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{{short description|Species of cephalopod}}
{{short description|Species of cephalopod}}
{{pp-move-indef|small=yes}}
{{pp-move-indef|small=yes}}
{{Distinguish|text=Septopus from [[Finding Dory]]}}
{{Speciesbox
{{Speciesbox
| name = Seven-armed octopus
| image = Haliphron atlanticus (70 mm ML).jpg
| image = Haliphron atlanticus (70 mm ML).jpg
| image_caption = Ventral view of young female (70 mm ML)
| image_caption = Ventral view of young female (70 mm ML)
Line 9: Line 9:
| status = LC
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name = IUCN>{{cite journal | author = [[Louise Allcock|Allcock, L.]] | year = 2014 | title = ''Haliphron atlanticus'' | journal = [[The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] | volume = 2014 | page = e.T163207A983527 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T163207A983527.en}} Downloaded on 05 February 2018.</ref>
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Allcock, L. |date=2014 |title=''Haliphron atlanticus'' |volume=2014 |page=e.T163207A983527 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T163207A983527.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
| grandparent_authority = [[A. E. Verrill|Verrill]], 1881
| grandparent_authority = [[A. E. Verrill|Verrill]], 1881
| genus = Haliphron
| genus = Haliphron
| parent_authority = [[Japetus Steenstrup|Steenstrup]], 1861
| parent_authority = [[Japetus Steenstrup|Steenstrup]], 1861
| species = atlanticus
| species = atlanticus
| authority = [[Japetus Steenstrup|Steenstrup]], 1861<ref name = WoRMS>{{cite web | url = http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=137643 | title = ''Haliphron'' Steenstrup, 1859 | accessdate = 5 February 2018 | publisher = Flanders Marine Institute | author = Julian Finn | year = 2017 | work = World Register of Marine Species}}</ref>
| authority = [[Japetus Steenstrup|Steenstrup]], 1861<ref name = WoRMS>{{cite web | url = http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=137643 | title = ''Haliphron'' Steenstrup, 1859 | access-date = 5 February 2018 | publisher = Flanders Marine Institute | author = Julian Finn | year = 2017 | work = World Register of Marine Species}}</ref>
| synonyms =
| synonyms =
*''Alloposus mollis''<br><small>Verrill, 1880</small>
*''Alloposus mollis''<br><small>Verrill, 1880</small>
*?''Octopus alberti''<br><small>[[Louis Joubin|Joubin]], 1895</small>
*?''Octopus alberti''<br><small>[[Louis Joubin|Joubin]], 1895</small>
*''Alloposus pacificus''<br><small>[[Isao Ijima|Ijima]] & Ikeda, 1902</small>
*''Alloposus pacificus''<br><small>[[Isao Ijima|Ijima]] & Ikeda, 1902</small>
*''Heptapus danai''<br><small>Joubin, 1929</small>
*''Heptopus danai''<br><small>Joubin, 1929</small>
*''Alloposus hardyi''<br><small>[[Guy Coburn Robson|Robson]], 1930</small>
*''Alloposus hardyi''<br><small>[[Guy Coburn Robson|Robson]], 1930</small>
*?''Alloposina albatrossi''<br><small>Robson, 1932</small>
*?''Alloposina albatrossi''<br><small>Robson, 1932</small>
}}
}}


