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{{Short description|Species of fish}}
{{about|Siganus sutor|White-spotted spinefoot|Siganus canaliculatus}}
{{Speciesbox
{{Speciesbox
| image = Siganus sutor Réunion.jpg
| status =
| status = LC
| status_system =
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref =
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Yahya, S. |author2=Borsa, P. |author3=Jiddawi, N. |author4=Carpenter, K.E. |author5=Obota, C. |author6=Smith-Vaniz, W.F. |date=2018 |title=''Siganus sutor'' |volume=2018 |page=e.T117007332A117008798 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T117007332A117008798.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
| taxon = Siganus sutor
| taxon = Siganus sutor
| authority = ([[Achille Valenciennes|Valenciennes]], 1835)
| authority = ([[Achille Valenciennes|Valenciennes]], 1835)
| synonyms = * ''Amphacanthus sutor'' <small>Valenciennes, 1835</small>
| synonyms =
* ''Buro brunneus'' <small>[[Bernard Germain de Lacépède|Lacépède]], 1803</small>
* ''Amphacanthus abhortani'' <small>Valenciennes, 1835</small>
* ''Teuthis abhortani'' <small>(Valenciennes, 1835)</small>
* ''Amphacanthus olivaceus'' <small>Valenciennes, 1835</small>
| synonyms_ref = <ref name = FishBase>{{FishBase|Siganus|sutor|month=June|year=2021}}</ref>
}}
}}
⚫
'''''Siganus sutor''''', the '''shoemaker spinefoot rabbitfish''' ,'''whitespotted rabbitfish''' or '''African whitespotted rabbitfish''', is a species of marine [[ray-finned fish]], a [[rabbitfish]] belonging to the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Siganidae]].<ref name="a">{{cite journal | author = Agembe, S. | year = 2012 | title = Estimation of important reproductive parameters for management of the Shoemaker Spinefoot rabbitfish (Siganus sutor) in Southern Kenya | journal = International Journal of Marine Science | volume = 2 | issue = 4 | pages = 24–30}}</ref> It lives in [[Indo-Pacific]] coral reefs.<ref name="b">{{cite journal | author1 = Shirinabadi, M. | author2 = Matinfar, A. | author3 = Kamali, A. | author4 = Hosseinzadeh, H. | name-list-style = amp | year = 2013 | title = Effect of different light regimes on the maturational progress of the whitespotted rabbitfish (Siganus sutor) |journal = Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences | volume = 12 | issue = 4 | pages = 916–927}}</ref> It is [[endemic]] to the [[Indian Ocean]], from [[Indonesia]] to [[Comoros]].<ref name=FishBase/> ''S. sutor'' is one of the commercial marine fishes, which is ubiquitously caught, in [[Tanzania]] and the entire East African coast of the [[Indian Ocean]].<ref name="c">{{cite journal | author1 =Mziray, P. | author2 = Kimirei, I.A. | name-list-style = amp | title = Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in marine fishes (Siganus sutor, Lethrinus harak, and Rastrelliger kanagurta) from Dar es Salaam Tanzania | journal = Regional Studies in Marine Science | year = 2016 | volume = 7 | pages = 72–80| doi = 10.1016/j.rsma.2016.05.014 }}</ref> ''S. sutor'' is among the most common fish species in the marine fisheries of [[Kenya]], and accounts for around 40% of the artisanal fishery landings.<ref name="d">{{cite book | author1 =Samoilys, M. | author2 = Kanyange, N. | author3 = Macharia, D. | author4 = Robinson, J. | author5 = Maina, G.W. | display-authors = 3 | chapter = Dynamics of rabbitfish (Siganus sutor) spawning aggregations in southern Kenya | title = In Reef Fish Spawning Aggregations in the Western Indian Ocean: Research for Management. Series 5 | publisher = WIOMSA}}</ref> Various fishing gears are used to target the siganids, but basket traps are the preferred ones.<ref name="e">{{cite web | publisher = Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute | url = http://www.kmfri.co.ke/index.php/fact-sheet/85-stock-assessment-of-rabbitfish-siganus-sutor-along-the-kenya-coast | title = Stock assessment of rabbitfish Siganus sutor along the Kenya coast | access-date = 3 September 2021}}</ref> It is one of the mangrove/seagrass-associated coral reef fishes.<ref name="c" /> This species inhabits [[littoral]] areas and its fin spines are venomous to humans.<ref name=FishBase/>


