James II of England and Chris Myers (New Jersey politician): Difference between pages
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{{Future election candidate|article|Myers, Chris}} |
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{{Infobox British Royalty|majesty |
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{{Infobox Candidate |
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| name =James II & VII<small><ref name=james7>In Scotland, he was called '''James VII,''' as there were six previous kings of that nation named James.</ref></small> |
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| image = Myers_Headshot_Smaller.JPG |
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| title =King of [[Kingdom of England|England]] and [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]], King of [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scots]] |
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| ImageWidth = 200 |
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| image =King_James_II_and_VII.jpg |
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| name = Chris Myers |
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| caption =[[Godfrey Kneller]], 1684 |
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| year = 2008 |
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| reign =[[6 February]] [[1685]] – [[11 December]] [[1688]] |
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| party = [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] |
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| coronation =[[23 April]] [[1685]] (England only) |
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| office = Congress |
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| predecessor =[[Charles II of England|Charles II]] |
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| state = New Jersey |
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| successor =[[William III of England|William III]] and [[Mary II of England|Mary II]]<br />[[James Francis Edward Stuart|''James III and VIII'']] |
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| office = Candidate for {{ushr|New Jersey|3}} |
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| suc-type = Successor<br /><span style="float: right; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal;">Jacobite:</span> |
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}} |
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| spouse =[[Mary of Modena]] |
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{{Infobox Mayor |
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| issue = [[Mary II of England|Mary II]]<br>[[Anne of Great Britain|Anne]]<br> |
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| office = Mayor of [[Medford, New Jersey]] |
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[[James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick]]<br>[[James Francis Edward Stuart|James, Prince of Wales, "The Old Pretender"]]<br>[[Louisa Maria Teresa Stuart]] |
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| age = 42 |
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| birth_date = |
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| issue-pipe = among others |
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| death_date = |
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| titles =''HM'' The King<br />''HRH'' The Duke of York<br /> Prince James |
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| death_place = |
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| royal house =[[House of Stuart]] |
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| nationality = |
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| father =[[Charles I of England]] |
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| party = [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] |
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| spouse = Tiffany Myers |
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| relations = |
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| place of birth =[[St. James's Palace]], [[London]] |
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| children = Two (Son and daughter) |
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| residence = |
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| place of death =[[Saint-Germain-en-Laye]], [[France]] |
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| alma_mater = [[University of Colorado]] (Bachelor's Degree); [[Cornell University]] (Master's Degree) |
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| place of burial =Saint-Germain-en-Laye |
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| occupation = |
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|}} |
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| profession = [[U.S. Navy]]/Vice President of [[Lockheed Martin]] |
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'''James II and VII''' ([[14 October]] [[1633]] – [[16 September]] [[1701]])<ref>An assertion found in many sources that James II died [[6 September]] [[1701]] ([[17 September]] [[1701]] [[New Style]]) may result from a miscalculation done by an author of anonymous "An Exact Account of the Sickness and Death of the Late King James II, as also of the Proceedings at St. Germains thereupon, 1701, in a letter from an English gentleman in France to his friend in London" (Somers Tracts, ed. 1809–1815, XI, pp. 339–342). The account reads: "And on Friday the 17th instant, about three in the afternoon, the king died, the day he always fasted in memory of our blessed Saviour's passion, the day he ever desired to die on, and the ninth hour, according to the Jewish account, when our Saviour was crucified." As [[17 September]] [[1701]] [[New Style]] falls on a Saturday and the author insists that James died on Friday, "the day he ever desired to die on", an inevitable conclusion is that the author miscalculated the date which later made it to various reference works. See "English Historical Documents 1660–1714", ed. by Andrew Browning (London and New York: Routledge, 2001), 136–138.</ref> was [[List of English monarchs|King of England]], [[List of Scottish monarchs|King of Scots]],<ref name=james7/> and [[King of Ireland]] from [[6 February]] [[1685]]. The English Parliament retroactively deemed him to have abdicated on [[11 December]] [[1688]]. The Scottish Parliament on 11 April 1689 declared him to have forfeited the throne. He remained de facto King of Ireland until 1690. He was the last [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] monarch to reign over the Kingdoms of [[Kingdom of England|England]], [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]], and [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]]. Many of his subjects distrusted his religious policies and autocratic tendencies, leading a group of them to depose him in the [[Glorious Revolution]] in 1688. He was replaced not by his Roman Catholic son, [[James Francis Edward Stuart|James Francis Edward]], but by his Protestant daughter and son-in-law, [[Mary II of England|Mary II]] and [[William III of England|William III]], who became joint rulers in 1689. James made one serious attempt to recover his crowns, when he landed in Ireland in 1689. After his defeat at the [[Battle of the Boyne]] in the summer of 1690, James returned to [[France]], living out the rest of his life under the protection of his cousin and ally, [[Louis XIV of France|King Louis XIV]]. |
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| residence = [[Medford, New Jersey]] |
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| religion = [[Episcopalian]] |
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| website = http://www.chrismyersforcongress.com |
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}} |
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'''Chris Myers''' (c. 1966), was born and raised in [[New Jersey's 3rd congressional district]]. He served in the [[United States Navy]] during the [[Gulf War]], served as the Vice President, Business Development of Lockheed Martin, and was elected to the [[Medford, New Jersey]] Township Council in 2003 and 2007, serving as Mayor in 2004 and 2008. |
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James is best known for his belief in [[absolute monarchy]] and his attempts to create [[Freedom of religion|religious liberty]] for his subjects. Both of these went against the wishes of the [[Parliament of England|English Parliament]] and of most of his subjects. Parliament, opposed to the growth of absolutism that was occurring in other European countries, as well as to the loss of legal supremacy for the [[Church of England]], saw their opposition as a way to preserve traditional English liberties. This tension made James's three-year reign a struggle for supremacy between the Parliament and the crown, resulting in his ouster, the passage of the [[Bill of Rights 1689|English Bill of Rights]], and the [[Act of Settlement 1701|Hanoverian succession]]. |
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==Personal Biography== |
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==Birth and early life== |
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Raised in the Pinelands in Medford Township, he attended public schools, graduating from [[Shawnee High School (New Jersey)|Shawnee High School]]. He later graduated from the [[University of Colorado]] with a degree in political science, and holds a master’s degree in public administration from [[Cornell University]]. <ref name=ChrisMyers>[http://www.chrismyersforcongress.com Home page], Chris Myers for Congress. Accessed [[August 14]], [[2008]].</ref> |
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[[Image:Charles I and James II.png|235px|left|thumb|The future James II with his father, [[Charles I of England|Charles I]]]]James, the second surviving son of [[Charles I of England|Charles I]] and [[Henrietta Maria of France]], was born at [[St. James's Palace]] in [[London]] on [[14 October]] [[1633]].<ref>Miller, 1</ref> Later that same year, James was baptized by [[William Laud]], the [[Church of England|Anglican]] [[Archbishop of Canterbury]].<ref name=callow31>Callow, 31</ref> James was educated by tutors, along with his brother, the future [[Charles II of England|King Charles II]], and the two sons of the [[George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham|Duke of Buckingham]], [[George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham|George]] and Francis Villiers.<ref>Callow, 34</ref> At the age of three, James was appointed [[Admiralty|Lord High Admiral]]; the position was initially honorary, but would become a substantive office after the Restoration, when James was an adult.<ref>Miller, 10; Callow, 101</ref> |
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He currently resides in Medford with his wife of 15 years, Tiffany, and his two young children. |
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===Civil War=== |
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James was invested with the [[Order of the Garter]] in 1642,<ref>Callow, 36</ref> and created [[Duke of York]] on [[January 22]] [[1644]].<ref name=callow31/> As the King's disputes with the [[English Parliament]] grew into the [[English Civil War]] James stayed in [[Oxford]], a Royalist stronghold.<ref>Callow, 42; Miller, 3</ref> When the city surrendered after the [[siege of Oxford]] in 1646, Parliamentary leaders ordered the Duke of York to be confined in [[St. James's Palace]].<ref>Callow, 45</ref> In 1648, he escaped from the Palace and from there he went to [[The Hague]] in disguise.<ref>Callow, 48–50</ref> When Charles I was executed by the rebels in 1649, monarchists proclaimed James's older brother, [[Charles II of England|Charles]], as King Charles II.<ref name=royle517>Royle, 517</ref> Charles II was recognized by the [[Parliament of Scotland]] and the [[Parliament of Ireland]], and was crowned [[King of Scots]] at [[Scone, Perth and Kinross|Scone]], in Scotland in 1651. Although he was proclaimed King at [[Jersey]], Charles was unable to secure the [[crown of England]], and consequently fled to [[France]] and exile.<ref name=royle517/> |
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==Military Experience== |
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Myers, a decorated combat veteran of the [[Gulf War|Persian Gulf War]], served as the communications officer, anti-air warfare officer, and operations officer on the Navy’s first forward deployed Aegis-equipped cruiser, [[USS Bunker Hill]]. In this position, Chris directed the actions of four aircraft carriers and hundreds of land and sea-based aircraft, as well as missile ships from U.S. and allied nations. After leaving USS Bunker Hill, he served as the joint air defense officer for the combined U.S. and NATO Staff of Commander, Second Fleet and Commander Striking Fleet Atlantic aboard the flagship [[USS Mount Whitney]]. In this capacity, Myers designed and coordinated Air Defense and Tomahawk plans for exercise and real world operations. His military decorations include a Meritorious Service Medal, Joint Service Commendation Medal, Joint Service Achievement Medal, Navy Commendation Medal (with Combat V), several Navy Achievement Medals, Combat Action Ribbon and Liberation of Kuwait Medal. <ref name=ChrisMyers/> |
