Parachromis managuensis: Difference between revisions
Content deleted Content added
Notifying subject page of move discussion on Talk:Parachromis managuensis |
|||
| (91 intermediate revisions by 53 users not shown) | |||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{Short description|Species of cichlid fish}} |
|||
{{Italic title}}{{Taxobox |
|||
<noinclude>{{User:RMCD bot/subject notice|1=Jaguar cichlid|2=Talk:Parachromis managuensis#Requested move 13 May 2024}} |
|||
</noinclude>{{Speciesbox |
|||
| image = Managuense_with_eggs.jpg |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
| image_width = 250px |
|||
| |
| image = Parachromis managuensis 2012 G1.jpg |
||
| authority = ([[Albert Günther|Günther]], 1867) |
|||
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia |
|||
| status = LC |
|||
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]] |
|||
| status_system = IUCN3.1 |
|||
| classis = [[Actinopterygii]] |
|||
| status_ref = <ref name="IUCN"/> |
|||
| ordo = [[Perciformes]] |
|||
| synonyms = |
|||
| familia = [[Cichlidae]] |
|||
{{Species list |
|||
| subfamilia = [[Cichlasomatinae]] |
|||
|''Parachromis gulosus''|[[Louis Agassiz|Agassiz]], 1859 (ambiguous synonym) |
|||
| genus = ''[[Parachromis]]'' |
|||
|''Heros managuensis''|Günther, 1867 |
|||
| species = '''''P. managuense''''' |
|||
|''Cichlasoma managuense''|(Günther, 1867) |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
|''Herichthys managuense''|(Günther, 1867) |
|||
|''Nandopsis managuense''|(Günther, 1867) |
|||
}} |
|||
| synonyms_ref = <ref name="FishBase"/> |
|||
}} |
}} |
||
| ⚫ | '''''Parachromis managuensis''''' is a [[cichlid]] native to [[ |
||
| ⚫ | '''''Parachromis managuensis''''' is a large species of [[cichlid]] native to [[Fresh water|freshwater]] habitats in [[Central America]], where it is found from [[Honduras]] to [[Costa Rica]].<ref name="FishBase"/> The [[Binomial nomenclature|binomial name]] refers to [[Lake Managua]] in [[Nicaragua]], from which the [[holotype]] was obtained.<ref name="EschmeyerCOF"/> It is a [[Fish as food|food fish]] and is also found in the [[aquarium]] trade where it is variously known as the '''jaguar cichlid''', '''managuense cichlid''', '''managua cichlid''', '''guapote tigre''', '''Aztec cichlid''', '''spotted guapote''' and '''jaguar guapote'''.<ref name="FishBase"/> In Costa Rica, it is known as the '''''guapote tigre'''''.<ref name="CCT.Ramsar"/> |
||
| ⚫ | |||
== |
==Description== |
||
''P. managuensis'' is a robust fish with a silvery or golden-green to purple colour, with a darker moss green shade at the dorsum. The sides show a purple iridescence and the belly is whitish or yellowish. A series of several large black dots then run horizontally along the lateral line area. The fins are often a dark to black coloration, especially when in [[Spawn (biology)|spawning]] coloration. The most distinguished feature is a black stripe than run from the eye to the opercular margin.<ref name="FishBase"/> Males grow to a total length of {{convert|65|cm|in}} and females to {{convert|40|cm|in}}.<ref name="DelMoral-Flores2020"/> The female also lacks the elongated extensions to the dorsal fins. |
|||
The ''Parachromis managuensis'' (commonly known as the jaguar cichlid) is the most commonly traded species of its genus and is greatly valued among the aquarium trade. |
|||
As with all members of the genus, the jaguar cichlid is a large, aggressive and territorial member of the cichlidae. All members of the ''Parachromis'' are visually alike, and can only be identified by minor differences in apperiance. The Jaguar cichlid is a large, robust cichlid, displaying a shade of yellow/bronze throughout the body. This yellow colouration is then scattered with vivid black spots which are seen all along the flanks and gill plates. A series of several large black dots then run horizontally along the lateral line area.The fins are often a dark to black colouration, especially when in spawning colouration. |
|||
==Ecology== |
|||
The female is similarly colored, but generally smaller than the male. The female will also lack the elongated extensions to the dorsal fins. This fish may also be found in honduras and the rest of central america where it plays a great role in the fishing industry |
|||