==Taxonomy==
''Siganus sutor'' was first formally [[Species description|described]] in 1835 as ''Amphacanthus sutor'' by the French zoologist Achilles Valenciennes with the [[Type locality (biology)|type locality]] given as the Seychelles.<ref name = CofF>{{Cof genus | genus = Siganus | access-date = 3 September 2021}}</ref> The specific name ''sutor'' means “cobbler” or "shoemaker", a reference to the local name given to this species in the Seychelles and Mauritius ''cordonnier'', which means a "shoemaker", being a name for rabbitfishes in the [[Seychellois Creole]] and [[Mauritian Creole]] languages. Valenciennes did not explain this but it is thought to refer to the sharp spines of these fishes which may have been used to puncture leather, like an [[Stitching awl|awl]].<ref name = ETYFish>{{cite web | url = https://etyfish.org/acanthuriformes2/| title = Order Acanthuriformes (part 2): Families Ephippidae, Leiognathidae, Scatophagidae, Antigoniidae, Siganidae, Caproidae, Luvaridae, Zanclidae and Acanthuridae | work = The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database | editor1= Christopher Scharpf | editor2 = Kenneth J. Lazara | name-list-style = amp |date = 12 January 2021 | access-date = 3 September 2021 | publisher = Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref>


⚫
== Description ==
⚫
'''''Siganus sutor''''', the '''shoemaker spinefoot rabbitfish''', is a member of the [[Siganidae]] family.<ref name="a">[Agembe, S. (2012). "Estimation of important reproductive parameters for management of the Shoemaler Spinefoot rabbitfish (Siganus sutor) in Southern Kenya". International Journal of Marine Science. 2 (4): 24-30.] </ref> It is also known as '''whitespotted rabbitfish''' and lives in [[Indo-Pacific]] coral reef.<ref name="b">[Shirinabadi, M.; Matinfar, A.; Hosseinzadeh, H. (2013) "Effect of different light regimes on the maturational progress of the whitespotted rabbitfish (Siganus sutor)". Iranian Journal of Disheries Sciences. 12 (4): 916-927.] </ref> It is [[endemic]] to the [[Indian Ocean]], from [[Indonesia]] to [[Comoros]].<ref name=y>[http://www.fishbase.org/summary/4615 Fishbase] </ref> ''S. sutor'' is one of the commercial marine fishes, which is ubiquitously caught, in [[Tanzania]] and the entire East African coast of [[Indian ocean]].<ref name="c">[Mziray, P.; Kimirei, I.A. "Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in marine fishes (Siganus sutor, Lethrinus harak, and Rastrelliger kanagurta) from Dar es Salaam Tanzania". Regional Studies in Marine Science. 7: 72-80.] </ref> ''S. sutor'' is among the most common fish species in the marine fisheries of [[Kenya]], and accounts for around 40% of the artisanal fishery landings.<ref name="d">[Samoilys, M.; Kanyange, N.; Macharia, D.; Robinson, J.;Maina, G.W. Dynamics of rabbitfish (Siganus sutor) spawning aggregations in southern Kenya. In Reef Fish Spawning Aggregations in the Western Indian Ocean: Research for Management. Series 5; WIOMSA] </ref> Various fishing gears are used to target the siganids, but basket traps are the preferred ones.<ref name="e">[Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute. http://www.kmfri.co.ke/index.php/fact-sheet/85-stock-assessment-of-rabbitfish-siganus-sutor-along-the-kenya-coast.] </ref> It is one of the mangrove/seagrass-associated coral reef fishes.<ref name="c" /> The species is considered to be poisonous to humans, and inhabits [[littoral]] areas.<ref name="y" />
⚫
''Siganus sutor'' has a maximum reported age of 3 years old. The color patterns of the fish extend to the fins.<ref name=FishBase /> During the daytime, the body of the ''S. sutor'' is usually a silver color with white spots. Sometimes there would be blue spots within the white spots. During night time, the fish has a mottled green or grey color. ''Siganus sutor'' has the ability to immediately change between these two color patterns.<ref name="h" /> The spines of the Siganids are slender, pungent and venomous.<ref name=FishBase/> Venom glands in the spines can cause great pain but are unlikely to be fatal to a healthy adult.<ref name="h" /> ''S. sutor'' has a total of 13-14 dorsal spines, 10 dorsal soft rays, 7 anal spines, 9-10 anal soft rays and 23 [[vertebrae]]. Long flap of anterior [[nostril]] shortens as the fish ages.<ref name=FishBase/>