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[[Image:Henri-turenne 2.jpg|right|150px|thumb|Turenne, James's commander in France]]Like his brother, James sought refuge in France, serving in the French army under [[Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne, Vicomte de Turenne|Turenne]] against the [[Fronde]], and later against their Spanish allies.<ref name=miller16>Miller, 16–17</ref> In the French army, James had his first true experience of battle where, according to one observer, he "ventures himself and chargeth gallantly where anything is to be done".<ref name=miller16/> In 1656, when his brother, Charles, entered into an alliance with [[Spain]]—an enemy of France—James was expelled from France and forced to leave Turenne's army.<ref>Miller, 19–20</ref> James quarrelled with his brother over the diplomatic choice of Spain over France. Exiled and poor, there was little that either Charles or James could do about the larger diplomatic situation, and James ultimately travelled to [[Bruges]] and (along with his younger brother, [[Henry Stuart, Duke of Gloucester|Henry]]) joined the Spanish army under [[Louis II de Bourbon, Prince de Condé|Louis, Prince of Condé]], fighting against his former French comrades at the [[Battle of the Dunes (1658)|Battle of the Dunes]].<ref>Miller, 19–25</ref> During his term of service in the Spanish army, James became friendly with two Irish Catholic brothers in the Royalist entourage, [[Archbishop Peter Talbot|Peter]] and [[Richard Talbot, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell|Richard Talbot]], and began to be somewhat estranged from his brother's Anglican advisers.<ref>Miller, 22–23</ref> In 1659, the French and Spanish [[Treaty of the Pyrenees|made peace]]. James, doubtful of his brother's chances of regaining the throne, considered taking a Spanish offer to be an admiral in their navy.<ref>Miller, 24</ref> Ultimately, he declined the position; by the next year the situation in England had sufficiently changed, and Charles II was proclaimed King.<ref>Miller, 25</ref> |
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<div style="clear:both;"></div> |
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==Business Experience== |
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==Restoration== |
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Upon leaving the Navy, Chris joined [[Lockheed Martin]] and became a program manager in the Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD) Program Office at NE&SS-Surface Systems. In that position, he led the High Range Resolution Program that consisted of a series of radar enhancements and at-sea tests to support Navy BMD efforts. He was promoted to director, Missile Defense and Radar Programs, charged with overseeing Lockheed Martin’s radar business and role in BMD domestically and internationally. |
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===Marriage=== |
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[[Image:James II and Anne Hyde.png|250px|thumb|James and Anne Hyde in the 1660s, by Sir [[Peter Lely]]]]After [[Oliver Cromwell|Oliver Cromwell's]] death in 1658 and the subsequent collapse of the [[Commonwealth of England|Commonwealth]] in 1660, Charles II was restored to the English throne. Although James was the [[heir-presumptive]], it seemed unlikely that he would inherit the crown, as Charles was still a young man capable of fathering children.<ref>Callow, 89</ref> Upon his brother's restoration, James was created [[Duke of Albany]] in Scotland, to go along with his English title, Duke of York. Upon his return to England, James produced an immediate controversy by announcing his engagement to [[Anne Hyde]], the daughter of Charles's chief minister, [[Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon|Edward Hyde]].<ref>Callow, 90</ref> In 1659, while attempting to seduce her, James promised he would marry Anne.<ref>Miller, 44</ref> Anne became pregnant in 1660, but following the [[English Restoration|Restoration]] and James's return to power, no one at the royal court expected a prince to marry a commoner, no matter what he had pledged beforehand.<ref name=miller44>Miller, 44–45</ref> Although nearly everyone, including Anne's father, urged the two not to marry, they did so.<ref name=miller44/> The couple was married secretly, then went through an official marriage ceremony on [[3 September]] [[1660]], in [[London]]. Their first child, Charles, was born less than two months later, but died in infancy, as did five further sons and daughters.<ref name=miller44/> Only two daughters survived: [[Mary II of England|Mary]] (born [[30 April]] [[1662]]) and [[Anne of Great Britain|Anne]] (born [[6 February]] [[1665]]).<ref>Waller, 49–50</ref> [[Samuel Pepys]] wrote that James was fond of his children and his role as a father, writing that he played with them "like an ordinary father," a contrast to the distant parenting common to royals at the time.<ref>Miller, 46</ref> James's wife was devoted to him and influenced many of his decisions.<ref>Miller, 45–46</ref> Even so, he kept a variety of mistresses, including [[Arabella Churchill (royal mistress)|Arabella Churchill]] and [[Catherine Sedley, Countess of Dorchester|Catherine Sedley]], and was reputed to be "the most unguarded ogler of his time."<ref>Miller, 46. [[Samuel Pepys]] recorded in his diary that James "did eye my wife mightily." Ibid. James's taste in women was often maligned, with [[Gilbert Burnet]] famously remarking that James's mistresses must have been "given him by his priests as a penance." Miller, 59.</ref> Anne Hyde died in 1671. |
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He was promoted to Vice President, Business Development where he was responsible for new business acquisition, technology research and development for Lockheed Martin Maritime Systems & Sensors’ (MS2). In this capacity, he is responsible for new business acquisition, technology research and development for MS2. |
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===Military and political offices=== |
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After the Restoration, James was confirmed as [[Admiralty|Lord High Admiral]], an office that carried with it the subsidiary appointments of Governor of [[Portsmouth]] and [[Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports]].<ref>Callow, 101</ref> James commanded the [[Royal Navy]] during the [[Second Anglo-Dutch War|Second]] (1665–1667) and [[Third Anglo-Dutch War]]s (1672–1674). Following the [[raid on the Medway]] in 1667, James oversaw the survey and re-fortification of the southern coast.<ref>Callow, 104</ref> The office of Lord High Admiral, combined with his revenue from [[Post Office (United Kingdom)|post office]] and wine tariffs (granted him by Charles upon his restoration) gave James a sufficient salary to keep a sizeable court household.<ref>Miller, 42</ref> |
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During his tenure, more than a thousand jobs have been added to the workforce. |
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Following its capture by the English in 1664, the Dutch territory of [[New Netherland]] was named the [[Province of New York]] in James's honour. After the founding, the duke gave the colony to proprieters, George Carteret and John Lord Berkeley. [[Fort Orange]], 240 kilometres (150 miles) north on the [[Hudson River]], was renamed [[Albany, New York|Albany]] after James's Scottish title.<ref name=miller44/> In 1683, he became the governor of the [[Hudson's Bay Company]], but did not take an active role in its governance.<ref name=miller44/> James also headed the [[Royal African Company]], which participated in the [[slave trade]].<ref>Miller, 43–44</ref> |
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Chris was also vice president, Advanced Programs, where he was responsible for leading the MS2’s efforts in developing advanced sensors and weapons systems for surface combatant ships. Before that role, he was vice president, Sea-based Missile Defense, which included Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense and integrating all missile defense activity across MS2. |
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===Conversion to Catholicism=== |
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[[Image:Mary of modena lg.jpg|left|thumb|[[Mary of Modena]], James's second wife]]James's time in France had exposed him to Catholicism and he and his wife, Anne, became drawn to that faith.<ref>Miller, 58–59; Callow, 144–145. Callow writes that Anne "made the greatest single impact upon his thinking" and that she converted shortly after the Restoration, "almost certainly before her husband." Ibid., 144.</ref> James took [[Eucharist|Communion]] in the [[Roman Catholic Church]] in about 1668 or 1669, although his conversion was kept secret for some time and he continued to attend Anglican services until 1676.<ref>Callow, 143–144; Waller, 135</ref> In spite of his conversion, James continued to associate primarily with Anglicans, including [[John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough|John Churchill]] and [[George Legge, 1st Baron Dartmouth|George Legge]], as well as [[Huguenot|French Protestants]], such as [[Louis de Duras, 2nd Earl of Feversham|Louis de Duras]], the Earl of Feversham.<ref>Callow, 149</ref> |
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In the past two years, he initiated and continues to lead Lockheed Martin’s efforts to produce solar powered projects in alternative energy. <ref name=ChrisMyers/> |
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Growing fears of Catholic influence at court led Parliament to introduce a new [[Test Act]] in 1673.<ref name=miller69>Miller, 69–71</ref> Under this Act, all civil and military officials were required to take an oath (in which they were required not only to disavow the doctrine of [[transubstantiation]], but also denounce certain practices of the Roman Catholic Church as "superstitious and idolatrous") and to receive communion under the auspices of the [[Church of England]].<ref>Kenyon, 385</ref> James refused to perform both actions, instead choosing to relinquish the post of Lord High Admiral. His conversion to Catholicism was thereby made public.<ref name=miller69/> |
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==Political Experience== |
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Charles II opposed the conversion, ordering that James's daughters, Mary and Anne, be raised as Protestants.<ref>Waller, 92</ref> Nevertheless, he allowed James to marry the Catholic [[Mary of Modena]], a fifteen-year-old Italian princess.<ref>Waller, 16–17</ref> James and Mary were [[Proxy marriage|married by proxy]] in a Catholic ceremony on [[September 20]] [[1673]].<ref>Miller, 73</ref> On [[November 21]], Mary arrived in England and [[Nathaniel Crew, 3rd Baron Crew|Nathaniel Crew]], Bishop of Oxford, performed a brief Anglican service that did little more than recognise the Catholic marriage.<ref>Turner, 110–111</ref> Many of the English, distrustful of Catholicism, regarded the new Duchess of York as an agent of the [[Pope Clement X|Pope]].<ref>Waller, 30–31</ref> |
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Myers was elected to the [[Medford, New Jersey]] Township Council in 2003 and 2007, serving as Mayor in 2004 and is serving as mayor again in 2008. |
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==2008 Congressional campaign== |
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===Exclusion Crisis=== |
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Myers announced his bid for Congress in January of 2008, receiving the endorsement and support of the retiring incumbent [[Jim Saxton]]. <ref>Levinsky, David. [http://www.phillyburbs.com/pb-dyn/news/112-01112008-1469454.html "Saxton backs mayor of Medford as successor"], ''[[Burlington County Times]]'', [[January 11]], [[2008]]. Accessed [[August 14]], [[2008]].</ref> |
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In 1677, James reluctantly consented to his daughter Mary's marriage to the Protestant Prince of Orange, [[William III of England|William III]] (who was also James's nephew,) acquiescing after Charles and William had agreed upon the marriage.<ref>Miller, 84; Waller, 94–97. According to Turner, James's reaction to the agreement was "The King shall be obeyed, and I would be glad if all his subjects would learn of me to obey him". Turner, 132.</ref> Despite the Protestant marriage, fears of a potential Catholic monarch persisted, intensified by the failure of Charles II and his wife, [[Catherine of Braganza]], to produce any children. A defrocked Anglican clergyman, [[Titus Oates]], spoke of a "[[Popish Plot]]" to kill Charles and put the Duke of York on the throne.<ref>Miller, 87</ref> The fabricated plot caused a wave of anti-Catholic hysteria to sweep across the nation. |
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===Primary=== |
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[[Image:James Scott.jpg|right|thumb|The [[James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth|Duke of Monmouth]] was involved in plots against James.]]In England, the [[Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury|Earl of Shaftesbury]], a former government minister and now a leading opponent of Catholicism, attempted to have James excluded from the line of succession.<ref>Miller, 99–105</ref> Some members of Parliament even proposed that the crown go to Charles's illegitimate son, [[James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth]].<ref>Harris, 74</ref> In 1679, with the [[Exclusion Bill]] in danger of passing, Charles II dissolved Parliament.<ref>Miller, 93–95</ref> Two further [[List of Parliaments of England|Parliaments]] were elected in 1680 and 1681, but were dissolved for the same reason.<ref>Miller, 103–104</ref> The Exclusion Crisis contributed to the development of the English two-party system: the [[British Whig Party|Whigs]] were those who supported the Bill, while the [[Tory|Tories]] were those who opposed it. Ultimately, the succession was not altered, but James was convinced to withdraw from all policy-making bodies and to accept a lesser role in his brother's government.<ref>Miller, 90</ref> |
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Other candidates for the Republican nomination included [[Ocean County, New Jersey|Ocean County]] [[Board of Chosen Freeholders|Freeholder]] [[John P. Kelly (New Jersey)|John P. Kelly]] and former [[Tabernacle Township, New Jersey|Tabernacle Township]] Committeeman Justin Murphy. The campaign in the Republican [[Primary election|primary]] included disputes over taxes. Myers criticized Kelly for having voted to raise Ocean County's spending and taxes. Kelly responded that Myers's attack was hypocritical in light of the 50% increase in Medford's spending during Myers's term on the township's committee.<ref>{{cite web| last = Friedman| first = Matt| title = Myers and Kelly fight over taxes| publisher = PolitickerNJ.com| date = [[March 21]], [[2008]]| url = http://www.politickernj.com/myers-and-kelly-fight-over-taxes| accessdate =2008-08-11 }}</ref> Kelly also charged that Myers's lobbying for the defense industry created a conflict of interest. |