The '''seven-arm octopus''' (''Haliphron atlanticus'') is one of the two largest known species of [[octopus]]; based on scientific records, it has a maximum estimated total length of {{convert|3.5|m|ft|abbr=on}} and mass of {{convert|75|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref name = "O'Shea2002">{{cite journal | last1 = O'Shea | first1 = S. | year = 2002 | title = ''Haliphron atlanticus''&nbsp;— a giant gelatinous octopus | url =http://isopods.nhm.org/pdfs/27566/27566.pdf | journal = Biodiversity Update | volume = 5 | issue = | page = 1 }}</ref><ref name = "O'Shea2004">{{cite journal | last1 = O'Shea | first1 = S. | year = 2004 | title = The giant octopus ''Haliphron atlanticus'' (Mollusca : Octopoda) in New Zealand waters | doi = 10.1080/03014223.2004.9518353 | journal = New Zealand Journal of Zoology | volume = 31 | issue = 1| pages = 7–13 }}</ref> The only other similarly large [[extant species]] is the giant Pacific octopus, ''[[Enteroctopus dofleini]]''.
The '''seven-arm octopus''' ('''''Haliphron atlanticus'''''), also known as the '''blob octopus''' or sometimes called '''septopus''', is one of the two largest known species of [[octopus]]; the largest specimen ever discovered had an estimated total length of {{convert|3.5|m|ft|abbr=on}} and mass of {{convert|75|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref name = "O'Shea2002">{{cite journal | last1 = O'Shea | first1 = S. | year = 2002 | title = ''Haliphron atlanticus''&nbsp;— a giant gelatinous octopus | url =http://isopods.nhm.org/pdfs/27566/27566.pdf | journal = Biodiversity Update | volume = 5 | page = 1 }}</ref><ref name = "O'Shea2004">{{cite journal | last1 = O'Shea | first1 = S. | year = 2004 | title = The giant octopus ''Haliphron atlanticus'' (Mollusca : Octopoda) in New Zealand waters | doi = 10.1080/03014223.2004.9518353 | journal = New Zealand Journal of Zoology | volume = 31 | issue = 1| pages = 7–13 | s2cid = 84954869 | doi-access = free }}</ref> The only other similarly large [[extant species]] is the giant Pacific octopus, ''[[Enteroctopus dofleini]]''.


The [[genus|genera]] ''Alloposina'' <small>Grimpe, 1922</small>, ''Alloposus'' <small>Verrill, 1880</small> and ''Heptapus'' <small>Joubin, 1929</small> are [[junior synonym]]s of ''Haliphron'', a [[monotypy|monotypic]] genus in the monotypic [[Family (biology)|family]] Alloposidae, part of the superfamily [[Argonautoidea]] in the [[suborder]] [[Incirrata]] of the order [[Octopoda]].<ref name = WoRMS/>
The [[genus|genera]] ''Alloposina'' <small>Grimpe, 1922</small>, ''Alloposus'' <small>Verrill, 1880</small> and ''Heptopus'' <small>Joubin, 1929</small> are [[junior synonym]]s of ''Haliphron'', a [[monotypy|monotypic]] genus in the monotypic [[Family (biology)|family]] Alloposidae, part of the superfamily [[Argonautoidea]] in the [[suborder]] [[Incirrata]] of the order [[Octopoda]].<ref name = WoRMS/>


==Description==
==Description==
[[File:Haliphron atlanticus embryos.jpg|thumb|left|Egg string and embryos of ''H.&nbsp;atlanticus'' collected north of the [[Cape Verde Islands]] ({{coord|17|24|N|22|57|W}}): The eggs measure around 8&nbsp;mm at their widest.]]
[[File:Haliphron atlanticus embryos.jpg|thumb|left|Egg string and embryos of ''H.&nbsp;atlanticus'' collected north of the [[Cape Verde Islands]] ({{coord|17|24|N|22|57|W}}): The eggs measure around 8&nbsp;mm at their widest.]]
The seven-arm octopus is so named because in males, the [[hectocotylus]] (a specially modified arm used in egg fertilization) is coiled in a sac beneath the right eye. Due to this species' thick, gelatinous tissue, the arm is easily overlooked, giving the appearance of just seven arms. However, like other octopuses, it actually has eight.
The seven-arm octopus is so named because in males, the [[hectocotylus]] (a specially modified arm used in egg fertilization) is coiled in a sac beneath the right eye. Due to this species' thick, gelatinous tissue, the arm is easily overlooked, giving the appearance of just seven arms. However, like other octopuses, it actually has eight.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}


==Distribution==
==Distribution==
The [[type specimen]] of ''H. atlanticus'' was collected in the [[Atlantic Ocean]] at {{coord|38|N|34|W}} (west of the [[Azores]]). It is deposited at the [[University of Copenhagen Zoological Museum]].<ref>[http://www.mnh.si.edu/cephs/newclass.pdf Current Classification of Recent Cephalopoda]</ref>
The [[type specimen]] of ''H. atlanticus'' was collected in the [[Atlantic Ocean]] at {{coord|38|N|34|W}} (west of the [[Azores]]). It is deposited at the [[University of Copenhagen Zoological Museum]].<ref>[http://www.mnh.si.edu/cephs/newclass.pdf Current Classification of Recent Cephalopoda]</ref>