| ⚫ | ''P. managuensis'' inhabits lakes and prefers turbid waters with mud bottoms and is tolerant to [[eutrophication|eutrophic]] and [[hypoxia (environmental)|hypoxic]] conditions.<ref name="DelMoral-Flores2020" /> It is a [[carnivorous]], highly predatory species. Adults feed mainly on small fish, while juveniles rely on a variety of [[macroinvertebrate]]s. It prefers [[turbid]], [[eutrophic]] lakes, often found in warm water depleted of oxygen. Its native [[Substrate (marine biology)|substrate]] is mud-bottoms, but it can also be found in ponds and springs with sandy bottoms covered in plant debris. The species inhabits lakes in a [[tropical]] climate and prefers water with a 7.0–8.7 [[pH]], a water hardness of 10–15 [[dGH]], and a temperature range of 25 to 36 °C (77 to 97 °F).<ref name="FishBase"/> |
||
==Distribution== |
|||
The ''Parachromis managuensis'' is capable of reaching 13" (330 mm) in length with the female slightly smaller than the male, reaching lengths of about 9–10" (230–250 mm). |
|||
The natural distribution of ''P. managuensis'' goes from the [[Ulúa River]] in Honduras to [[Matina River]] basin in Costa Rica.<ref name="FishBase"/> However, it has been introduced in other countries in Central America, as well as in the United States, as a food source, for aquarism and to control fish populations.<ref name="DelMoral-Flores2020"/> |
|||
It is highly advisable that a breeding pair of jaguar cichlids, or any other member of the ''Parachromis'', are kept singularly,with the exception of very large aquaria, as a breeding pair will become hyper-aggressive, and pose great danger to any other fish in the tank..[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Managuense_with_eggs.jpg/250px-Managuense_with_eggs.jpg] |
|||
===Conservation status=== |
|||
==Breeding== |
|||
This species has been assessed by the [[IUCN Red List]] as [[least concern|least-concern species]].<ref name=IUCN/> It occurs in the [[Maquenque National Wildlife Refuge]].<ref name="CCT.Ramsar"/> |
|||
Breeding can be achieved with very little effort and no specific requirements are needed for such purposes. As long as water conditions are maintained at a desirable high quality, a breeding pair of jaguar cichlids will readily spawn. To enhance the likelihood of acquiring a breeding pair, purchase several healthy and active juveniles at a young age (between 6 and 10) and grow these specimens until sexual maturity. Generally, you should be left with a breeding pair or two. These fish will noticeably become more aggressive and territorial, Remove all other fish at this point and keep the newly formed breeding pair separate. When a breeding pair had been successfully established,The male will begin to court the female by displaying his erect finnage as he tries to impress her in an attempt for her to accept his mating invitation. The pair will begin to clean a flat surface if the female is responsive of the male's previous courting behavior.The female with then lay approximately 1000–2000 orange coloured eggs which will then be fertilized by the male. The eggs will be ferociously guarded by both parents and a high degree of parental care is shown to the eggs and fry. When the eggs 'hatch' after approximately 5 to 7 days, the offspring (known as wrigglers at this stage in development) are defenseless and are unable to swim. They are often transported to pre dug pits by both parents, and are guarded. The fry will begin to swim in approximately 7 days and should be fed with baby brine shrimp or alike. If you would like to rear these fry, they should be removed at this point as they will later be consumed by both parents as the female becomes due to spawn once more. Feed the fry baby brine shrimp until the stage where they are large enough to consume blood worm, daphnia and other live foods. When purchasing fish in an attempt to acquire a breeding pair, try to buy fish from different sources. There is a high probability that when buying fish from the same source, Fish will be from the same parents (Siblings). This should be avoided, as breeding fish in this manner may form offspring with genetic disease usually associated with interbreeding. Also, buy fish of a similar size, the chances of acquiring a breeding pair with fish of a similar size is significant to that of attempting to breed fish of different age and size. |
|||
== |
==See also== |
||
| ⚫ | |||
The aquarium should be large (400 l +)100g+ for a breeding pair of jaguar cichlids. As with all members of its genus, These fish are large and heavily built cichlids who are aggressive and highly territorial. Decor should be kept to a minimum in such an aquarium and sand or fine gravel should be used as the main substrate. Many pieces of flat slate or rock should also be included for the purpose of spawning. |