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On the orders of the King, James left England for [[Brussels]].<ref>Miller, 87–91</ref> In 1680, he was appointed Lord High Commissioner of Scotland and took up his residence at the [[Holyrood Palace|Palace of Holyroodhouse]] in [[Edinburgh]] to suppress an uprising and oversee royal government there.<ref>Miller, 95</ref> James returned to England for a time when Charles was stricken ill and appeared to be near death.<ref>Miller, 98–99</ref> The hysteria of the accusations eventually faded, but James's relations with many in Parliament, including the [[Thomas Osborne, 1st Duke of Leeds|Earl of Danby]], a former ally, were forever strained and a solid segment of Parliament was turned against him.<ref>Miller, 89; Callow, 180–183</ref> |
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<ref>{{cite web| last = Kapochunas| first = Rachel| title =Primary Fallout Shifts NJ Race Into Tossup Territory| publisher = ''[[Congressional Quarterly]]''| date = [[August 11]], [[2008]]| url = http://www.cqpolitics.com/wmspage.cfm?docID=news-000002936725&cpage=1| accessdate = 2008-08-11 }}</ref> Myers won the primary with 49% of the vote to Kelly’s 26% and Murphy’s 25%.<ref>Kapochunas, Rachel. [http://www.cqpolitics.com/wmspage.cfm?docID=news-000002936725 "Primary Fallout Shifts NJ Race Into Tossup Territory"], ''[[Congressional Quarterly]]'', [[August 11]], [[2008]]. Accessed [[August 14]], [[2008]]. "Myers won the primary with 49 percent and Kelly and Murphy each received 25 percent."</ref> |
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Kelly has since pushed his supporters to help Myers win, offering his "full support" and any help he can give.<ref name=Press20080804>Spahr, Rob. [http://www.pressofatlanticcity.com/186/story/221728.html "Ocean County Republicans welcome Myers"], ''[[Press of Atlantic City]]'', [[August 4]], [[2008]]. Accessed [[August 11]], [[2008]].</ref> |
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===Return to favour=== |
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In 1683, a plot was uncovered to assassinate Charles and James and spark a [[republicanism|republican]] revolution to re-establish a government of the [[Commonwealth of England|Cromwellian style]].<ref name=miller115>Miller, 115–116</ref> This conspiracy, known as the [[Rye House Plot]], backfired upon its conspirators and provoked a wave of sympathy for the King and James.<ref>Miller, 116; Waller, 142–143</ref> Several notable [[British Whig Party|Whigs]], including the [[Arthur Capell, 1st Earl of Essex|Earl of Essex]] and the King's illegitimate son, the [[James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth|Duke of Monmouth]], were implicated.<ref name=miller115/> Monmouth initially confessed to complicity in the plot, implicating fellow-plotters, but later recanted.<ref name=miller115/> Essex committed suicide and Monmouth, along with several others, was obliged to flee into Continental exile.<ref>Miller, 116–117</ref> Charles reacted to the plot by increasing repression of Whigs and dissenters.<ref name=miller115/> Taking advantage of James's rebounding popularity, Charles invited him back onto the [[Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council|privy council]] in 1684.<ref>Miller, 117</ref> While some in Parliament remained wary of the possibility of a Catholic king, the threat of excluding James from the throne had passed. |
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===General election=== |
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==Reign== |
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===Ascension to the throne=== |
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[[Image:James II statue 1.jpg|thumb|right|Statue of James II in [[Trafalgar Square]], London]]Charles died in 1685 after converting to Roman Catholicism on his deathbed.<ref>Miller, 118–119</ref> Having no legitimate children, Charles was succeeded by his brother James, who reigned in England and Ireland as James II, and in Scotland as James VII. There was no initial opposition to James's succession, and there were widespread reports of public rejoicing at the orderly succession.<ref name=miller120>Miller, 120–121</ref> James wanted to proceed quickly to the coronation, and was crowned at [[Westminster Abbey]] on [[23 April]] [[1685]].<ref>Harris, 45. The English coronation only crowned James King of England and Ireland; James was never crowned in Scotland, but was proclaimed King there around the same time.</ref> The new [[List of Parliaments of England#Parliaments of James II|Parliament]] that assembled in May 1685 was initially favourable to James, and the new King sent word that even most of the former exclusionists would be forgiven if they acquiesced to his rule.<ref name=miller120/> Most of Charles's officers continued in office, the exceptions being the promotion of James's brothers-in-law, the Earls of [[Henry Hyde, 2nd Earl of Clarendon|Clarendon]] and [[Laurence Hyde, 1st Earl of Rochester|Rochester]], and the demotion of [[George Savile, 1st Marquess of Halifax|Halifax]].<ref>Miller, 121</ref> Parliament granted James a generous life income, including all of the proceeds of [[tonnage and poundage]] and the [[customs]] duties.<ref>Harris, 44–45</ref> James worked harder as king than his brother had, but was less willing to compromise when his advisers disagreed.<ref>Miller, 123</ref> |
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Myers is facing State Senator [[John Adler]], who was unopposed for the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] nomination. The only independent candidate in this race is [[Edward Forchion]], who will be running under the "Legalize Marijuana (G.R.I.P.)" Party.<ref>[http://www.votesmart.org/election_congress_state.php?state_id=NJ U.S. Congress Candidates for New Jersey]], [[Project Vote Smart]]. Accessed [[August 14]], [[2008]].</ref> |
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===Two rebellions=== |
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Soon after becoming king, James faced a [[Monmouth Rebellion|rebellion]] in southern England led by his nephew, the [[James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth|Duke of Monmouth]], and another rebellion in Scotland led by [[Archibald Campbell, 9th Earl of Argyll|Archibald Campbell]], the [[Earl of Argyll]].<ref>Miller, 140–143; Harris, 73–86</ref> Argyll and Monmouth both began their expeditions from the Netherlands, where James's nephew, William III, had neglected to detain them or put a stop to their recruitment efforts.<ref>Miller, 139–140</ref> Argyll sailed to Scotland and, on arriving there, raised recruits mainly from amongst his own clan, the [[Clan Campbell|Campbells]].<ref name=harris75>Harris, 75–76</ref> The rebellion was quickly crushed, and Argyll himself was captured at [[Inchinnan]] on [[18 June]] [[1685]].<ref name=harris75/> Having arrived with fewer than 300 men and unable to convince many more to flock to his standard, Argyll never posed a credible threat to James.<ref>Harris, 76</ref> He was executed |
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on [[30 June]] in [[Edinburgh]]. |
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In June, Myers criticized his opponent for supporting the [[New Jersey Legislature]]'s proposed Democratic budget, which would divert money away from state beaches to state parks.<ref>Weaver, Donna. [http://www.pressofatlanticcity.com/183/story/187944.html "Myers, mayors object to using beach funds to keep parks open"], ''[[Press of Atlantic City]]'', [[June 21]], [[2008]]. Accessed [[August 14]], [[2008]].</ref> Myers also opposed Adler's vote to pass the budget without allowing voters to decide in November whether or not they supported borrowing an additional $3.9 billion for a school construction program a program that "was rife with "mismanagement, fiscal malfeasance, conflicts of interest and waste, fraud and abuse of taxpayer dollars" according to an April 2005 report by NJ Inspector General Mary Jane Cooper."<ref>[http://www.politickernj.com/kantonello/21317/myers-blasts-adler-not-allowing-voters-decide-39-billion-school-construction-debt Myers Blasts Adler for Not Allowing Voters to Decide on $3.9 Billion School Construction Debt | Politicker NJ<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |
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Argyll's rebellion was coordinated with Monmouth's, but the latter was more dangerous to James. Monmouth proclaimed himself King at [[Lyme Regis]] on [[11 June]].<ref>Harris, 82–85</ref> He attempted to raise recruits but was unable to gather enough rebels to defeat even James's small standing army.<ref name=miller141>Miller, 141</ref> Monmouth attacked the King's forces at night, in an attempt at surprise, but was defeated at the [[Battle of Sedgemoor]].<ref name=miller141/> The King's forces, led by Feversham and Churchill, quickly dispersed the ill-prepared rebels.<ref name=miller141/> Monmouth himself was captured and executed at the [[Tower of London]] on [[15 July]].<ref>Harris, 88</ref> The King's judges—most notably, [[George Jeffreys, 1st Baron Jeffreys|George Jeffreys]]—condemned many of the rebels to [[Penal transportation|transportation]] and [[Indentured servant#The Caribbean|indentured servitude]] in the [[West Indies]] in a series of trials that came to be known as the [[Bloody Assizes]].<ref>Miller, 141–142</ref> Some 250 of the rebels were executed.<ref>Harris, 88</ref> While both rebellions were defeated easily enough, the effect on James was to harden his resolve against his enemies and to increase his suspicion of the Dutch.<ref>Miller, 142</ref> |
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On July 2, Myers announced he would be taking a leave of absence from his job as a Vice President at Lockheed Martin through the remainder of the campaign. In doing so, Myers announced he would be a full-time candidate between then and [[Election Day]]. <ref>[http://www.politickernj.com/kantonello/21243/myers-campaign-congress-full-time Myers to Campaign for Congress Full-Time | Politicker NJ<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |
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===Absolutism and religious liberty=== |
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To protect himself from further rebellions, James sought safety in an enlarged [[standing army]].<ref name=miller142>Miller, 142–143</ref> This alarmed his subjects, not only because of the trouble soldiers caused in the towns, but because it was against the English tradition to keep a professional army in peacetime.<ref>Harris, 95–100</ref> Even more alarming to Parliament was James's use of his [[Royal Prerogative|dispensing power]] to allow Roman Catholics to command several regiments without having to take the oath mandated by the Test Act.<ref name=miller142/> When even the previously supportive Parliament objected to these measures, James ordered Parliament [[Parliamentary session|prorogued]] in November 1685, never to meet again in his reign.<ref>Miller, 146–147</ref> |
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Myers has made the Affordable Housing Mandate bill, a bill supported by his opponent and by Governor [[Jon Corzine]], a central point in his summer campaign. Myers opposes the bill as a result of its inclusion of a section that creates government imposition of fees on non-residential development in order to build an affordable housing fund. He argues that this concept will be bad for taxpayers and will also destroy the preservation of environmental open space <ref>[http://politicker.com/myers-savages-adler-backed-affordable-housing-plan Myers savages Adler-backed affordable housing plan | Politicker<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |
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[[Image:Laurence Hyde, Earl of Rochester.jpg|180px|right|thumb|[[Laurence Hyde, 1st Earl of Rochester|Rochester]], once amongst James's supporters, turned against him by 1688, along with most Anglicans.]]Religious tension grew from 1686. James allowed Roman Catholics to occupy the highest offices of the Kingdoms, and received at his court the [[papal nuncio]], [[Ferdinando d'Adda]], the first representative from Rome to London since the reign of [[Mary I of England|Mary I]].<ref name=miller142/> James's [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] confessor, [[Edward Petre]], was a particular object of Protestant ire.<ref>Harris, 195–196</ref> When the King's Secretary of State, the [[Robert Spencer, 2nd Earl of Sunderland|Earl of Sunderland]], began replacing office-holders at court with Catholic favourites, James began to lose the confidence of many of his Anglican supporters.<ref name=miller150>Miller, 150–152</ref> Sunderland's purge of office-holders even extended to the King's Anglican brothers-in-law and their supporters.<ref name=miller150/> |
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Myers is ProLife. At a debate on September 21 in Cherry Hill, Myers drew criticism by his opponents after he did not provide an answer to whether he would support overturning [[Roe v. Wade]]. Instead, Myers merely stood up and reiterated that he is pro-life. <ref> [http://www.jewishexponent.com/article/17161/ "Economy Sets Sparks Flying at Debate"] ''The Jewish Exponent]]'', [[Sept 25]], [[2008]].Accessed [[October 3]], [[2008]]. </ref> |