Since then, several specimens have been caught throughout the Atlantic, as far as the [[Azores]] archipelago<ref name = "Rosaetal.2017">{{cite journal | last1 = Rosa | first1 = R. | last2 = Kelly | first2 = J. | last3 = Lopes | first3 = V. | last4 = Paula | first4 = J. | last5 = Goncalves | first5 = J. | last6 = Calado | first6 = R. | last7 = Norman | first7 = M. | last8 = Barreiros | first8 = J. | year = 2017 | title = Deep-sea seven-arm octopus hijacks jellyfish in shallow waters | doi = 10.1007/s12526-017-0767-3 | url =https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-017-0767-3 | journal = Marine Biodiversity | volume = | issue = | page = }}</ref> and near [[South Georgia Island]].<ref name = "Guerreiroetal.2015">{{cite journal | last1 = Guerreiro | first1 = M. | last2 = Phillips | first2 = R. | last3 = Cherel | first3 = Y. | last4 = Ceia | first4 = F. | last5 = Alvito | first5 = P. | last6 = Rosa | first6 = R. | last7 = Xavier | first7 = J. | year = 2015 | title = Habitat and trophic ecology of Southern Ocean cephalopods from stable isotope analyses | doi = 10.3354/meps11266 | url =http://www.int-res.com/articles/meps_oa/m530p119.pdf | journal = Marine Ecology Progress Series | volume = 530 | issue = | pages = 119–134 }}</ref>
Since then, several specimens have been caught throughout the Atlantic, as far as the [[Azores]] archipelago<ref name = "Rosaetal.2017">{{cite journal | last1 = Rosa | first1 = R. | last2 = Kelly | first2 = J. | last3 = Lopes | first3 = V. | last4 = Paula | first4 = J. | last5 = Goncalves | first5 = J. | last6 = Calado | first6 = R. | last7 = Norman | first7 = M. | last8 = Barreiros | first8 = J. | year = 2017 | title = Deep-sea seven-arm octopus hijacks jellyfish in shallow waters | doi = 10.1007/s12526-017-0767-3 | journal = Marine Biodiversity | volume = 49| pages = 495–499 | s2cid = 255616524 }}</ref> and near [[South Georgia Island]].<ref name = "Guerreiroetal.2015">{{cite journal | last1 = Guerreiro | first1 = M. | last2 = Phillips | first2 = R. | last3 = Cherel | first3 = Y. | last4 = Ceia | first4 = F. | last5 = Alvito | first5 = P. | last6 = Rosa | first6 = R. | last7 = Xavier | first7 = J. | year = 2015 | title = Habitat and trophic ecology of Southern Ocean cephalopods from stable isotope analyses | doi = 10.3354/meps11266 | url =https://www.int-res.com/articles/meps_oa/m530p119.pdf | journal = Marine Ecology Progress Series | volume = 530 | pages = 119–134 | bibcode = 2015MEPS..530..119G | doi-access = free }}</ref>


In 2002, a single specimen of giant proportions was caught by fishermen trawling at a depth of 920 m off the eastern [[Chatham Rise]], [[New Zealand]]. This specimen, the largest of this species and of all octopuses, was the first validated record of ''Haliphron'' from the South Pacific. It had a [[mantle (mollusc)|mantle]] length of {{convert|0.69|m|ft|abbr=on}}, a total length of {{convert|2.90|m|ft|abbr=on}}, and a weight of {{convert|61.0|kg|lb|abbr=on}}, although it was incomplete.<ref name = "O'Shea2002" /><ref name = "O'Shea2004" />
In 2002, a single specimen of giant proportions was caught by fishermen trawling at a depth of 920 m off the eastern [[Chatham Rise]], [[New Zealand]]. This specimen, the largest of this species and of all octopuses, was the first validated record of ''Haliphron'' from the South Pacific. It had a [[mantle (mollusc)|mantle]] length of {{convert|0.69|m|ft|abbr=on}}, a total length of {{convert|2.90|m|ft|abbr=on}}, and a weight of {{convert|61.0|kg|lb|abbr=on}}, although it was incomplete.<ref name = "O'Shea2002" /><ref name = "O'Shea2004" />


==Ecology==
==Ecology==
Isotopic,<ref name = "Guerreiroetal.2015" /> photographic and video evidence<ref name = "Rosaetal.2017"/> have shown complex interactions between ''H.atlanticus'' and [[jellyfish]] and other gelatinous zooplankton, from feeding to protection, respectively.
Isotopic,<ref name = "Guerreiroetal.2015" /> photographic and video evidence<ref name = "Rosaetal.2017"/> have shown complex interactions between ''H. atlanticus'' and [[jellyfish]] and other gelatinous zooplankton, from feeding to protection, respectively.