==Distribution and habitat==
''Siganus sutor'' occurs in the Western Indian Ocean off East Africa from Somalia to South Africa and around the islands of Madagascar, [[Réunion]], Mauritius, the [[Comoros Islands]], [[Rodrigues]] as well as in the [[Gulf of Aden]] off Yemen. Records elsewhere require confirmation. It is found at depths between {{cvt|1|and|12|m}}<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" /> in inshore areas and pn inner reefs. It is frequently recorded in beds of [[seagrass]].


== Behavior and habitats==
== Behavior==
Wild siganids have diurnal schooling behavior and feed in shallow water habitats.<ref name= "f">[Kamukuru, A.T. (2009) "Trap fishery and reproductive biology of the whitespotted rabbitfish Siganus sutor (Siganidae), within the Dar es Salaam Marine Reserves, Tanzania". Western Indian ocean J. Mar. Sci. 8 (1): 75-86.] </ref> They inhabit in inshore areas, particularly in seagrass beds and coral reefs (when they are adults).<ref name ="c" /> The depth range of the living habitat is from 1m to 50m, but usually from 1m to 12 m.<ref name="g">[Fish Base. http://www.fishbase.org/summary/4615.] </ref> When ''S. sutor'' is threatened, it will raise its dorsal fin for protection.<ref name="h">[Seaunseen. https://seaunseen.com/whitespotted-rabbitfish/] </ref> Also, ''S. sutor'' returns to the same offshore coral patch reef aggregation site to spawn on subsequent [[full moon]]s, migrating at most 3.3km from fishing grounds closer to shore.<ref name="d" />
''Siganus sutor'' shows diurnal schooling behavior and feed in shallow water habitats.<ref name= "f">{{cite journal | author = Kamukuru, A.T. | year =2009 | title = Trap fishery and reproductive biology of the whitespotted rabbitfish Siganus sutor (Siganidae), within the Dar es Salaam Marine Reserves, Tanzania | journal = Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science | volume = 8 | issue =1 | pages = 75–86}}</ref> They inhabit in inshore areas, particularly in seagrass beds and coral reefs (when they are adults).<ref name ="c" /> The depth range of the living habitat is from 1m to 50m, but usually from 1m to 12 m.<ref name= FishBase/> When ''S. sutor'' is threatened, it will raise its dorsal fin for protection.<ref name="h">{{cite web | publisher = Seaunseen | url = https://seaunseen.com/whitespotted-rabbitfish/ | title = Whitespotted Rabbitfish-Facts Photographs and Video | author = Alan Sutton | date = 20 September 2017 | access-date = 3 September 2021}}</ref> Also, ''S. sutor'' returns to the same offshore coral patch reef aggregation site to spawn on subsequent [[full moon]]s, migrating at most 3.3&nbsp;km from fishing grounds closer to shore.<ref name="d" />


⚫
== Diet and feeding feature ==

⚫
== Diet and Feeding feature ==
''Siganus sutor'' is an [[herbivore]], which feeds mainly on macro-algae.<ref name="c" /> It is a [[Diurnal cycle|diurnal]] feeder, but it is often seen out in the open sea on night dives off the Tanzanian coast.<ref name="h" />
''Siganus sutor'' is an [[herbivore]], which feeds mainly on macro-algae.<ref name="c" /> It is a [[Diurnal cycle|diurnal]] feeder, but it is often seen out in the open sea on night dives off the Tanzanian coast.<ref name="h" />