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In 1687, James issued the [[Declaration of Indulgence]], also known as the Declaration for Liberty of Conscience, in which he used his [[Royal Prerogative|suspending power]] to negate the effect of laws punishing Roman Catholics and Protestant [[English Dissenters|dissenters]].<ref>Kenyon, 389–391</ref> James ordered the Declaration read from the pulpits of every Anglican church, further alienating the Anglican bishops against the Catholic head of their church.<ref name=harris216>Harris, 216–224</ref> While the Declaration elicited some thanks from Catholics and dissenters, it left the Established Church, the traditional ally of the monarchy, in the difficult position of being forced to erode its own privileges.<ref name=harris216/> The King provoked further opposition by attempting to reduce the Anglican monopoly on education.<ref name=harris224>Harris, 224–229</ref> At the [[University of Oxford]], James offended Anglicans by allowing Catholics to hold important positions in [[Christ Church, Oxford|Christ Church]] and [[University College, Oxford|University College]], two of Oxford's largest colleges. He also attempted to force the Protestant Fellows of [[Magdalen College, Oxford|Magdalen College]] to elect [[Anthony Farmer]], a man of generally ill repute who was believed to be secretly Catholic,<ref name=farmer>Farmer's exact religious affiliation is unclear. Macaulay, at 190, says Farmer "pretended to turn Papist." Prall, at 148, calls him a "Catholic sympathizer." Miller, at 170, says "although he had not declared himself a Catholic, it was believed he was no longer an Anglican." Ashley, at 89, does not refer to Farmer by name, but only as the King's Catholic nominee. All sources agree that Farmer's bad reputation as a "person of scandalous character" was as much a deterrent to his nomination as his uncertain religious loyalties. See, ''e.g.,'' Prall, 148.</ref> as their president when the Protestant incumbent died, a violation of the Fellows' right to elect a candidate of their own choosing.<ref name=harris224/> |
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On September 22, Myers held a fundraiser with President George W. Bush in Colts Neck, New Jersey.<ref>Spahr, Rob. [http://www.pressofatlanticcity.com/186/story/260020.html "Myers looks to George Bush for fundraising boost"], ''[[Press of Atlantic City]]'', [[Sept 17]], [[2008]] Accessed [[September 24]], [[2008]].</ref> It has been suggested that Bush's unpopularity could hurt Myers' chances with independent voters. In 2004, Myers donated $2,000 to Bush’s reelection campaign, but has since donated money to Democrats as well. <ref> [http://www.opensecrets.org/indivs/index.php?capcode=pvwvh&name=myers&state=NJ&zip=&employ=&cand=] “OpenSecrets.Org”. Accessed [[October 3]], [[2008]]</ref>According to The Press of Atlantic City, a fundraiser for Myers was also held by Charlie Black, senior adviser to Bush's 2000 and 2004 campaigns and a former lobbyist for Freddie Mac, a company at the heart of the recent financial crises and which is under investigation by the U.S. Attorney’s office.<ref> [[http://www.pressofatlanticcity.com/183/story/272414.html]]</ref><ref>[[ http://www.welt.de/english-news/article2517087/Fannie-and-Freddie-under-investigation.html]]</ref> |
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==Glorious Revolution== |
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{{main|Glorious Revolution}} |
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[[Image:William III of England.jpg|thumb|left|James's nephew, [[William III of England|William]], was invited to "save the Protestant religion".]]In April 1688, James re-issued the Declaration of Indulgence, subsequently ordering Anglican clergymen to read it in their churches.<ref>Harris, 258–259</ref> When the [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] [[William Sancroft]] and six other bishops (known as the [[Seven Bishops]]) submitted a petition requesting the reconsideration of the King's religious policies, they were arrested and tried for [[seditious libel]].<ref>Harris, 260–262; Prall, 312</ref> Public alarm increased when Queen Mary gave birth to a Catholic son and heir, [[James Francis Edward Stuart|James Francis Edward]] on [[10 June]] of that year.<ref>Miller 186–187; Harris, 269–272</ref> When James's only possible successors were his two Protestant daughters, moderate Anglicans could see his pro-Catholic policies as a temporary aberration; the Prince's birth opened the possibility of a permanent Catholic dynasty, and led such men to reconsider their patience.<ref name=harris271>Harris, 271–272; Ashley, 110–111</ref> Threatened by a Catholic dynasty, several influential Protestants claimed the child was "suppositious". They had already entered into negotiations with William, Prince of Orange, when it became known the Queen was pregnant, and the birth of James's son reinforced their convictions.<ref>Waller, 43–46; Miller, 186–187</ref> |
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Myers looks to keep the third Congressional District for his party, in a district that has been represented by a Republican since it was created in 1882. Myers faces a 10-1 funding gap, with Adler having $1.4 million in cash on hand, compared to Myers' war chest of $155,000. After a bitter primary battle with Republican Freeholder Jack Kelly, Myers has received only one contribution from Kelly's home turf in Ocean County.<ref>Burton, Cynthia. [http://www.philly.com/philly/news/local/25748354.html "Campaign funds are key in S. Jersey congressional race"], ''[[The Philadelphia Inquirer]]'', [[July 22]], [[2008]]. Accessed [[July 30]], [[2008]].</ref> However, many of the mental scars of the primary seem to have healed; Kelly has since endorsed Myers, and the Ocean County GOP has begun to rally support for the GOP candidate going into November.<ref name=Press20080804/> |
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[[Image:John Churchill in his thirties.jpg|thumb|right|[[John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough|John Churchill]] had been a member of James's household for many years, but defected to William of Orange in 1688.]]On [[30 June]] [[1688]], a group of Protestant nobles, later known as the [[Immortal Seven]], invited the Prince of Orange to come to [[England]] with an army.<ref>Ashley, 201–202</ref> By September, it had become clear that William sought to invade.<ref name=miller190>Miller, 190–196</ref> Believing that his own army would be adequate, James refused the assistance of Louis XIV, fearing that the English would oppose French intervention.<ref name=miller190/> When William arrived on [[5 November]] [[1688]], many Protestant officers, including Churchill, defected and joined William, as did James's own daughter, Princess [[Anne of Great Britain|Anne]].<ref>Waller, 236–239</ref> NB: See also: [[List of James II deserters to William of Orange]]. James lost his nerve, and declined to attack the invading army, despite his own numerical superiority.<ref>Miller, 201–203</ref> On [[11 December]], James attempted to flee to [[France]], first throwing the [[Great Seal of the Realm]] into the [[River Thames]].<ref name=miller205>Miller, 205–209</ref> James was captured in [[Kent]]; later, he was released and placed under Dutch protective guard. Having no desire to make James a martyr, the Prince of Orange let him escape on [[23 December]].<ref name=miller205/> James was received by his cousin and ally, Louis XIV, who offered him a palace and a pension. |
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On [[July 14]], [[2008]], Myers broke with the national Republican Party leadership and announced his public opposition to offshore drilling along the New Jersey coast.<ref>Pizarro, Max. [http://www.politickernj.com/max/21492/myers-opposes-while-adler-bludgeons-bush-drilling-plan "Myers opposes while Adler bludgeons Bush drilling plan"], ''PolitickerNJ.com'', [[July 14]], [[2008]]. Accessed [[August 11]], [[2008]].</ref> |
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William convened a [[Convention Parliament]] to decide how to handle James's flight. While the Parliament refused to depose him, they declared that James, having fled to France and dropped the Great Seal into the Thames, had effectively [[abdication|abdicated]] the throne, and that the throne had thereby become vacant.<ref>Miller, 209. Harris, 320–328, analyses the legal nature of the abdication; James did not agree that he had abdicated.</ref> To fill this vacancy, James's daughter Mary was declared Queen; she was to rule jointly with her husband William, who would be King. The [[Parliament of Scotland]] on [[11 April]] [[1689]], declared him to have forfeited the throne.<ref>Harris, 402–407</ref> The English Parliament passed a [[English Bill of Rights|Bill of Rights]] that charged James II with abusing his power; amongst other things, it criticised the suspension of the Test Acts, the prosecution of the Seven Bishops for merely petitioning the crown, the establishment of a standing army and the imposition of cruel punishments.<ref>Ashley, 206–209; Harris, 329–348</ref> The Bill also stipulated that no Catholic would henceforth be permitted to ascend to the English throne, nor could any English monarch marry a Catholic.<ref>Harris, 349–350</ref> |
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A mid-September internal poll by McLaughlin & Associates show Myers defeating Adler by a margin of 33% to 29%, with a plurality of voters - 37% - undecided. <ref>[http://www.phillyburbs.com/pb-dyn/news/112-09142008-1590572.html]</ref>. The poll attributes Myers’ lead to a general dissatisfaction among voters towards Adler’s negative ads and negative mailers from various political committees supporting the Democrat. It also indicates that Adler’s low approval ratings are partially due to the perception that he is a “career politician” and the fact that he is an Ivy League-educated lawyer. Adler’s association with unpopular Democratic Gov. Jon Corzine also hurts him, while Myers is helped from his endorsement by incumbent Rep. Jim Saxton, who has a 53 percent favorable rating. <ref>[http://thehill.com/campaign-2008/myers-leads-adler-in-internal-2008-09-15.html]</ref>. |
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==Later years== |
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===War in Ireland=== |
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With the assistance of French troops, James landed in Ireland in March 1689.<ref>Miller, 222–224</ref> The [[Parliament of Ireland|Irish Parliament]] did not follow the example of the English Parliament; it declared that James remained King and passed a massive [[bill of attainder]] against those who had rebelled against him.<ref>Miller, 226–227</ref> At James's urging, the Irish Parliament passed an Act for Liberty of Conscience that granted religious freedom to all Catholics and Protestants in Ireland.<ref>Harris, 440</ref> James worked to build an army in Ireland, but was ultimately defeated at the [[Battle of the Boyne]] on [[1 July]] [[1690]] when William arrived, personally leading an army to defeat James and reassert English control.<ref name=harris446>Harris, 446–449</ref> James fled to France once more, departing from [[Kinsale]], never to return to any of his former kingdoms.<ref name=harris446/> Because he deserted his Irish supporters, James became known in Ireland as ''Séamus an Chaca'' or 'James the be-shitten'.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Jacobites, Britain and Europe, 1688-1788 |last=Szechi |first=Daniel |year=1994 |publisher=Manchester University Press |location=48 |isbn=0719037743}}</ref> |
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A separate internal poll by Democratic pollsters Anzalone-Liszt shows the same percentage difference between the two candidates, with Myers defeating Adler by 4 percentage points. <ref>[http://houseracepolling.wordpress.com/2008/09/26/house-race-polling/]</ref>. |
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===Return to exile=== |
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[[Image:Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye01.jpg|thumb|The [[Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye]], James's home during his final exile]]In France, James was allowed to live in the royal château of [[Saint-Germain-en-Laye]].<ref>Miller, 235</ref> James's wife and some of his supporters fled with him, including the [[John Drummond, 1st Earl of Melfort|Earl of Melfort]]; most, but not all, were Catholic.<ref>Miller, 235–236</ref> In 1692, James's last child, [[Louisa Maria Teresa Stuart|Louisa Maria Teresa]], was born.<ref>[http://www.burkes-peerage.net/articles/scotland/page31g.aspx SCOTTISH ROYAL LINEAGE - THE HOUSE OF STUART Part 4 of 6] online at burkes-peerage.net (accessed 9 February 2008)</ref> Some supporters in England attempted to restore James to the throne by assassinating William III in 1696, but the plot failed and the backlash made James's cause less popular.<ref>Miller, 238; Waller, 350</ref> Louis XIV's offer to have James [[Free election|elected]] [[Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth|King of Poland]] in the same year was rejected, for James feared that acceptance of the Polish crown might (in the minds of the English people) render him incapable of being King of England. After Louis concluded peace with William in 1697, he ceased to offer much in the way of assistance to James.<ref>Miller, 239</ref> |
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The first public poll in the race, commissioned by The Press of Atlantic City and The Richard Stockton College of New Jersey, shows Myers with 38.5% to Adler's 37.1%, with 22% of voters undecided. <ref>[http://www.pressofatlanticcity.com/186/story/270066.html]</ref>. |
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During his last years, James lived as an austere [[penitent]].<ref>Miller, 234–236</ref> He died of a [[brain hemorrhage]] on [[16 September]] [[1701]] at [[Saint-Germain-en-Laye]].<ref name=miller240>Miller, 240</ref> His body was laid to rest in a coffin at the Chapel of Saint Edmund in the Church of the English [[Benedictine]]s in the Rue St. Jacques, Paris.<ref name=miller240/> In 1734, the [[Archbishop of Paris]] heard evidence to support James's canonization, but nothing came of it.<ref name=miller240/> During the [[French Revolution]], James's tomb was raided and his remains scattered.<ref>Miller, 240; Waller, 401; MacLeod, 349. MacLeod and Waller say all of James's remains were lost. [http://jacobite.ca/gazetteer/France/SaintGermain.htm McFerran] says parts of his bowel sent to the parish church of St. Germain-en-Laye were rediscovered in 1824 and are the only known remains left. The ''English Illustrated Magazine'' [http://books.google.com/books?id=I4oX7koMPh8C&pg=PA592&lpg=PA592&dq=parish+church+%22saint+germain+en+laye%22&source=web&ots=40cIBlBhmE&sig=h8QKaqjxgMhi2sp2UtW5qEYpwxE article] on St. Germain from September 1901 concurs.</ref> |