Predators of ''H. atlanticus'' include the [[blue shark]], [[Hawaiian monk seal]], [[sperm whale]], and [[swordfish]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Henderson |first1=A. C. |last2=Flannery |first2=K. |last3=Dunne |first3=J. |title=Observations on the biology and ecology of the blue shark in the North-east Atlantic |journal=Journal of Fish Biology |date=May 2001 |volume=58 |issue=5 |pages=1347–1358 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8649.2001.tb02291.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Goodman-Lowe |first1=G. D. |title=Diet of the Hawaiian monk seal (''Monachus schauinslandi'') from the Northwestern Hawaiian islands during 1991 to 1994 |journal=Marine Biology |date=29 October 1998 |volume=132 |issue=3 |pages=535–546 |doi=10.1007/s002270050419}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chua |first1=Marcus A.H. |last2=Lane |first2=David J.W. |last3=Ooi |first3=Seng Keat |last4=Tay |first4=Serene H.X. |last5=Kubodera |first5=Tsunemi |title=Diet and mitochondrial DNA haplotype of a sperm whale (''Physeter macrocephalus'') found dead off Jurong Island, Singapore |journal=PeerJ |date=5 April 2019 |volume=7 |pages=e6705 |doi=10.7717/peerj.6705|pmc=6452849 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Clarke |first1=M.R. |last2=Pascoe |first2=P.L. |title=Cephalopod Species in the Diet of a Sperm Whale (Physeter Catodon) Stranded at Penzance, Cornwall |journal=Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom |date=11 May 2009 |volume=77 |issue=04 |pages=1255 |doi=10.1017/S0025315400038819}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chancollon |first1=Odile |last2=Pusineri |first2=Claire |last3=Ridoux |first3=Vincent |title=Food and feeding ecology of Northeast Atlantic swordfish ( Xiphias gladius ) off the Bay of Biscay |journal=ICES Journal of Marine Science |date=1 September 2006 |doi=10.1016/j.icesjms.2006.03.013}}</ref>
Predators of ''H. atlanticus'' include the [[blue shark]], [[Hawaiian monk seal]], [[sperm whale]], and [[swordfish]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Henderson |first1=A. C. |last2=Flannery |first2=K. |last3=Dunne |first3=J. |title=Observations on the biology and ecology of the blue shark in the North-east Atlantic |journal=Journal of Fish Biology |date=May 2001 |volume=58 |issue=5 |pages=1347–1358 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8649.2001.tb02291.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Goodman-Lowe |first1=G. D. |title=Diet of the Hawaiian monk seal (''Monachus schauinslandi'') from the Northwestern Hawaiian islands during 1991 to 1994 |journal=Marine Biology |date=29 October 1998 |volume=132 |issue=3 |pages=535–546 |doi=10.1007/s002270050419|s2cid=84310964 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chua |first1=Marcus A.H. |last2=Lane |first2=David J.W. |last3=Ooi |first3=Seng Keat |last4=Tay |first4=Serene H.X. |last5=Kubodera |first5=Tsunemi |title=Diet and mitochondrial DNA haplotype of a sperm whale (''Physeter macrocephalus'') found dead off Jurong Island, Singapore |journal=PeerJ |date=5 April 2019 |volume=7 |pages=e6705 |doi=10.7717/peerj.6705|pmc=6452849 |pmid=30984481 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Clarke |first1=M.R. |last2=Pascoe |first2=P.L. |title=Cephalopod Species in the Diet of a Sperm Whale (Physeter Catodon) Stranded at Penzance, Cornwall |journal=Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom |date=11 May 2009 |volume=77 |issue=4 |pages=1255 |doi=10.1017/S0025315400038819|s2cid=86637228 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chancollon |first1=Odile |last2=Pusineri |first2=Claire |last3=Ridoux |first3=Vincent |title=Food and feeding ecology of Northeast Atlantic swordfish ( Xiphias gladius ) off the Bay of Biscay |journal=ICES Journal of Marine Science |date=1 September 2006 |doi=10.1016/j.icesjms.2006.03.013 |volume=63 |issue=6 |pages=1075–1085|doi-access=free }}</ref>