⚫
== Venom and treatment ==

This species produces [[venom]] in the spines of its fins.<ref name = FishBase/> In a study of the venom of a [[Congener (biology)|congener]] it was found that rabbitfish venom was similar to the venom of [[stonefishes]].<ref name = venom>{{cite journal | author1 = Kiriake A | author2 = Ishizaki S | author3 = Nagashima Y | author4 = Shiomi K | title = Occurrence of a stonefish toxin-like toxin in the venom of the rabbitfish ''Siganus fuscescens'' | journal = Toxicon | year = 2017 | volume = 140 | pages = 139–146 | doi = 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.10.015 | pmid = 29055787| s2cid = 205439876 }}</ref> If a person is envenomated by the spines of ''Siganus sutor'', the treatment is to use hot water (as hot as one can take) for 60 to 90 minutes.<ref name="h" />
⚫
== Description ==
⚫
The maximum reported age for ''Signaus sutor'' was 3 years old. The color patterns of the fish extend to the fins.<ref name="g" /> During the daytime, the body of the ''S. sutor'' is usually a silver color with white spots. Sometimes there would be blue spots within the white spots. During night time, the fish has a mottled green or grey color. ''Siganus sutor'' has the ability to immediately change between these two color patterns.<ref name="h" /> The spines of the Siganids are slender, pungent and poisonous.<ref name="g" /> Poision glands in the spines can cause great pain but are unlikely to be fatal to a healthy adult.<ref name="h" /> ''S. sutor'' has a total of 13-14 dorsal spines, 10 dorsal soft rays, 7 anal spines, 9-10 anal soft rays and 23 [[vertebrae]]s. Long flap of anterior [[nostril]] shortens as the fish ages.<ref name="g" />


⚫
== Poison treatment ==
If a person is poisoned by the spines of the ''Siganus sutor'', the treatment is to use hot water (as hot as one can take) for 60 to 90 minutes.<ref name="h" />



== Parasitism ==
== Parasitism ==
''Siganus sutors'' are likely to have gill [[parasites]], such as the monogeneans ''Psedohaliotrema'' sp., ''Tetrancistrum sigani'' and ''Microcotyle mouwoi'', the copepods ''Hatschekia'' sp., ''Psedolepeophtheirus'' sp. and juvenile [[Caligidae]], and prazina larvae of the isopod ''Gnathia'' sp. Compare to the subadults, adult siganids would have higher parasite load, and the juvenile siganids do not have any gill parasites.<ref name="i">[Geets, A.; Coene, H.; Ollevier, F. (1997). "Ectoparasites of the whitespotted rabbitfish, Siganus sutor (Valenciennes, 1835) off the Kenyan Coast: distribution within the host population and site selection on the gills". NCBI. 115: 69-79.] </ref>
''Siganus sutors'' are likely to have gill [[parasites]], such as the monogeneans ''Psedohaliotrema'' sp., ''Tetrancistrum sigani'' and ''Microcotyle mouwoi'', the copepods ''Hatschekia'' sp., ''Psedolepeophtheirus'' sp. and juvenile [[Caligidae]], and prazina larvae of the isopod ''Gnathia'' sp. Compare to the subadults, adult siganids would have higher parasite load, and the juvenile siganids do not have any gill parasites.<ref name="i">{{cite journal | author1 = Geets, A. | author2 = Coene, H. | author3 = Ollevier, F. | year = 1997 | title = Ectoparasites of the whitespotted rabbitfish, Siganus sutor (Valenciennes, 1835) off the Kenyan Coast: distribution within the host population and site selection on the gills | journal = Parasitology | volume = 115 | pages = 69–79 |doi=10.1017/s0031182097001054 | pmid = 9280897 }}</ref>