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No pollster or political analyst in the country lists Myers as favored in this race, and money from the National Republican Congressional Committee hasn't been forthcoming. Myers has received no financial commitments nor adbuys from the National Republican Congressional Committee <ref> [http://www.politickernj.com/matt-friedman/22991/wilson-will-be-sickened-if-nrcc-doesnt-spend-money-district-3] </ref> State Republican Chair Tom Wilson said about Myers not receiving funds for his race: "I’ll be more than disappointed. I’ll be sickened."<ref> [http://www.politickernj.com/matt-friedman/22991/wilson-will-be-sickened-if-nrcc-doesnt-spend-money-district-3]</ref> |
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==Succession== |
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[[Image:Pretend3.jpeg|thumb|left|140px|[[James Francis Edward Stuart|James's son]] was known as "James III and VIII" to his supporters, and "The Old Pretender" to his enemies.]]James's younger daughter [[Anne of Great Britain|Anne]] succeeded to the throne when William III died in 1702. The [[Act of Settlement 1701]] provided that, if the line of succession established in the Bill of Rights were to be extinguished, then the crown would go to a German cousin, [[Sophia of Hanover|Sophia, Electress of Hanover]], and to her Protestant heirs.<ref name=harris493>Harris, 493</ref> Thus, when Anne died in 1714 (fewer than two months after the death of Sophia), the crown was inherited by [[George I of Great Britain|George I]], Sophia's son, the Elector of Hanover and Anne's second cousin.<ref name=harris493/> |
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James's son [[James Francis Edward Stuart|James Francis Edward]] was recognised as King at his father's death by Louis XIV of France and James's remaining supporters (later known as [[Jacobitism|Jacobite]]s) as "James III and VIII."<ref>MacLeod, 349</ref> He led a [[Jacobite Rising#The 'Fifteen'|rising]] in Scotland in 1715 shortly after George I's accession, but was defeated.<ref>MacLeod 361–363</ref> Jacobites [[Jacobite Rising#The 'Forty-Five'|rose again]] in 1745 led by [[Charles Edward Stuart]], James II's grandson, and were again defeated.<ref>MacLeod, 365–371</ref> Since then, no serious attempt to restore the Stuart heir has been made. Charles's claims passed to his younger brother [[Henry Benedict Stuart]], the [[Dean of the College of Cardinals]] of the [[Catholic Church]].<ref>MacLeod, 371–372</ref> Henry was the last of James II's legitimate descendants, and no relative has publicly acknowledged the [[Jacobite succession|Jacobite claim]] since then.<ref>MacLeod, 373–374</ref> |
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==Historiography== |
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[[Image:Thomas Babington Macaulay, 1st Baron Macaulay - Project Gutenberg eText 13103.jpg|right|thumb|140px|[[Thomas Babington Macaulay|Macaulay]] wrote in the [[Whiggish historiography|Whiggish]] tradition.]] |
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Historical analysis of James II has gone through considerable change since he was overthrown. Initially, [[Whiggish historiography|Whiggish]] historians, led by [[Thomas Babington Macaulay|Lord Macaulay]], cast James as a cruel absolutist and his reign as "tyranny which approached to insanity."<ref>Macaulay, 239</ref> Subsequent scholars, such as [[G. M. Trevelyan]] and David Ogg, while more balanced than Macaulay, continued Macaulay's tradition into the twentieth century, characterizing James as a tyrant, his attempts at religious tolerance as a fraud, and his reign as an aberration in the course of British history.<ref>See Prall, vii-xv, for a more detailed historiography.</ref> In 1892, [[A. W. Ward]] wrote for the [[Dictionary of National Biography]] that James was "obviously a political and religious bigot", although never devoid of "a vein of patriotic sentiment"; "his conversion to the church of Rome made the emancipation of his fellow-catholics in the first instance, and the recovery of England for catholicism in the second, the governing objects of his policy."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ia310903.us.archive.org/0/items/dictionaryofnati29stepuoft/dictionaryofnati29stepuoft.pdf|title=James II of England|accessdate=2007-10-17|author=Sidney Lee, editor|year = 1892|work = Dictionary of National Biography|publisher = MacMillan & Co.|pages = 197}}</ref> |
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[[Image:Belloc side.jpg|140px|thumb|left|[[Hilaire Belloc|Belloc]] was a notable apologist for James II.]] |
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[[Hilaire Belloc]] broke with this tradition in 1928. Belloc cast James as an honorable man and a true advocate for freedom of conscience, and his enemies as "men in the small clique of great fortunes ... which destroyed the ancient monarchy of the English."<ref>Belloc, vii</ref> Belloc's thesis failed to alter the course of historical opinion at the time, but by the 1960s and 1970s, Maurice Ashley and Stuart Prall began to reconsider James's motives in granting religious toleration, while still taking note of James's autocratic rule.<ref>See Ashley, 196–198; Prall, 291–293</ref> These modern authors moved away from the school of thought that preached inevitability of the [[Glorious Revolution]] and the continuous march of progress and democracy. "[H]istory is," Ashley wrote, "after all, the story of human beings and individuals, as well as of the classes and the masses."<ref name=ashley9>Ashley, 9</ref> He cast James II and William III as "men of ideals as well as human weaknesses."<ref name=ashley9/> John Miller, writing in 2000, accepted the claims of James's absolutism, but argued that "his main concern was to secure religious liberty and civil equality for Catholics. Any 'absolutist' methods ... were essentially means to that end."<ref>Miller, ix</ref> In 2004, W. A. Speck wrote in the new [[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]] that "James was genuinely committed to religious toleration, but also sought to increase the power of the crown."<ref name=speck>W. A. Speck, "[http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/14593 James II and VII (1633–1701)]", ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford University Press, Sept. 2004; online edn, May 2006, accessed [[15 October]] [[2007]]. Speck elaborated that James "wished that all his subjects could be as convinced as he was that the Catholic church was the one true church. He was also convinced that the established church was maintained artificially by penal laws which proscribed nonconformity. If these were removed, and conversions to Catholicism were encouraged, then many would take place … James underestimated the appeal of protestantism in general and the Church of England in particular. His was the zeal and even bigotry of a narrow-minded convert...."</ref> He added that, unlike the government of the Netherlands, "James was too autocratic to combine freedom of conscience with popular government. He resisted any check on the monarch's power. That is why his heart was not in the concessions he had to make in 1688. He would rather live in exile with his principles intact than continue to reign as a limited monarch."<ref name=speck/> |
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Tim Harris's conclusions from his 2006 book summarize the crossroads of modern scholarship on James II:{{quote|The jury will doubtless remain out on James for a long time…Was he an egotistical bigot…a tyrant who rode roughshod over the will of the vast majority of his subjects (at least in England and Scotland)…simply naïve, or even perhaps plain stupid, unable to appreciate the realities of political power…Or was he a well-intentioned and even enlightened ruler—an enlightened despot well ahead of his time, perhaps—who was merely trying to do what he thought was best for his subjects?<ref>Harris, 478–479</ref>}} |
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==Titles, styles, and arms== |
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===Titles and styles=== |
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{| align="right" |
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|{{Infobox_UKkingstyles| |
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royal name=King James II of England| |
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dipstyle=[[Majesty|His Majesty]]| |
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offstyle=Your Majesty| |
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altstyle=Sir|}} |
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|} |
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*'''[[14 October]] [[1633]] – [[6 February]] [[1685]]''': Prince James |
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*'''[[27 January]] [[1644]] – [[6 February]] [[1685]]''': The Duke of York |
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*'''[[10 May]] [[1659]] – [[6 February]] [[1685]]''': The Earl of Ulster |
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*'''[[31 December]] [[1660]] – [[6 February]] [[1685]]''': The Duke of Albany |
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:*''before '''[[1 January]] [[1665]] – [[6 February]] [[1685]]''': His Royal Highness''<ref>''The London Gazette'', [http://www.gazettes-online.co.uk/ViewPDF.aspx?pdf=1693&geotype=London&gpn=2&type=ArchivedIssuePage 6 February 1681]; [http://www.gazettes-online.co.uk/ViewPDF.aspx?pdf=1728&geotype=London&gpn=4&type=ArchivedIssuePage 8 June 1682]; [http://www.gazettes-online.co.uk/ViewPDF.aspx?pdf=1849&geotype=London&gpn=1&type=ArchivedIssuePage 6 August 1683]</ref> |
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*'''[[6 February]] [[1685]] – [[11 December]] [[1688]]''': ''His Majesty'' The King |
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*'''[[11 December]] [[1688]] – [[16 September]] [[1701]]''': ''His Majesty'' King James II |
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**''Jacobite'': ''His Majesty'' The King |
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The official style of James II was "James the Second, by the Grace of God, [[List of monarchs of England|King of England]], [[English Kings of France|France]] and [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]], [[List of Monarchs of Scotland|King of Scots]], [[Fidei defensor|Defender of the Faith]], etc." (The [[English claims to the French throne|claim to France]] was only nominal, and was asserted by every English King from [[Edward III of England|Edward III]] to [[George III of the United Kingdom|George III]], regardless of the amount of French territory actually controlled.) |
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[[Image:James2coin.jpg|thumb|150px|left|Half-Crown coin of James II, 1686]]James was created "[[Duke of Normandy]]" by King Louis XIV of France, [[December 31]] [[1660]]. This was a few months after the restoration of his brother [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] to the English and Irish thrones (Charles II had been crowned King of Scotland in 1651), and probably was done as a political gesture of support for James - since his brother also would have claimed the title "Duke of Normandy." |
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===Arms=== |
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Prior to his accession, James's [[coat of arms|arms]] were those of the kingdom (which he later inherited), differenced by a ''label argent of three points ermine'', although it is noted that, when it become clear that his position as heir-presumptive was not under threat, a ''label argent of three points'' was sometimes used.<ref>[http://www.heraldica.org/topics/britain/cadency.htm Marks of Cadency in the British Royal Family]</ref> His arms as King were: ''Quarterly, I and IV Grandquarterly, Azure three fleurs-de-lis Or (for France) and Gules three lions passant guardant in pale Or (for [[Coat of arms of England|England]]); II Or a lion rampant within a tressure flory-counter-flory Gules (for Scotland); III Azure a harp Or stringed Argent (for [[Coat of Arms of the Republic of Ireland|Ireland]])''. |
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<div style="clear:both;"></div> |
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==In popular culture== |
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===Film and television=== |
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James has been portrayed on screen by: |
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*[[Josef Moser]] in the Austrian silent film ''Das Grinsende Gesicht'' (1921), based on the novel ''[[The Man Who Laughs]]'' by [[Victor Hugo]] |
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*[[Gibb McLaughlin]] in the silent film ''Nell Gwynne'' (1926), based on a novel by [[Joseph Shearing]] |
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*[[Sam De Grasse]] in the silent film ''[[The Man Who Laughs (1928 film)|The Man Who Laughs]]'' (1928), also based on the novel by Victor Hugo |
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*[[Lawrence Anderson (actor)|Lawrence Anderson]] in ''Nell Gwyn'' (1934) |
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*[[Vernon Steele]] in ''[[Captain Blood (1935 film)|Captain Blood]]'' (1935), based on the [[Captain Blood (novel)|novel]] by [[Rafael Sabatini]] |
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*[[Douglas Matthews]] in the BBC TV drama ''Thank You, Mr. Pepys'' (1938) |
