Loup language: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Extinct Algonquin language of New England}}
{{Infobox language
|name=Loup
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|fam2=[[Algonquian languages|Algonquian]]
|fam3=[[Eastern Algonquian languages|Eastern Algonquian]]
|lc1=xlo
|ld1=Loup A |lc2=xlb
|ld2=Loup B |linglist=xlo
|lingname=Loup A |linglist2=xlb
|lingname2=Loup B |glotto=loup1243
|glottoname=
|glotto2=loup1245
}}'''Loup''' is an extinct [[Algonquian languages|Algonquian]] language, or possibly group of languages, spoken in colonial [[New England]]. ''Loup'' ("Wolf") was a [[French language|French]] colonial ethnographic term, and usage was inconsistent. In modern literature, it refers to two varieties, '''Loup A''' and '''Loup B'''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last = Goddard|first = Ives|date = To appear|title = The 'Loup' Languages of Western Massachusetts: The Dialectal Diversity of Southern New England Algonquian.|url =|journal = Papers of the 44th Algonquian Conference|publisher = SUNY Press|pages = 104–138|doi =|pmid =|access-date =}}</ref>▼
|glottoname2=Loup B
▲}}'''Loup''' is an extinct [[Algonquian languages|Algonquian]] language, or possibly group of languages, spoken in colonial [[New England]]. ''Loup'' (
==Attestation==
Loup A, which may be the language of the [[Nipmuck]], is principally attested from a word list recorded from refugees by the [[Saint-François-du-Lac, Quebec|St. Francis]] mission to the [[Abenaki]] in [[Quebec]]. The descendants of these refugees became speakers of Western Abenaki in the eighteenth century. Loup B refers to a second word list, which shows extensive dialectal variation. This may not be a distinct language, but just notes on the speech of various New England Algonquian refugees in French missions.<ref>Victor Golla, 2007. ''Atlas of the World's Languages''</ref>[[File:Chaubunagungamaug lake sign.jpg|thumb|[[Lake Chaubunagungamaug|Chaubunagungamaug lake]] sign,
== Phonology ==
The phonology of Loup A (Nipmuck), reconstructed by Gustafson 2000:
Consonants▼
{| class="wikitable"
▲|+Nipmuc Consonants
! rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |[[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
! colspan="2" |[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]/<br> [[Postalveolar consonant|Postalveolar]]
! colspan="2" |[[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Glottalic consonant|Glottal]]
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!<small>lab.</small>
|- align="center"
![[
|{{IPAlink|m}}
|{{IPAlink|n}}
|
|
|- align="center"▼
![[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]▼
|
|
|
▲|- align="center"
|{{IPAlink|p}}
|{{IPAlink|t}}
|{{IPAlink|tʲ}}
|
|{{IPAlink|k}}
|{{IPAlink|(kʷ)}}
|
|- align="center"
Line 59 ⟶ 64:
|
|
|{{IPAlink|tʃ}}
|
|
Line 66 ⟶ 71:
![[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
|
|{{IPAlink|s}}
|
|
|
|
|{{IPAlink|h}}
|- align="center"
![[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
|
|{{IPAlink|l}}
|
|
Line 83 ⟶ 88:
|- align="center"
![[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|{{IPAlink|w}}
|
|
|{{IPAlink|j}}
|
|
|
|}
Vowels ▼
{| class="wikitable"
!
![[Front vowel|Front]]
![[Back vowel|Back]]
![[Close vowel|Close]]
▲|- align="center"
|{{IPAlink|i}}, {{IPAlink|iː}}
|{{IPAlink|u}}
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|{{IPAlink|e}}
▲|- align="center"
|{{IPAlink|o}}, {{IPAlink|oː}}
![[Open vowel|Open]]
| colspan="2" |{{IPAlink|a}}, {{IPAlink|aː}}, {{IPAlink|ã}}
▲|- align="center"
|}
The vowel sounds likely have the same phonetic quality as other southern New England Algonquian languages. The short vowels {{IPA|/i o e a/}} may represent the sounds as
==References==
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[[Category:Indigenous languages of North America]]
[[Category:Languages extinct in the 18th century]]
[[Category:Nipmuc]]
|
Revision as of 03:34, 6 April 2024
Loup | |
---|---|
Pronunciation | [lu] |
Native to | United States |
Region | Massachusetts, Connecticut |
Ethnicity | Nipmuck? |
Extinct | 18th century |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | Either:xlo – Loup Axlb – Loup B |
xlo Loup A | |
xlb Loup B | |
Glottolog | loup1243 Nipmuckloup1245 Loup B |
Loup is an extinct Algonquian language, or possibly group of languages, spoken in colonial New England. Loup ('Wolf') was a French colonial ethnographic term, and usage was inconsistent. In modern literature, it refers to two varieties, Loup A and Loup B.[1]
Attestation
Loup A, which may be the language of the Nipmuck, is principally attested from a word list recorded from refugees by the St. Francis mission to the Abenaki in Quebec. The descendants of these refugees became speakers of Western Abenaki in the eighteenth century. Loup B refers to a second word list, which shows extensive dialectal variation. This may not be a distinct language, but just notes on the speech of various New England Algonquian refugees in French missions.[2]
Phonology
The phonology of Loup A (Nipmuck), reconstructed by Gustafson 2000:
Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal/ Postalveolar |
Velar | Glottal | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
plain | pal. | plain | lab. | ||||
Nasal | m | n | |||||
Plosive | p | t | tʲ | k | (kʷ) | ||
Affricate | tʃ | ||||||
Fricative | s | h | |||||
Lateral | l | ||||||
Approximant | w | j |
Front | Back | |
---|---|---|
Close | i, iː | u |
Mid | e | o, oː |
Open | a, aː, ã |
The vowel sounds likely have the same phonetic quality as other southern New England Algonquian languages. The short vowels /i o e a/ may represent the sounds as [ɪ], [ʊ], [ɛ,ə], and [ʌ], while the long vowels /iː/, /oː/, and /ã/ correspond to /i/, /o/, and /ã/.[3][4]
References
- ^ Goddard, Ives (2012). "The 'Loup' Languages of Western Massachusetts: The Dialectal Diversity of Southern New England Algonquian". Papers of the 44th Algonquian Conference. 44. SUNY Press: 104–138.
- ^ Victor Golla, 2007. Atlas of the World's Languages
- ^ Gustafson, Holly Suzanne (2000). A Grammar of the Nipmuck Language (PDF). Deparament of Linguistics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba.
- ^ Costa, David J. (2007). The Dialectology of Southern New England Algonquian (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 August 2018.
External links
- OLAC resources in and about the Loup A language
- OLAC resources in and about the Loup B language
- Nipmuc Language.org