== Reproduction ==
== Reproduction ==
The two spawning seasons for ''Siganus sutor'' are January/February and May/June.The presence of these seasons is determined by three factors: (1) temporal changes in the condition factor and relative weight of the [[gonads]], (2) the progression of peaks of maturity stages with seasonal presence of spent fish in the samples, and (3) the seasonal appearance of juveniles.<ref name="j">[Ntiba, M. J.; Jaccarini, V. (1990). "Gonad maturation and spawning times of Siganus sutor off the Kenya coast: evidence for definite spawning seasons in a tropical fish". Journal of Fish Biology. 37: 315-325] </ref>
The two spawning seasons for ''Siganus sutor'' are January/February and May/June.The presence of these seasons is determined by three factors: (1) temporal changes in the condition factor and relative weight of the [[gonads]], (2) the progression of peaks of maturity stages with seasonal presence of spent fish in the samples, and (3) the seasonal appearance of juveniles.<ref name="j">{{cite journal | author1 =Ntiba, M. J. | author2 = Jaccarini, V. | name-list-style = amp | year = 1990 | title = Gonad maturation and spawning times of Siganus sutor off the Kenya coast: evidence for definite spawning seasons in a tropical fish | journal = Journal of Fish Biology | volume = 37 | issue = 2 | pages = 315–325| doi = 10.1111/j.1095-8649.1990.tb05862.x }}</ref>


⚫
== Related research ==
⚫
''Siganus sutor'' and two other fish species (''[[Lethrinus harak]]'' and ''[[Rastrelliger kanagurta]]'') had been used to study the [[bioaccumulation]] of heavy metals in marine fishes from [[Dar es Salaam]] Tanzania. Researchers had assessed the potential risks to human health and the suitability of the fishes' fins as a non-destructive monitoring organ. The results showed that fins were not suitable as non-destructive monitoring organs for most metals. The levels of metal intake of [[aluminum]], [[cadmium]], [[copper]], [[iron]], [[lead]] and [[zinc]] in the muscles of the ''Siganus sutor'' were below the [[FAO]]/[[WHO]] maximum levels for contaminants and toxins in food for human consumption.<ref name="c" />


⚫
== Existing management regulations ==
⚫
== Related Research ==
⚫
[[Wildlife Conservation Society]], Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute and State Department of Fisheries have promoted modification of the basket trap by adding an escape gap to help reduce the by-catch, which then allows the juveniles and small-sized fish to swim out of the trap.<ref name="e" />
⚫
''Siganus sutor'' and two other fish species (''[[Lethrinus harak]]'' and ''[[Rastrelliger kanagurta]]'') had been used to study the bioaccumulation of heavy metals in marine fishes from [[Dar es Salaam]] Tanzania. Researchers had assessed the potential risks to human health and the suitability of the fishes' fins as a non-destructive monitoring organ. The results showed that fins were not suitable as non-destructive monitoring organs for most metals. The levels of metal intake of [[aluminum]], [[cadmium]], [[copper]], [[iron]], [[lead]] and [[zinc]] in the muscles of the ''Siganus sutor'' were below the [[FAO]]/[[WHO]] maximum levels for contaminants and toxins in food for human consumption.<ref name="c" />


⚫
== Existing Management Regulations ==
⚫
[[Wildlife Conservation Society]], Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute and State Department of Fisheries have promoted modification of the basket trap by adding an escape gap to help reduce the by-catch, which then allows the juveniles and small-sized fish to swim out of the trap. <ref name="e" />



==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{sealifephotos|219688}}


{{Taxonbar|from=Q1986240}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q1986240}}
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[[Category:Siganidae]]
[[Category:Siganidae]]
[[Category:Fish described in 1835]]
[[Category:Fish described in 1835]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Achille Valenciennes]]


{{fish-stub}}

Latest revision as of 00:59, 30 April 2024

This article is about Siganus sutor. For White-spotted spinefoot, see Siganus canaliculatus.

Siganus sutor
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Perciformes
Family: Siganidae
Genus: Siganus
Species:
S. sutor
Binomial name
Siganus sutor
(Valenciennes, 1835)
Synonyms[2]
  • Amphacanthus sutor Valenciennes, 1835
  • Buro brunneus Lacépède, 1803
  • Amphacanthus abhortani Valenciennes, 1835
  • Teuthis abhortani (Valenciennes, 1835)
  • Amphacanthus olivaceus Valenciennes, 1835