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*[[Henry Oscar]] in ''Bonnie Prince Charlie'' (1948) |
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*[[John Westbrook (actor)|John Westbrook]] in the BBC TV series ''[[The First Churchills]]'' (1969) |
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*[[Guy Henry (actor)|Guy Henry]] in ''England, My England'' (1995), the story of the composer [[Henry Purcell]] |
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*[[Charlie Creed-Miles]] in the BBC TV miniseries ''[[Charles II: The Power & the Passion]]'' (2003) |
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==Ancestors== |
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Of James II's 16 great-great-grandparents, 3 were [[Scottish people|Scottish]], 3 [[French people|French]], 2 [[Danish people|Danish]], 2 [[German people|German]], 2 [[Spanish people|Spanish]], 2 [[Italian people|Italian]], 1 [[Austrian]] and 1 [[Hungarian people|Hungarian]], giving him a thoroughly cosmopolitan background with ancestors in almost every European country except the one he ruled. |
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{{ahnentafel top|width=100%}} |
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{{ahnentafel-compact5 |
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|style=font-size: 90%; line-height: 110%; background-color: transparent; margin:auto; |
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|border=1 |
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|boxstyle=padding-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; |
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|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc; |
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|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9; |
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|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc; |
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|boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe; |
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|1= 1. '''James II of England''' |
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|2= 2. [[Charles I of England]] |
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|3= 3. [[Henrietta Maria of France]] |
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|4= 4. [[James I of England]] |
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|5= 5. [[Anne of Denmark]] |
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|6= 6. [[Henry IV of France]] |
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|7= 7. [[Marie de' Medici]] |
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|8= 8. [[Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley]] |
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|9= 9. [[Mary I of Scotland]] |
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|10= 10. [[Frederick II of Denmark]] |
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|11= 11. [[Sofie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin]] |
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|12= 12. [[Antoine of Navarre]] |
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|13= 13. [[Jeanne III of Navarre]] |
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|14= 14. [[Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany]] |
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|15= 15. [[Johanna of Austria]] |
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|16= 16. [[Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox]] |
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|17= 17. [[Margaret Douglas]] |
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|18= 18. [[James V of Scotland]] |
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|19= 19. [[Mary of Guise]] |
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|20= 20. [[Christian III of Denmark]] |
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|21= 21. [[Dorothea of Saxe-Lauenburg]] |
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|22= 22. [[Ulrich III of Mecklenburg-Schwerin]] |
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|23= 23. [[Elizabeth of Denmark]] |
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|24= 24. [[Charles de Bourbon, Duke of Vendôme]] |
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|25= 25. [[Francoise d'Alencon]] |
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|26= 26. [[Henry II of Navarre]] |
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|27= 27. [[Marguerite de Navarre]] |
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|28= 28. [[Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany]] |
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|29= 29. [[Eleonora di Toledo]] |
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|30= 30. [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor]] |
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|31= 31. [[Anna of Bohemia]] |
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}} |
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{{ahnentafel bottom}} |
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==Issue== |
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<div style="clear: both; width: 100%; padding: 0; text-align: left; border: none;" class="NavFrame"> |
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<div style="background: #ccddcc; text-align: center; border: 1px solid #667766" class="NavHead">'''Children of James II of England''' |
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</div> |
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<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"> |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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|- |
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!Name!!Birth!!Death!!Notes |
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|- |
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|colspan=4|'''''By [[Anne Hyde]]''''' |
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|- |
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|Charles, Duke of Cambridge||[[22 October]] [[1660]]||[[5 May]] [[1661]]|| |
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|- |
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|[[Mary II of England|Mary II]]||[[30 April]] [[1662]]||[[28 December]] [[1694]]||married 1677, [[William III of England|William III, Prince of Orange]]; no issue |
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|- |
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|[[James Stuart, Duke of Cambridge|James, Duke of Cambridge]]||[[12 July]] [[1663]]||[[20 June]] [[1667]]|| |
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|- |
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|[[Anne of Great Britain|Anne]]||[[6 February]] [[1665]]||[[1 August]] [[1714]]||married 1683, [[Prince George of Denmark]]; no surviving issue |
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|- |
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|[[Charles Stuart, Duke of Kendal|Charles, Duke of Kendal]]||[[4 July]] [[1666]]||[[22 May]] [[1667]]|| |
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|- |
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|[[Edgar Stuart, Duke of Cambridge|Edgar, Duke of Cambridge]]||[[14 September]] [[1667]]||[[15 November]] [[1669]]|| |
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|- |
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|Henrietta||[[13 January]] [[1669]]||[[15 November]] [[1669]]|| |
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|- |
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|Catherine||[[9 February]] [[1671]]||[[5 December]] [[1671]]|| |
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|- |
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|colspan=4|'''''By [[Mary of Modena]]''''' |
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|- |
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|Catherine Laura||[[10 January]] [[1675]]||[[3 October]] [[1676]]||died of convulsions.<ref>[http://www3.dcs.hull.ac.uk/cgi-bin/gedlkup/n=royal?royal00716 Stuart, Catherine Laura]</ref> |
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|- |
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|Isabel||[[28 August]] [[1676]]||[[2 March]] [[1681]]|| |
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|- |
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|Charles, Duke of Cambridge||[[7 November]] [[1677]]||[[12 December]] [[1677]]|| died of smallpox<ref>[http://www3.dcs.hull.ac.uk/cgi-bin/gedlkup/n=royal?royal00717 Stuart, Charles of Cambridge, Duke of Cambridge]</ref> |
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|- |
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|Elizabeth||1678||c. 1678|| |
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|- |
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|Charlotte Maria||[[16 August]] [[1682]]||[[16 October]] [[1682]]|| died of convulsions<ref>[http://www3.dcs.hull.ac.uk/cgi-bin/gedlkup/n=royal?royal00718 Stuart, Charlotte Maria]</ref> |
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|- |
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|[[James Francis Edward Stuart|James, Prince of Wales ''Old Pretender'']]||[[10 June]] [[1688]]||[[1 January]] [[1766]]||married 1719, [[Maria Klementyna Sobieska|Mary Sobieski]]; had issue |
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|- |
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|[[Louisa Maria Teresa Stuart|Louisa Maria Teresa]]||[[28 June]] [[1692]]||[[20 April]] [[1712]]|| |
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|- |
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|colspan=4|'''''By [[Arabella Churchill (royal mistress)|Arabella Churchill]] ''''' |
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|- |
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|[[Henrietta FitzJames]] ||1667||[[3 April]] [[1730]]||Married first [[Henry Waldegrave, 1st Baron Waldegrave|Henry Waldegrave]]; had issue. Married secondly [[Piers Butler, 3rd Viscount Galmoye]]; no issue. |
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|- |
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|[[James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick]] ||[[21 August]] [[1670]]||[[12 June]] [[1734]]|| |
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|- |
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|[[Henry FitzJames, 1st Duke of Albemarle]]||August, 1673||December, 1702|| |
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|- |
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|Arabella FitzJames||1674||[[7 November]] [[1704]]||Became a nun; no issue. |
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|- |
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|colspan=4|'''''By [[Catherine Sedley]]''''' |
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|- |
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|Catherine Darnley||c. 1681||[[13 March]] [[1743]]||Alleged daughter. Married firstly, [[James Annesley, 3rd Earl of Anglesey]] and had issue,<br /> married secondly, [[John Sheffield, 1st Duke of Buckingham and Normanby]] and had issue. |
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|- |
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|James Darnley|| 1684 || 1685 || |
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|} |
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</div></div> |
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== See also == |
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* [[Divine Right of Kings]] |
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* [[Touch Pieces]] |
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*[[List of James II deserters to William of Orange]] |
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==Notes== |
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{{Reflist|2}} |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
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* Ashley, Maurice, ''The Glorious Revolution of 1688'', Charles Scribner's Sons, New York 1966. ISBN 0-340-00896-2. |
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* [[Hilaire Belloc|Belloc, Hilaire]], ''James the Second'', J.B. Lippincott Co, Philadelphia 1928. |
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* Callow, John, ''The Making of King James II: The Formative Years of a King'', Sutton Publishing, Ltd, [[Thrupp]], [[Stroud, Gloucestershire]], 2000. ISBN 0750923989. |
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* Clarke, James S. (Editor), ''The Life of James II'', London, 1816 |
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* [http://www.worldcatlibraries.org/wcpa/ow/3401f99806cb2c2c.html Davis, Richard B. (Editor). (1963). ''William Fitzhugh and His Chesapeake World, 1676–1701.'' Chapel Hill: The Virginia Historical Society by University of North Carolina Press.] |
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* Hallam, Henry, ''The Constitutional History of England from the Accession of Henry VII to the Death of George II,'' W. Clowes & Sons, London, 1855. |
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* Harris, Tim, ''Revolution: The Great Crisis of the British Monarchy, 1685–1720'', Penguin Books, Ltd., 2006. ISBN 0713997591. |
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* "James II," ''Encyclopædia Britannica,'' 11th ed. London, 1911: Cambridge University Press. |
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* Kenyon, J.P., ''The Stuart Constitution 1603–1688, Documents and Commentary'', 2d ed., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1986. ISBN 0521313279. |
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* MacLeod, John, ''Dynasty, the Stuarts, 1560–1807'', Hodder and Stoughton, London 1999. ISBN 0340707674. |
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* [[Thomas Babington Macaulay, 1st Baron Macaulay|Macauley, Thomas Babington]], [[The History of England from the Accession of James the Second]], 1848. Penguin Books Edition, New York 1968, 1986. ISBN 0140431330. |
