Loup language: Difference between revisions

Loup
Loup
Pronunciation	[lu] loo
Native to	United States
Region	Massachusetts, Connecticut
Ethnicity	Nipmuck?
Extinct	18th century
Language family	Algic Algonquian Eastern Algonquian Loup; ; ;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	Either:; xlo – Loup A; xlb – Loup B
Linguist List	xlo Loup A
	xlb Loup B
Glottolog	loup1243 Nipmuck; loup1245 Loup B

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Latest revision as of 22:37, 14 May 2024

Loup is an extinct Algonquian language, or possibly group of languages, spoken in colonial New England. Loup ('Wolf') was a French colonial ethnographic term, and usage was inconsistent. In modern literature, it refers to two varieties, Loup A and Loup B.^[1]

Attestation[edit]

Loup A, which may be the language of the Nipmuck^{[citation needed]}, is principally attested from a word list recorded from refugees by the St. Francis mission to the Abenaki in Quebec. The descendants of these refugees became speakers of Western Abenaki in the eighteenth century. Loup B refers to a second word list, which shows extensive dialectal variation. This may not be a distinct language, but just notes on the speech of various New England Algonquian refugees in French missions.^[2]

Phonology[edit]

The phonology of Loup A (Nipmuck), reconstructed by Gustafson 2000:

Nipmuc Consonants
	Bilabial	Alveolar		Palatal/ Postalveolar	Velar		Glottal
	Bilabial	plain	pal.	Palatal/ Postalveolar	plain	lab.	Glottal
Nasal	m	n
Plosive	p	t	tʲ		k	(kʷ)
Affricate				tʃ
Fricative		s					h
Lateral		l
Approximant	w			j

Vowels
	Front	Back
Close	i, iː	u
Mid	e	o, oː
Open	a, aː, ã

The vowel sounds likely have the same phonetic quality as other southern New England Algonquian languages. The short vowels /i o e a/ may represent the sounds as [ɪ], [ʊ], [ɛ,ə], and [ʌ], while the long vowels /iː/, /oː/, and /ã/ correspond to /i/, /o/, and /ã/.^[3]^[4]

References[edit]

^ Goddard, Ives (2012). "The 'Loup' Languages of Western Massachusetts: The Dialectal Diversity of Southern New England Algonquian". Papers of the 44th Algonquian Conference. 44. SUNY Press: 104–138.
^ Victor Golla, 2007. Atlas of the World's Languages
^ Gustafson, Holly Suzanne (2000). A Grammar of the Nipmuck Language (PDF). Deparament of Linguistics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba.
^ Costa, David J. (2007). The Dialectology of Southern New England Algonquian (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 August 2018.

External links[edit]

[1] Goddard, Ives (2012). "The 'Loup' Languages of Western Massachusetts: The Dialectal Diversity of Southern New England Algonquian". Papers of the 44th Algonquian Conference. 44. SUNY Press: 104–138.

[2] Victor Golla, 2007. Atlas of the World's Languages

[3] Gustafson, Holly Suzanne (2000). A Grammar of the Nipmuck Language (PDF). Deparament of Linguistics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba.

[4] Costa, David J. (2007). The Dialectology of Southern New England Algonquian (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 August 2018.

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@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 {{Infobox language
 |name=Loup
-|pronunciation={{IPA-fr|lu|}}
+|pronunciation={{IPA-fr|lu|}} {{respell|loo}}
 |states=[[United States]]
 |region=[[Massachusetts]], [[Connecticut]]
@@ Line 25: / Line 25: @@
 }}'''Loup''' is an extinct [[Algonquian languages|Algonquian]] language, or possibly group of languages, spoken in colonial [[New England]]. ''Loup'' ('Wolf') was a [[French language|French]] colonial ethnographic term, and usage was inconsistent. In modern literature, it refers to two varieties, '''Loup A''' and '''Loup B'''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last = Goddard|first = Ives|date = 2012|title = The 'Loup' Languages of Western Massachusetts: The Dialectal Diversity of Southern New England Algonquian|url =https://ojs.library.carleton.ca/index.php/ALGQP/article/view/2320/2094|journal = Papers of the 44th Algonquian Conference| volume=44 |publisher = SUNY Press|pages = 104–138}}</ref>
 ==Attestation==
-Loup A, which may be the language of the [[Nipmuck]], is principally attested from a word list recorded from refugees by the [[Saint-François-du-Lac, Quebec|St. Francis]] mission to the [[Abenaki]] in [[Quebec]]. The descendants of these refugees became speakers of Western Abenaki in the eighteenth century. Loup B refers to a second word list, which shows extensive dialectal variation. This may not be a distinct language, but just notes on the speech of various New England Algonquian refugees in French missions.<ref>Victor Golla, 2007. ''Atlas of the World's Languages''</ref>[[File:Chaubunagungamaug lake sign.jpg|thumb|[[Lake Chaubunagungamaug|Chaubunagungamaug lake]] sign, a place name originating from the [[Nipmuck]] people]]
+Loup A, which may be the language of the [[Nipmuck]]{{cn|date=May 2024}}, is principally attested from a word list recorded from refugees by the [[Saint-François-du-Lac, Quebec|St. Francis]] mission to the [[Abenaki]] in [[Quebec]]. The descendants of these refugees became speakers of Western Abenaki in the eighteenth century. Loup B refers to a second word list, which shows extensive dialectal variation. This may not be a distinct language, but just notes on the speech of various New England Algonquian refugees in French missions.<ref>Victor Golla, 2007. ''Atlas of the World's Languages''</ref>[[File:Chaubunagungamaug lake sign.jpg|thumb|[[Lake Chaubunagungamaug|Chaubunagungamaug lake]] sign, a place name originating from the [[Nipmuck]] people]]
 == Phonology ==
 The phonology of Loup A (Nipmuck), reconstructed by Gustafson 2000: