell.nsf/vbroinfo/dPDFPM20_webaktuell/$File/pm20.pdf "BVVG erzielt in 16 Jahren für den Bund über drei Milliarden Euro Überschuss"], BVVG press release 24 July 2008</ref>
In July 2008, the BVVG announced total privatization receipts of 3.5 billion euros since its establishment in 1992, which it had gained through the sale of around {{convert|525,000|hectare|acre}} of agricultural land, with a similar amount of forest land and a small amount of other land. Total land sales amounted to around half the area of the state of [[Saxony-Anhalt]]. At the end of 2007, it still owned over {{convert|500,000|hectare|acre}} of agricultural land and just under {{convert|100,000|hectare|acre}} of forest land.<ref>[http://www.bvvg.de/Internet/waktuell.nsf/vbroinfo/dPDFPM20_webaktuell/$File/pm20.pdf "BVVG erzielt in 16 Jahren für den Bund über drei Milliarden Euro Überschuss"], BVVG press release 24 July 2008</ref>


==References==
==References==
Line 32: Line 34:


==Further reading==
==Further reading==
{{portal|East Germany}}
* Mark Cassell, ''How Governments Privatize: the Politics of Divestment in the United States and Germany'', Georgetown University Press, 2002.
* Mark Cassell, ''How Governments Privatize: the Politics of Divestment in the United States and Germany'', Georgetown University Press, 2002.
* [[Vladimiro Giacché]], ''Anschluss: Die deutsche Vereinigung und die Zukunft Europas'', Laika-Verlag, Hamburg 2014, German Edition, {{ISBN|978-3-9442-3326-0}}.


{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}

⚫
[[Category:Business organisations based in East Germany]]
[[Category:Economy of East Germany]]
[[Category:Economy of East Germany]]
⚫
[[Category:Political scandals in Germany]]
[[Category:1990 establishments in East Germany]]
[[Category:1990 establishments in East Germany]]
[[Category:Privatization funds]]
[[Category:Privatization funds]]

Latest revision as of 11:36, 18 March 2024

Treuhandanstalt headquarters at Alexanderplatz, Berlin

The Treuhandanstalt (German: [ˈtʁɔɪ̯hantˌʔanʃtalt] ⓘ, "Trust agency"), colloquially referred to as Treuhand, was an agency established by the government of the German Democratic Republic to reprivatise/privatise East German enterprises, Volkseigene Betriebe (VEBs), prior to German reunification. Created by the Volkskammer on 17 June 1990, it oversaw the restructure and sale of about 8,500 state-owned companies with over four million employees. At that time, it was the world's largest industrial enterprise, controlling everything from steel works to the Babelsberg Studios.[citation needed][1]

Responsibilities[edit]

The Treuhand was responsible for more than just the 8,500 state-owned enterprises. It also took over around 2.4 million hectares of agricultural land and forests, the property of the former Stasi, large parts of the property of the former National People's Army, large-scale public housing property, and the property of the state pharmacy network.

On the day of reunification, 3 October 1990, it took over the property of the political parties and the mass organisations of the German Democratic Republic.[2][3]

Opposition[edit]

Steel workers protest in Berlin in front of the Treuhand, December 1990.

Its operations drew criticism for unnecessarily closing allegedly profitable businesses, misuse and waste of funds and layoffs that were claimed to be unnecessary. It also drew substantial protest from the workforces affected, as 2.5 million employees in state-owned enterprises (out of 4 million in total) were laid off in the early 1990s.[4] Supporters argued that not placing the former state-owned enterprises into private hands would have caused the loss of many more jobs and slowed economic recovery.[5]

On 1 April 1991, chairman of the Treuhand Detlev Karsten Rohwedder was shot dead by an unknown assassin (possibly the Red Army Faction).[6] He was succeeded by Birgit Breuel.

When its operations ended in 1994, it had amassed 260 to 270 billion DM in debt.