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* Miller, John, ''James II'', 3d. ed. Yale University Press, New Haven 2000. ISBN 0-300-08728-4 |
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* [http://jacobite.ca/kings/james2.htm McFerran, Noel S. (2003). "James II and VII."] |
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* Prall, Stuart, ''The Bloodless Revolution: England, 1688'', Anchor Books, Garden City, New York 1972. |
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* Royle, Trevor, ''The British Civil Wars: The Wars of the Three Kingdoms, 1638–1660'', Little, Brown, 2004. ISBN 0312292937. |
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* Turner, Francis C., ''James II'', Eyre and Spottiswoode, London, 1948 |
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* Waller, Maureen, ''Ungrateful Daughters: The Stuart Princesses who Stole Their Father's Crown'', Hodder & Stoughton, London, 2002. ISBN 031230711X. |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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*[http://www.chrismyersforcongress.com Chris Myers for Congress] '''Official Campaign site''' |
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*[http://www.datesofhistory.com/James-II-England.biog.html James II Chronology] |
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*[http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=1976 King James II on Find-A-Grave] |
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{{s-start}} |
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{{s-hou|[[House of Stuart]]|14 October|1633|16 September|1701}} |
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{{s-reg}} |
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{{s-bef|rows=3|before=[[Charles II of England|Charles II]]}} |
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{{s-ttl|title=[[King of England]]|years=1685 – 1688}} |
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{{s-aft|rows=3|after=[[William and Mary]]}} |
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{{s-ttl|title=[[King of Scotland]]|years=1685 – 1688}} |
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|- |
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{{s-ttl|title=[[King of Ireland]]|years=1685 – 1688}} |
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{{s-roy|uk}} |
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{{s-bef|before=[[Charles II of England]]}} |
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{{s-ttl|title=[[List of heirs to the English and British thrones|Heir to the English, Scottish and Irish thrones]]'''<br />''as [[heir presumptive]]''|years='''30 January 1649 – 6 February 1685}} |
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{{s-aft|after=[[Mary II of England]]}} |
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{{s-off}} |
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|- |
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{{s-vac}} |
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{{s-ttl|title=[[Admiralty|Lord High Admiral]]|years=1660 – 1673}} |
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{{s-aft|after=[[Charles II of England|Charles II]]}} |
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{{s-bef|before=[[Heneage Finch, 3rd Earl of Winchilsea|The Earl of Winchilsea]]}} |
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{{s-ttl|title=[[Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports]]|years=1660 – 1673}} |
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{{s-aft|after=[[John Beaumont (soldier)|John Beaumont]]}} |
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{{s-bef|before=[[Charles Stewart, 6th Duke of Lennox|The Duke of Lennox]]}} |
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{{s-ttl|title=[[Lord High Admiral of Scotland]]|years=1673 – 1701}} |
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{{s-aft|after=[[Charles Lennox, 1st Duke of Richmond|The Duke of Richmond]]}} |
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{{s-bef|before=[[John Maitland, 1st Duke of Lauderdale|The Duke of Lauderdale]]}} |
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{{s-ttl|title=[[Lord High Commissioner to the Parliament of Scotland]]|years=1680 – 1685}} |
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{{s-aft|after=[[William Douglas, 1st Duke of Queensberry|The Duke of Queensberry]]}} |
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{{s-bef|before=[[Charles II of England|Charles II]]}} |
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{{s-ttl|title=[[Admiralty|Lord High Admiral]]|years=1685 – 1688}} |
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{{s-aft|after=[[William III of England|William III]]}} |
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{{s-reg|en}} |
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{{s-new|creation}} |
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{{s-ttl|title=[[Duke of York]]|creation=5th creation|years=1644 – 1685}} |
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{{s-non|reason=Merged in the Crown}} |
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{{s-reg|sct}} |
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{{s-new|creation}} |
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{{s-ttl|title=[[Duke of Albany]]|creation=6th creation|years=1660 – 1685}} |
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{{s-non|reason=Merged in the Crown}} |
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{{s-pre}} |
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{{s-new|rows=2|loss|reason=Deposed in [[Glorious Revolution]]}} |
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{{s-tul|title=[[Gallery of Jacobite pretenders|Jacobite]] [[List of British monarchs|King of England and Scotland]]|years=1688 – 1701 [[King of Ireland]]|years=1688 – 1701|reason=Succession overruled by English and Scots Parliament}} |
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{{s-aft|rows=2|after=[[James Francis Edward Stuart|James III]]}} |
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{{s-tul|title=[[Gallery of Jacobite pretenders|Jacobite]] [[King of Ireland]]|years=1690 – 1701}} |
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{{end}} |
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{{featuredarticle}} |
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{{Persondata |
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|NAME=James II |
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|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=Stuart, James |
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|SHORT DESCRIPTION=King of England, King of Ireland, King of Scotland |
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|DATE OF BIRTH=[[October 14]], [[1633]] |
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|PLACE OF BIRTH=[[London]] |
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|DATE OF DEATH=[[September 5]], [[1701]] |
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|PLACE OF DEATH=[[Saint-Germain-en-Laye]], [[France]] |
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}} |
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[[Category:English monarchs]] |
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[[Category:Scottish monarchs]] |
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[[Category:Pretenders to the throne of the kingdom of France (Plantagenet)]] |
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[[Category:English and British princes]] |
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[[Category:Scottish princes]] |
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[[Category:House of Stuart]] |
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[[Category:Roman Catholic monarchs]] |
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[[Category:Converts to Roman Catholicism]] |
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[[Category:History of Roman Catholicism in Britain]] |
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[[Category:Lord High Admirals]] |
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[[Category:English people of French descent]] |
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[[Category:Dukes in the Peerage of England]] |
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[[Category:Dukes in the Peerage of Scotland]] |
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[[Category:Dukes of York|501]] |
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[[Category:Dukes of Albany|601]] |
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[[Category:Knights of the Garter]] |
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[[Category:Lords Warden of the Cinque Ports]] |
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[[Category:Earls in the Peerage of Ireland]] |
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[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society]] |
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[[Category:British Monarchs buried abroad|James II & VII]] |
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[[Category:1633 births]] |
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[[Category:1701 deaths]] |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Myers, Chris}} |
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[[ar:جيمس الثاني من إنكلترا]] |
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[[Category:Living people]] |
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[[bs:Jakov II Engleski]] |
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[[Category:Cornell University alumni]] |
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[[br:Jakez II (Bro-Saoz)]] |
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[[Category:University of Colorado alumni]] |
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[[bg:Джеймс II (Англия)]] |
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[[Category:Mayors of places in New Jersey]] |
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[[cs:Jakub II. Stuart]] |
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[[Category:People from Burlington County, New Jersey]] |
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[[cy:Iago II & VII, brenin Lloegr a'r Alban]] |
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[[da:Jakob 2. af England]] |
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[[de:Jakob II. (England)]] |
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[[et:James II (Inglismaa)]] |
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[[es:Jacobo II de Inglaterra]] |
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[[eo:Jakobo la 2-a (Anglio)]] |
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[[fr:Jacques II d'Angleterre]] |
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[[ga:Séamus II Shasana]] |
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[[gd:Rìgh Seumas VII Alba is II Shasainn]] |
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[[hr:Jakov II., kralj Engleske]] |
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[[it:Giacomo II d'Inghilterra]] |
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[[he:ג'יימס השני, מלך אנגליה]] |
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[[ka:ჯეიმზ II (ინგლისი)]] |
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[[kw:Jamys VII a Alban]] |
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[[la:Iacobus II (rex Angliae)]] |
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[[lv:Džeimss II Stjuarts]] |
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[[lt:Jokūbas II]] |
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[[hu:II. Jakab angol király]] |
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[[nl:Jacobus II van Engeland]] |
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[[ja:ジェームズ2世 (イングランド王)]] |
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[[no:Jakob II av England]] |
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[[pl:Jakub II Stuart]] |
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[[pt:Jaime II de Inglaterra]] |
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[[ro:Iacob al II-lea al Angliei]] |
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[[ru:Яков II (король Англии)]] |
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[[sco:James VII o Scotland]] |
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[[simple:James II of England]] |
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[[sk:Jakub II. (Anglicko)]] |
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[[sr:Џејмс II]] |
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[[fi:Jaakko II (Englanti)]] |
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[[sv:Jakob II av England]] |
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[[th:สมเด็จพระเจ้าเจมส์ที่ 2 แห่งอังกฤษ]] |
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[[uk:Яків II (король Англії)]] |
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[[zh:詹姆斯二世 (英国)]] |
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Revision as of 16:02, 6 October 2008
Template:Future election candidate
Chris Myers | |
|---|---|
| File:Myers Headshot Smaller.JPG | |
| Candidate for New Jersey's 3rd congressional district | |
| Personal details | |
| Political party | Republican |
Chris Myers | |
|---|---|
| Mayor of Medford, New Jersey | |
| Personal details | |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse | Tiffany Myers |
| Children | Two (Son and daughter) |
| Residence | Medford, New Jersey |
| Alma mater | University of Colorado (Bachelor's Degree); Cornell University (Master's Degree) |
| Profession | U.S. Navy/Vice President of Lockheed Martin |
| Website | http://www.chrismyersforcongress.com |
Chris Myers (c. 1966), was born and raised in New Jersey's 3rd congressional district. He served in the United States Navy during the Gulf War, served as the Vice President, Business Development of Lockheed Martin, and was elected to the Medford, New Jersey Township Council in 2003 and 2007, serving as Mayor in 2004 and 2008.