Siganus sutor, the shoemaker spinefoot rabbitfish ,whitespotted rabbitfish or African whitespotted rabbitfish, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a rabbitfish belonging to the family Siganidae.[3] It lives in Indo-Pacific coral reefs.[4] It is endemic to the Indian Ocean, from Indonesia to Comoros.[2] S. sutor is one of the commercial marine fishes, which is ubiquitously caught, in Tanzania and the entire East African coast of the Indian Ocean.[5] S. sutor is among the most common fish species in the marine fisheries of Kenya, and accounts for around 40% of the artisanal fishery landings.[6] Various fishing gears are used to target the siganids, but basket traps are the preferred ones.[7] It is one of the mangrove/seagrass-associated coral reef fishes.[5] This species inhabits littoral areas and its fin spines are venomous to humans.[2]

Taxonomy[edit]

Siganus sutor was first formally described in 1835 as Amphacanthus sutor by the French zoologist Achilles Valenciennes with the type locality given as the Seychelles.[8] The specific name sutor means “cobbler” or "shoemaker", a reference to the local name given to this species in the Seychelles and Mauritius cordonnier, which means a "shoemaker", being a name for rabbitfishes in the Seychellois Creole and Mauritian Creole languages. Valenciennes did not explain this but it is thought to refer to the sharp spines of these fishes which may have been used to puncture leather, like an awl.[9]

Description[edit]

Siganus sutor has a maximum reported age of 3 years old. The color patterns of the fish extend to the fins.[2] During the daytime, the body of the S. sutor is usually a silver color with white spots. Sometimes there would be blue spots within the white spots. During night time, the fish has a mottled green or grey color. Siganus sutor has the ability to immediately change between these two color patterns.[10] The spines of the Siganids are slender, pungent and venomous.[2] Venom glands in the spines can cause great pain but are unlikely to be fatal to a healthy adult.[10] S. sutor has a total of 13-14 dorsal spines, 10 dorsal soft rays, 7 anal spines, 9-10 anal soft rays and 23 vertebrae. Long flap of anterior nostril shortens as the fish ages.[2]

Distribution and habitat[edit]

Siganus sutor occurs in the Western Indian Ocean off East Africa from Somalia to South Africa and around the islands of Madagascar, Réunion, Mauritius, the Comoros Islands, Rodrigues as well as in the Gulf of Aden off Yemen. Records elsewhere require confirmation. It is found at depths between 1 and 12 m (3 ft 3 in and 39 ft 4 in)[1] in inshore areas and pn inner reefs. It is frequently recorded in beds of seagrass.

Behavior[edit]

Siganus sutor shows diurnal schooling behavior and feed in shallow water habitats.[11] They inhabit in inshore areas, particularly in seagrass beds and coral reefs (when they are adults).[5] The depth range of the living habitat is from 1m to 50m, but usually from 1m to 12 m.[2] When S. sutor is threatened, it will raise its dorsal fin for protection.[10] Also, S. sutor returns to the same offshore coral patch reef aggregation site to spawn on subsequent full moons, migrating at most 3.3 km from fishing grounds closer to shore.[6]

Diet and feeding feature[edit]

Siganus sutor is an herbivore, which feeds mainly on macro-algae.[5] It is a diurnal feeder, but it is often seen out in the open sea on night dives off the Tanzanian coast.[10]

Venom and treatment[edit]

This species produces venom in the spines of its fins.[2] In a study of the venom of a congener it was found that rabbitfish venom was similar to the venom of stonefishes.[12] If a person is envenomated by the spines of Siganus sutor, the treatment is to use hot water (as hot as one can take) for 60 to 90 minutes.[10]

Parasitism[edit]

Siganus sutors are likely to have gill parasites, such as the monogeneans Psedohaliotrema sp., Tetrancistrum sigani and Microcotyle mouwoi, the copepods Hatschekia sp., Psedolepeophtheirus sp. and juvenile Caligidae, and prazina larvae of the isopod Gnathia sp. Compare to the subadults, adult siganids would have higher parasite load, and the juvenile siganids do not have any gill parasites.[13]

Reproduction[edit]

The two spawning seasons for Siganus sutor are January/February and May/June.The presence of these seasons is determined by three factors: (1) temporal changes in the condition factor and relative weight of the gonads, (2) the progression of peaks of maturity stages with seasonal presence of spent fish in the samples, and (3) the seasonal appearance of juveniles.[14]

Related research[edit]