==Beak morphology==
==Beak morphology==
Line 61: Line 61:


==Further reading==
==Further reading==
*Bakken, T. & T. Holthe 2002. ''Haliphron atlanticum''<!--sic--> (Cephalopoda, Alloposidae) caught in Skorafjorden (64°N), Norway. ''Fauna norv.'' '''22''': 37-38.
*Bakken, T. & T. Holthe 2002. ''Haliphron atlanticum''<!--sic--> (Cephalopoda, Alloposidae) caught in Skorafjorden (64°N), Norway. ''Fauna norv.'' '''22''': 37–38.
*Willassen, E. 1986. ''Haliphron atlanticus'' Steenstrup (Cephalopoda: Octopoda) from the coast of Norway. ''Sarsia'' '''71''': 35-40.
*{{cite journal | last1 = Willassen | first1 = E | year = 1986 | title = ''Haliphron atlanticus'' Steenstrup (Cephalopoda: Octopoda) from the coast of Norway | journal = Sarsia | volume = 71 | pages = 35–40 | doi=10.1080/00364827.1986.10419671}}


==External links==
==External links==
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[[Category:Cephalopods of Oceania]]
[[Category:Cephalopods of Oceania]]
[[Category:Cephalopods described in 1861]]
[[Category:Cephalopods described in 1861]]
[[Category:Molluscs of the Azores]]

Latest revision as of 04:11, 6 May 2024

Not to be confused with Septopus from Finding Dory.

Seven-arm octopus
Ventral view of young female (70 mm ML)
Lateral view of young male
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Cephalopoda
Order: Octopoda
Family: Alloposidae
Verrill, 1881
Genus: Haliphron
Steenstrup, 1861
Species:
H. atlanticus
Binomial name
Haliphron atlanticus
Synonyms
  • Alloposus mollis
    Verrill, 1880
  • ?Octopus alberti
    Joubin, 1895
  • Alloposus pacificus
    Ijima & Ikeda, 1902
  • Heptopus danai
    Joubin, 1929
  • Alloposus hardyi
    Robson, 1930
  • ?Alloposina albatrossi
    Robson, 1932

The seven-arm octopus (Haliphron atlanticus), also known as the blob octopus or sometimes called septopus, is one of the two largest known species of octopus; the largest specimen ever discovered had an estimated total length of 3.5 m (11 ft) and mass of 75 kg (165 lb).[3][4] The only other similarly large extant species is the giant Pacific octopus, Enteroctopus dofleini.

The genera Alloposina Grimpe, 1922, Alloposus Verrill, 1880 and Heptopus Joubin, 1929 are junior synonyms of Haliphron, a monotypic genus in the monotypic family Alloposidae, part of the superfamily Argonautoidea in the suborder Incirrata of the order Octopoda.[2]

Description[edit]

Egg string and embryos of H. atlanticus collected north of the Cape Verde Islands (17°24′N 22°57′W / 17.400°N 22.950°W / 17.400; -22.950): The eggs measure around 8 mm at their widest.

The seven-arm octopus is so named because in males, the hectocotylus (a specially modified arm used in egg fertilization) is coiled in a sac beneath the right eye. Due to this species' thick, gelatinous tissue, the arm is easily overlooked, giving the appearance of just seven arms. However, like other octopuses, it actually has eight.[citation needed]

Distribution[edit]

The type specimen of H. atlanticus was collected in the Atlantic Ocean at 38°N 34°W / 38°N 34°W / 38; -34 (west of the Azores). It is deposited at the University of Copenhagen Zoological Museum.[5]

Since then, several specimens have been caught throughout the Atlantic, as far as the Azores archipelago[6] and near South Georgia Island.[7]

In 2002, a single specimen of giant proportions was caught by fishermen trawling at a depth of 920 m off the eastern Chatham Rise, New Zealand. This specimen, the largest of this species and of all octopuses, was the first validated record of Haliphron from the South Pacific. It had a mantle length of 0.69 m (2.3 ft), a total length of 2.90 m (9.5 ft), and a weight of 61.0 kg (134.5 lb), although it was incomplete.[3][4]

Ecology[edit]

Isotopic,[7] photographic and video evidence[6] have shown complex interactions between H. atlanticus and jellyfish and other gelatinous zooplankton, from feeding to protection, respectively.