Personal Biography
Raised in the Pinelands in Medford Township, he attended public schools, graduating from Shawnee High School. He later graduated from the University of Colorado with a degree in political science, and holds a master’s degree in public administration from Cornell University. [1]
He currently resides in Medford with his wife of 15 years, Tiffany, and his two young children.
Military Experience
Myers, a decorated combat veteran of the Persian Gulf War, served as the communications officer, anti-air warfare officer, and operations officer on the Navy’s first forward deployed Aegis-equipped cruiser, USS Bunker Hill. In this position, Chris directed the actions of four aircraft carriers and hundreds of land and sea-based aircraft, as well as missile ships from U.S. and allied nations. After leaving USS Bunker Hill, he served as the joint air defense officer for the combined U.S. and NATO Staff of Commander, Second Fleet and Commander Striking Fleet Atlantic aboard the flagship USS Mount Whitney. In this capacity, Myers designed and coordinated Air Defense and Tomahawk plans for exercise and real world operations. His military decorations include a Meritorious Service Medal, Joint Service Commendation Medal, Joint Service Achievement Medal, Navy Commendation Medal (with Combat V), several Navy Achievement Medals, Combat Action Ribbon and Liberation of Kuwait Medal. [1]
Business Experience
Upon leaving the Navy, Chris joined Lockheed Martin and became a program manager in the Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD) Program Office at NE&SS-Surface Systems. In that position, he led the High Range Resolution Program that consisted of a series of radar enhancements and at-sea tests to support Navy BMD efforts. He was promoted to director, Missile Defense and Radar Programs, charged with overseeing Lockheed Martin’s radar business and role in BMD domestically and internationally.
He was promoted to Vice President, Business Development where he was responsible for new business acquisition, technology research and development for Lockheed Martin Maritime Systems & Sensors’ (MS2). In this capacity, he is responsible for new business acquisition, technology research and development for MS2.
During his tenure, more than a thousand jobs have been added to the workforce.
Chris was also vice president, Advanced Programs, where he was responsible for leading the MS2’s efforts in developing advanced sensors and weapons systems for surface combatant ships. Before that role, he was vice president, Sea-based Missile Defense, which included Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense and integrating all missile defense activity across MS2.
In the past two years, he initiated and continues to lead Lockheed Martin’s efforts to produce solar powered projects in alternative energy. [1]
Political Experience
Myers was elected to the Medford, New Jersey Township Council in 2003 and 2007, serving as Mayor in 2004 and is serving as mayor again in 2008.
2008 Congressional campaign
Myers announced his bid for Congress in January of 2008, receiving the endorsement and support of the retiring incumbent Jim Saxton. [2]
Primary
Other candidates for the Republican nomination included Ocean County Freeholder John P. Kelly and former Tabernacle Township Committeeman Justin Murphy. The campaign in the Republican primary included disputes over taxes. Myers criticized Kelly for having voted to raise Ocean County's spending and taxes. Kelly responded that Myers's attack was hypocritical in light of the 50% increase in Medford's spending during Myers's term on the township's committee.[3] Kelly also charged that Myers's lobbying for the defense industry created a conflict of interest. [4] Myers won the primary with 49% of the vote to Kelly’s 26% and Murphy’s 25%.[5]
Kelly has since pushed his supporters to help Myers win, offering his "full support" and any help he can give.[6]
General election
Myers is facing State Senator John Adler, who was unopposed for the Democratic nomination. The only independent candidate in this race is Edward Forchion, who will be running under the "Legalize Marijuana (G.R.I.P.)" Party.[7]
In June, Myers criticized his opponent for supporting the New Jersey Legislature's proposed Democratic budget, which would divert money away from state beaches to state parks.[8] Myers also opposed Adler's vote to pass the budget without allowing voters to decide in November whether or not they supported borrowing an additional $3.9 billion for a school construction program a program that "was rife with "mismanagement, fiscal malfeasance, conflicts of interest and waste, fraud and abuse of taxpayer dollars" according to an April 2005 report by NJ Inspector General Mary Jane Cooper."[9]
On July 2, Myers announced he would be taking a leave of absence from his job as a Vice President at Lockheed Martin through the remainder of the campaign. In doing so, Myers announced he would be a full-time candidate between then and Election Day. [10]
Myers has made the Affordable Housing Mandate bill, a bill supported by his opponent and by Governor Jon Corzine, a central point in his summer campaign. Myers opposes the bill as a result of its inclusion of a section that creates government imposition of fees on non-residential development in order to build an affordable housing fund. He argues that this concept will be bad for taxpayers and will also destroy the preservation of environmental open space [11]
Myers is ProLife. At a debate on September 21 in Cherry Hill, Myers drew criticism by his opponents after he did not provide an answer to whether he would support overturning Roe v. Wade. Instead, Myers merely stood up and reiterated that he is pro-life. [12]
On September 22, Myers held a fundraiser with President George W. Bush in Colts Neck, New Jersey.[13] It has been suggested that Bush's unpopularity could hurt Myers' chances with independent voters. In 2004, Myers donated $2,000 to Bush’s reelection campaign, but has since donated money to Democrats as well. [14]According to The Press of Atlantic City, a fundraiser for Myers was also held by Charlie Black, senior adviser to Bush's 2000 and 2004 campaigns and a former lobbyist for Freddie Mac, a company at the heart of the recent financial crises and which is under investigation by the U.S. Attorney’s office.[15][16]
Myers looks to keep the third Congressional District for his party, in a district that has been represented by a Republican since it was created in 1882. Myers faces a 10-1 funding gap, with Adler having $1.4 million in cash on hand, compared to Myers' war chest of $155,000. After a bitter primary battle with Republican Freeholder Jack Kelly, Myers has received only one contribution from Kelly's home turf in Ocean County.[17] However, many of the mental scars of the primary seem to have healed; Kelly has since endorsed Myers, and the Ocean County GOP has begun to rally support for the GOP candidate going into November.[6]
On July 14, 2008, Myers broke with the national Republican Party leadership and announced his public opposition to offshore drilling along the New Jersey coast.[18]
A mid-September internal poll by McLaughlin & Associates show Myers defeating Adler by a margin of 33% to 29%, with a plurality of voters - 37% - undecided. [19]. The poll attributes Myers’ lead to a general dissatisfaction among voters towards Adler’s negative ads and negative mailers from various political committees supporting the Democrat. It also indicates that Adler’s low approval ratings are partially due to the perception that he is a “career politician” and the fact that he is an Ivy League-educated lawyer. Adler’s association with unpopular Democratic Gov. Jon Corzine also hurts him, while Myers is helped from his endorsement by incumbent Rep. Jim Saxton, who has a 53 percent favorable rating. [20].
A separate internal poll by Democratic pollsters Anzalone-Liszt shows the same percentage difference between the two candidates, with Myers defeating Adler by 4 percentage points. [21].
The first public poll in the race, commissioned by The Press of Atlantic City and The Richard Stockton College of New Jersey, shows Myers with 38.5% to Adler's 37.1%, with 22% of voters undecided. [22].
No pollster or political analyst in the country lists Myers as favored in this race, and money from the National Republican Congressional Committee hasn't been forthcoming. Myers has received no financial commitments nor adbuys from the National Republican Congressional Committee [23] State Republican Chair Tom Wilson said about Myers not receiving funds for his race: "I’ll be more than disappointed. I’ll be sickened."[24]
References
- ^ a b c Home page, Chris Myers for Congress. Accessed August 14, 2008.
- ^ Levinsky, David. "Saxton backs mayor of Medford as successor", Burlington County Times, January 11, 2008. Accessed August 14, 2008.
- ^ Friedman, Matt (March 21, 2008). "Myers and Kelly fight over taxes". PolitickerNJ.com. Retrieved 2008-08-11.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Kapochunas, Rachel (August 11, 2008). "Primary Fallout Shifts NJ Race Into Tossup Territory". Congressional Quarterly. Retrieved 2008-08-11.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help) - ^ Kapochunas, Rachel. "Primary Fallout Shifts NJ Race Into Tossup Territory", Congressional Quarterly, August 11, 2008. Accessed August 14, 2008. "Myers won the primary with 49 percent and Kelly and Murphy each received 25 percent."
- ^ a b Spahr, Rob. "Ocean County Republicans welcome Myers", Press of Atlantic City, August 4, 2008. Accessed August 11, 2008.
- ^ U.S. Congress Candidates for New Jersey], Project Vote Smart. Accessed August 14, 2008.
- ^ Weaver, Donna. "Myers, mayors object to using beach funds to keep parks open", Press of Atlantic City, June 21, 2008. Accessed August 14, 2008.
- ^ Myers Blasts Adler for Not Allowing Voters to Decide on $3.9 Billion School Construction Debt | Politicker NJ
- ^ Myers to Campaign for Congress Full-Time | Politicker NJ
- ^ Myers savages Adler-backed affordable housing plan | Politicker
- ^ "Economy Sets Sparks Flying at Debate" The Jewish Exponent]], Sept 25, 2008.Accessed October 3, 2008.
- ^ Spahr, Rob. "Myers looks to George Bush for fundraising boost", Press of Atlantic City, Sept 17, 2008 Accessed September 24, 2008.
- ^ [1] “OpenSecrets.Org”. Accessed October 3, 2008
- ^ [[2]]
- ^ [[ http://www.welt.de/english-news/article2517087/Fannie-and-Freddie-under-investigation.html]]
- ^ Burton, Cynthia. "Campaign funds are key in S. Jersey congressional race", The Philadelphia Inquirer, July 22, 2008. Accessed July 30, 2008.
- ^ Pizarro, Max. "Myers opposes while Adler bludgeons Bush drilling plan", PolitickerNJ.com, July 14, 2008. Accessed August 11, 2008.
- ^ [3]
- ^ [4]
- ^ [5]
- ^ [6]
- ^ [7]
- ^ [8]
External links
- Chris Myers for Congress Official Campaign site