Successors[edit]

Total land sales by the BVVG amounted to around half the area of the state of Saxony-Anhalt

Although the Treuhand ceased operations in 1994, it still retained much property and some other legal responsibilities. These were transferred to three successor agencies:

  • the Bundesanstalt für vereinigungsbedingte Sonderaufgaben, BvS (Federal Agency for Unification-related Special Tasks), which managed remaining state-owned enterprises;
  • the Treuhandliegenschaftsgesellschaft (now TLG Immobilien GmbH), which manages the remaining state-owned urban and industrial real estate;
  • the Bodenverwertungs- und -verwaltungs GmbH (BVVG), a subsidiary of the Treuhand created in 1992, which manages the state-owned agricultural land, forest lands, and related real estate.

The BvS ceased operations at the end of 2000, but it remains legally in existence; its remaining tasks are all delegated to other bodies. TLG and BVVG remain the largest real estate owners in the new federal states. In 2000, TLG was reoriented from focussing on privatisation of its assets to "active portfolio management" with a view to making profits for the German federal government. By 2007, having sold 45,000 properties in six years and reinvested 1.5 billion euros, it was still managing 1500 properties worth 1.4 billion euros.[7] The planned privatisation of TLG itself was put on hold in July 2008 because of adverse economic conditions.[8] In January 2020, TLG Immobilien was acquired by the Luxembourg-domiciled property company Aroundtown SA.[9]

In July 2008, the BVVG announced total privatization receipts of 3.5 billion euros since its establishment in 1992, which it had gained through the sale of around 525,000 hectares (1,300,000 acres) of agricultural land, with a similar amount of forest land and a small amount of other land. Total land sales amounted to around half the area of the state of Saxony-Anhalt. At the end of 2007, it still owned over 500,000 hectares (1,200,000 acres) of agricultural land and just under 100,000 hectares (250,000 acres) of forest land.[10]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Goldsmith, Ben (2005). The film studio : film production in the global economy. O'Regan, Tom. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9780742536814. OCLC 56755687.
  2. ^ Berndt, Burkhard (2 July 2007). "Die Treuhandanstalt im Kontext der deutschen Einigung" (in German). Stiftung Universität Hildesheim (University of Hildesheim). Retrieved 28 May 2011.
  3. ^ Treuhandanstalt: Privatisation, Unemployment, Protests. In: Sites of Unity (Haus der Geschichte), 2022.
  4. ^ Giacché, Vladimiro (2014). "Anschluss: Die deutsche Vereinigung und die Zukunft Europas". Laika-Verlag. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  5. ^ Nellis, John R. (Summer–Fall 2007). "Privatization in Developing Countries: A Summary Assessment" (PDF). The SAIS Review. 27 (2). The Johns Hopkins University Press: 3–29. doi:10.1353/sais.2007.0039. ISSN 0036-0775. S2CID 154744152. Retrieved 28 May 2011.
  6. ^ "Kalenderblatt: 1.4.1991: Todesschuss aus dem Hinterhalt". Retrieved 13 February 2015.
  7. ^ TLG – History Archived 2009-05-12 at the Wayback Machine
  8. ^ "TLG Immobilien: Federal government halts privatization", Thomas Daily, 11 July 2008
  9. ^ "ZEIT ONLINE | Lesen Sie zeit.de mit Werbung oder im PUR-Abo. Sie haben die Wahl".
  10. ^ "BVVG erzielt in 16 Jahren für den Bund über drei Milliarden Euro Überschuss", BVVG press release 24 July 2008

Further reading[edit]

  • Mark Cassell, How Governments Privatize: the Politics of Divestment in the United States and Germany, Georgetown University Press, 2002.
  • Vladimiro Giacché, Anschluss: Die deutsche Vereinigung und die Zukunft Europas, Laika-Verlag, Hamburg 2014, German Edition, ISBN 978-3-9442-3326-0.
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