|||
== |
==References== |
||
{{Reflist|refs= |
|||
The ''Parachromis'' are a highly predatory group of fish and are by no means fussy eaters. These cichlids will readily accept most food substances offered. Diet should be varied however. Offer a variety of insect, including blood worm, earthworm, mysis, crickets (for larger specimens). Chopped meat can also be offered along with beef heart (offer very sparingly due to its high fat content) along with prawn and fish (live/frozen). Frozen fish is a much preferred method of feeding fish as many "feeder fish" carry the risk of the introducing disease into your aquarium, possibly harming your fish. |
|||
<ref name="CCT.Ramsar">{{cite report|last1=Varga|first1=Mauricio Salas|date=July 2008|title=Humedales de Ramsar (FIR) – Versión 2006-2008|publisher=Centro Científico Tropical|page=20|language=es|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/CR1918RIS.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=27 March 2024|archive-url=https://archive.today/20240327223333/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/CR1918RIS.pdf|archive-date=27 March 2024}}</ref> |
|||
==Sexing== |
|||
Females are smaller than the male and the red pigment seems more prominent in the gill plates. The red colouration is significantly prominent in the female in breeding colors. The male's dorsal and ventral fins are also much more extended and elongated than the female's. |
|||
<ref name="DelMoral-Flores2020">{{cite journal|last1=Del Moral-Flores|first1=Luis Fernando|last2=Pintor|first2=Rubén|last3=García-Mercado|first3=Eduardo|last4=León|first4=Cesar|title=A new record of the exotic Guapote jaguar, ''Parachromis managuensis'' (Günther, 1867) (Cichliformes, Cichlidae) in a tropical coastal lagoon of the Mexican Pacific slope|journal=[[Pensoft Publishers|Neotropical Biology and Conservation]]|date=18 November 2020|volume=15|issue=4|pages=479–485|eissn=2236-3777|doi=10.3897/neotropical.15.e57669|doi-access=free|url=https://neotropical.pensoft.net/article/57669/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20240327222234/https://neotropical.pensoft.net/article/57669/|archive-date=27 March 2024}}{{open access}}</ref> |
|||
==Water chemistry== |
|||
pH of 7.0–8.0 preferably. Temperature of 22 to 27 °C. |
|||
<ref name="EschmeyerCOF">{{Cite web|url=http://research.calacademy.org/redirect?url=http%3A%2F%2Fresearcharchive.calacademy.org%2Fresearch%2Fichthyology%2Fcatalog%2Ffishcatget.asp&tbl=species&spid=16450|title=California Academy of Sciences: Catalog of Fishes|access-date=30 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130222213805/http://research.calacademy.org/redirect?url=http%3A%2F%2Fresearcharchive.calacademy.org%2Fresearch%2Fichthyology%2Fcatalog%2Ffishcatget.asp&tbl=species&spid=16450|archive-date=22 February 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> |
|||
==See also== |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
<ref name="FishBase">{{FishBase|genus=Parachromis|species=managuensis|month=July|year=2022}}</ref> |
|||
<ref name="IUCN">{{cite iucn|last1=Lyons|first1=Tim J.|last2=Matamoros|first2=Wilfredo A.|date=2020|title=''Parachromis managuensis''|page=e.T18243419A161824499|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T18243419A161824499.en||url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/18243419/161824499|url-status=live||access-date=9 April 2024|archive-url=https://archive.today/20240327205118/https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/18243419/161824499|archive-date=27 March 2024}}</ref> |
|||
}} |
|||
==External links== |
==External links== |
||
| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | |||
{{Commons category|Parachromis managuensis}} |
|||
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131014173444/http://www.yourpetclip.com/articles/jaguar-cichlid-care/ The Jaguar Cichlid – Beautiful Predator Tropical Fish] |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
{{Taxonbar|from=Q3743}} |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | |||
{{DEFAULTSORT:Parachromis managuensis}} |
|||
[[ |
[[Category:Parachromis|managuensis]] |
||
[[Category:Cichlid fish of Central America]] |
|||
[[no:Jaguarciklide]] |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