Siganus sutor and two other fish species (Lethrinus harak and Rastrelliger kanagurta) had been used to study the bioaccumulation of heavy metals in marine fishes from Dar es Salaam Tanzania. Researchers had assessed the potential risks to human health and the suitability of the fishes' fins as a non-destructive monitoring organ. The results showed that fins were not suitable as non-destructive monitoring organs for most metals. The levels of metal intake of aluminum, cadmium, copper, iron, lead and zinc in the muscles of the Siganus sutor were below the FAO/WHO maximum levels for contaminants and toxins in food for human consumption.[5]

Existing management regulations[edit]

Wildlife Conservation Society, Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute and State Department of Fisheries have promoted modification of the basket trap by adding an escape gap to help reduce the by-catch, which then allows the juveniles and small-sized fish to swim out of the trap.[7]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b Yahya, S.; Borsa, P.; Jiddawi, N.; Carpenter, K.E.; Obota, C.; Smith-Vaniz, W.F. (2018). "Siganus sutor". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T117007332A117008798. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T117007332A117008798.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2021). "Siganus sutor" in FishBase. June 2021 version.
  3. ^ Agembe, S. (2012). "Estimation of important reproductive parameters for management of the Shoemaker Spinefoot rabbitfish (Siganus sutor) in Southern Kenya". International Journal of Marine Science. 2 (4): 24–30.
  4. ^ Shirinabadi, M.; Matinfar, A.; Kamali, A. & Hosseinzadeh, H. (2013). "Effect of different light regimes on the maturational progress of the whitespotted rabbitfish (Siganus sutor)". Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences. 12 (4): 916–927.
  5. ^ a b c d e Mziray, P. & Kimirei, I.A. (2016). "Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in marine fishes (Siganus sutor, Lethrinus harak, and Rastrelliger kanagurta) from Dar es Salaam Tanzania". Regional Studies in Marine Science. 7: 72–80. doi:10.1016/j.rsma.2016.05.014.
  6. ^ a b Samoilys, M.; Kanyange, N.; Macharia, D.; et al. "Dynamics of rabbitfish (Siganus sutor) spawning aggregations in southern Kenya". In Reef Fish Spawning Aggregations in the Western Indian Ocean: Research for Management. Series 5. WIOMSA.
  7. ^ a b "Stock assessment of rabbitfish Siganus sutor along the Kenya coast". Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute. Retrieved 3 September 2021.
  8. ^ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Species in the genus Siganus". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 3 September 2021.
  9. ^ Christopher Scharpf & Kenneth J. Lazara, eds. (12 January 2021). "Order Acanthuriformes (part 2): Families Ephippidae, Leiognathidae, Scatophagidae, Antigoniidae, Siganidae, Caproidae, Luvaridae, Zanclidae and Acanthuridae". The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database. Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara. Retrieved 3 September 2021.
  10. ^ a b c d e Alan Sutton (20 September 2017). "Whitespotted Rabbitfish-Facts Photographs and Video". Seaunseen. Retrieved 3 September 2021.
  11. ^ Kamukuru, A.T. (2009). "Trap fishery and reproductive biology of the whitespotted rabbitfish Siganus sutor (Siganidae), within the Dar es Salaam Marine Reserves, Tanzania". Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science. 8 (1): 75–86.
  12. ^ Kiriake A; Ishizaki S; Nagashima Y; Shiomi K (2017). "Occurrence of a stonefish toxin-like toxin in the venom of the rabbitfish Siganus fuscescens". Toxicon. 140: 139–146. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.10.015. PMID 29055787. S2CID 205439876.
  13. ^ Geets, A.; Coene, H.; Ollevier, F. (1997). "Ectoparasites of the whitespotted rabbitfish, Siganus sutor (Valenciennes, 1835) off the Kenyan Coast: distribution within the host population and site selection on the gills". Parasitology. 115: 69–79. doi:10.1017/s0031182097001054. PMID 9280897.
  14. ^ Ntiba, M. J. & Jaccarini, V. (1990). "Gonad maturation and spawning times of Siganus sutor off the Kenya coast: evidence for definite spawning seasons in a tropical fish". Journal of Fish Biology. 37 (2): 315–325. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1990.tb05862.x.

External links[edit]

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