Predators of H. atlanticus include the blue shark, Hawaiian monk seal, sperm whale, and swordfish.[8][9][10][11][12]

Beak morphology[edit]

Lower (left) and upper beaks of female Haliphron atlanticus (estimated 150 mm ML) in lateral view
3D red cyan glasses are recommended to view this image correctly.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Allcock, L. (2014). "Haliphron atlanticus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T163207A983527. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T163207A983527.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b Julian Finn (2017). "Haliphron Steenstrup, 1859". World Register of Marine Species. Flanders Marine Institute. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
  3. ^ a b O'Shea, S. (2002). "Haliphron atlanticus — a giant gelatinous octopus" (PDF). Biodiversity Update. 5: 1.
  4. ^ a b O'Shea, S. (2004). "The giant octopus Haliphron atlanticus (Mollusca : Octopoda) in New Zealand waters". New Zealand Journal of Zoology. 31 (1): 7–13. doi:10.1080/03014223.2004.9518353. S2CID 84954869.
  5. ^ Current Classification of Recent Cephalopoda
  6. ^ a b Rosa, R.; Kelly, J.; Lopes, V.; Paula, J.; Goncalves, J.; Calado, R.; Norman, M.; Barreiros, J. (2017). "Deep-sea seven-arm octopus hijacks jellyfish in shallow waters". Marine Biodiversity. 49: 495–499. doi:10.1007/s12526-017-0767-3. S2CID 255616524.
  7. ^ a b Guerreiro, M.; Phillips, R.; Cherel, Y.; Ceia, F.; Alvito, P.; Rosa, R.; Xavier, J. (2015). "Habitat and trophic ecology of Southern Ocean cephalopods from stable isotope analyses" (PDF). Marine Ecology Progress Series. 530: 119–134. Bibcode:2015MEPS..530..119G. doi:10.3354/meps11266.
  8. ^ Henderson, A. C.; Flannery, K.; Dunne, J. (May 2001). "Observations on the biology and ecology of the blue shark in the North-east Atlantic". Journal of Fish Biology. 58 (5): 1347–1358. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2001.tb02291.x.
  9. ^ Goodman-Lowe, G. D. (29 October 1998). "Diet of the Hawaiian monk seal (Monachus schauinslandi) from the Northwestern Hawaiian islands during 1991 to 1994". Marine Biology. 132 (3): 535–546. doi:10.1007/s002270050419. S2CID 84310964.
  10. ^ Chua, Marcus A.H.; Lane, David J.W.; Ooi, Seng Keat; Tay, Serene H.X.; Kubodera, Tsunemi (5 April 2019). "Diet and mitochondrial DNA haplotype of a sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) found dead off Jurong Island, Singapore". PeerJ. 7: e6705. doi:10.7717/peerj.6705. PMC 6452849. PMID 30984481.
  11. ^ Clarke, M.R.; Pascoe, P.L. (11 May 2009). "Cephalopod Species in the Diet of a Sperm Whale (Physeter Catodon) Stranded at Penzance, Cornwall". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 77 (4): 1255. doi:10.1017/S0025315400038819. S2CID 86637228.
  12. ^ Chancollon, Odile; Pusineri, Claire; Ridoux, Vincent (1 September 2006). "Food and feeding ecology of Northeast Atlantic swordfish ( Xiphias gladius ) off the Bay of Biscay". ICES Journal of Marine Science. 63 (6): 1075–1085. doi:10.1016/j.icesjms.2006.03.013.

Further reading[edit]

  • Bakken, T. & T. Holthe 2002. Haliphron atlanticum (Cephalopoda, Alloposidae) caught in Skorafjorden (64°N), Norway. Fauna norv. 22: 37–38.
  • Willassen, E (1986). "Haliphron atlanticus Steenstrup (Cephalopoda: Octopoda) from the coast of Norway". Sarsia. 71: 35–40. doi:10.1080/00364827.1986.10419671.

External links[edit]

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seven-arm_octopus&oldid=1222471113"