[[pl:Pielęgnica managuańska]] |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
[[zh:馬拉麗體魚]] |
|||
[[Category:Freshwater fish of Nicaragua]] |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | |||
[[Category:Extant Tortonian first appearances]] |
|||
[[Category:Taxa named by Albert Günther]] |
|||
Latest revision as of 00:33, 13 May 2024
 | A request that this article title be changed to Jaguar cichlid is under discussion. Please do not move this article until the discussion is closed. |
| Parachromis managuensis | |
|---|---|
| |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Cichliformes |
| Family: | Cichlidae |
| Genus: | Parachromis |
| Species: | P. managuensis
|
| Binomial name | |
| Parachromis managuensis (Günther, 1867)
| |
| Synonyms[2] | |
| |
Parachromis managuensis is a large species of cichlid native to freshwater habitats in Central America, where it is found from Honduras to Costa Rica.[2] The binomial name refers to Lake Managua in Nicaragua, from which the holotype was obtained.[3] It is a food fish and is also found in the aquarium trade where it is variously known as the jaguar cichlid, managuense cichlid, managua cichlid, guapote tigre, Aztec cichlid, spotted guapote and jaguar guapote.[2] In Costa Rica, it is known as the guapote tigre.[4]
Description[edit]
P. managuensis is a robust fish with a silvery or golden-green to purple colour, with a darker moss green shade at the dorsum. The sides show a purple iridescence and the belly is whitish or yellowish. A series of several large black dots then run horizontally along the lateral line area. The fins are often a dark to black coloration, especially when in spawning coloration. The most distinguished feature is a black stripe than run from the eye to the opercular margin.[2] Males grow to a total length of 65 centimetres (26 in) and females to 40 centimetres (16 in).[5] The female also lacks the elongated extensions to the dorsal fins.
Ecology[edit]
P. managuensis inhabits lakes and prefers turbid waters with mud bottoms and is tolerant to eutrophic and hypoxic conditions.[5] It is a carnivorous, highly predatory species. Adults feed mainly on small fish, while juveniles rely on a variety of macroinvertebrates. It prefers turbid, eutrophic lakes, often found in warm water depleted of oxygen. Its native substrate is mud-bottoms, but it can also be found in ponds and springs with sandy bottoms covered in plant debris. The species inhabits lakes in a tropical climate and prefers water with a 7.0–8.7 pH, a water hardness of 10–15 dGH, and a temperature range of 25 to 36 °C (77 to 97 °F).[2]
Distribution[edit]
The natural distribution of P. managuensis goes from the Ulúa River in Honduras to Matina River basin in Costa Rica.[2] However, it has been introduced in other countries in Central America, as well as in the United States, as a food source, for aquarism and to control fish populations.[5]
Conservation status[edit]
This species has been assessed by the IUCN Red List as least-concern species.[1] It occurs in the Maquenque National Wildlife Refuge.[4]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ a b Lyons, Tim J.; Matamoros, Wilfredo A. (2020). "Parachromis managuensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T18243419A161824499. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T18243419A161824499.en. Archived from the original on 27 March 2024. Retrieved 9 April 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2022). "Parachromis managuensis" in FishBase. July 2022 version.
- ^ "California Academy of Sciences: Catalog of Fishes". Archived from the original on 22 February 2013. Retrieved 30 April 2020.
- ^ a b Varga, Mauricio Salas (July 2008). Humedales de Ramsar (FIR) – Versión 2006-2008 (PDF) (Report) (in Spanish). Centro Científico Tropical. p. 20. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 March 2024. Retrieved 27 March 2024.
- ^ a b c Del Moral-Flores, Luis Fernando; Pintor, Rubén; García-Mercado, Eduardo; León, Cesar (18 November 2020). "A new record of the exotic Guapote jaguar, Parachromis managuensis (Günther, 1867) (Cichliformes, Cichlidae) in a tropical coastal lagoon of the Mexican Pacific slope". Neotropical Biology and Conservation. 15 (4): 479–485. doi:10.3897/neotropical.15.e57669. eISSN 2236-3777. Archived from the original on 27 March 2024.
External links[edit]
Wikispecies has information related to Parachromis managuensis.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Parachromis managuensis.