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[[Image:Original coat of arms of Gibraltar.jpg|thumb|150px|Arms granted to the city of Gibraltar by a Royal Warrant passed in Toledo on July 10, 1502 by [[Isabella of Castile]]]]
[[File:Original coat of arms of Gibraltar.jpg|thumb|150px|Arms granted to the city of Gibraltar by a Royal Warrant passed in Toledo on 10 July 1502 by [[Isabella I of Castile]]]]
The '''Kingdom of Gibraltar''' is one of the historic [[substantive title]]s pertaining to the [[Crown of Castile|Castilian monarchy]] and its successor, the [[Spanish monarchy]]. The title of "King of Gibraltar" is still included in the [[List of titles and honours of the Spanish Crown|titles and honours of the Spanish Crown]] and is among the titles of the present king, [[Juan Carlos I]]<ref>http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/Rotunda/2209/Spain.html</ref><ref>[http://www.heraldica.org/topics/royalty/royalstyle.htm#spain Royal Styles<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> , although Gibraltar was ceded to the British Crown under Article X of the [[Treaty of Utrecht]] [[1713]].
The '''Kingdom of Gibraltar''' (''Reino de Gibraltar'') was one of the many historic [[substantive title]]s pertaining to the [[Crown of Castile|Castilian monarchy]] and its successor, the [[Spanish monarchy]], belonging to what is known as ''Grand Title'' ({{lang-es|Título Grande}}).<ref name="protocolo"/> It was added to the monarchy titles by the king [[Henry IV of Castile]], upon the addition of Gibraltar to the Crown patrimony in 1462.<ref>{{cite book | title=Gibraltar. A History | author=Maurice Harvey | publisher=Spellmount Limited | year=1996 | isbn=1-86227-103-8 | pages=50–51}}</ref>

The title of "King of Gibraltar" was kept in the [[List of titles and honours of the Spanish Crown|titles and honours of the Spanish Crown]] and is no longer among the titles of the present king, [[Felipe VI of Spain|Felipe VI]],<ref name="protocolo">{{cite book | title=Honores y protocolo | language=es | author=Francisco López-Nieto y Mallo | pages=126 | publisher=EL CONSULTOR | year=2006 | isbn=84-7052-387-2}}</ref><ref>[http://www.heraldica.org/topics/royalty/royalstyle.htm#spain Royal Styles: Spain]</ref> as only the town of Gibraltar (the territory ceded was only 1% of the Spanish kingdom of Gibraltar) to the British Crown under [[:s:Peace and Friendship Treaty of Utrecht between Spain and Great Britain#ARTICLE X|Article X]] of the [[Treaty of Utrecht]] 1713.


==History==
==History==
During the [[Middle Ages]], [[Gibraltar]] was part of the [[Moors|Moorish]] [[Taifa]] of [[Malaga]] in [[Al-Andalus]]. It was ruled by [[Abdul Malik]], son of the [[kingdom of Fez|King of Fez]], between 1333 and 1340. After an unsuccessful siege led by [[Alfonso XI of Castile]] during the [[Reconquista]] period, Emir [[Isa Ibn al-Hassam]] proclaimed himself "King of Gibraltar and its lands" in 1355. The kingship remained in Muslim hands for the next century.
During the [[Middle Ages]], [[Gibraltar]] was part of the [[Moors|Moorish]] [[Taifa]] of [[Málaga]] in [[Al-Andalus]]. It was ruled by Abdul Malik, son of the [[Marinid dynasty]], between 1333 and 1340. After an unsuccessful siege led by [[Alfonso XI of Castile]] during the [[Reconquista]] period, Emir [[Isa Ibn al-Hassam]] proclaimed himself "King of Gibraltar and its lands" in 1355. The kingship remained in Muslim hands for the next century.


Gibraltar was finally captured by [[Kingdom of Castile|Castile]] on 15 December 1462 when it fell to an army led by the [[Duke of Medina Sidonia]], who expelled the Moors from the territory. King [[Henry IV of Castile]], the father of the later Queen [[Isabella of Castile]], rewarded the duke with the title of Marquess of Gibraltar and added the kingship of Gibraltar to the list of titles of the Castilian crown. The title continued to be used by his successors even after the territory was ceded to the Crown of [[Great Britain]] in perpetuity under the terms of the [[Treaty of Utrecht]] of 1713.<ref>''Juridical Facts as Sources of International Rights and Obligations'', vol. 6 in ''International law in historical perspective'', J. H. W. Verzijl, W. P. Heere, J. P. S. Offerhaus, p. 174. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1973. ISBN 9028602232</ref> The continued use of the title thus emphasizes a Spanish viewpoint that the United Kingdom merely has ''possession'' of Gibraltar, rather than ''sovereignty'' over it.<ref>''Spain'', George Hills, p. 80. Praeger, 1970</ref> The United Kingdom, by contrast, takes the position that the treaty transferred sovereignty as well as possession. <ref name="korman">Sharon Korman, ''The Right of Conquest: The Acquisition of Territory by Force in International Law and Practice'', p. 97. Oxford University Press, 1996. ISBN 0198280076</ref>
Gibraltar was finally captured by [[Kingdom of Castile|Castile]] on 15 December 1462 when it fell to an army led by the [[Duke of Medina Sidonia]], who expelled the [[Moors]] from the territory. King [[Henry IV of Castile]], the brother of the later Queen [[Isabella I of Castile]], rewarded the duke with the title of [[Marquisate of Gibraltar|Marquess of Gibraltar]] and added the kingship of Gibraltar to the list of titles of the Castilian crown. The title can no longer be used by his successors as the territory was ceded to the Crown of [[Great Britain]] in perpetuity under the terms of the [[Treaty of Utrecht]] of 1713.<ref>''Juridical Facts as Sources of International Rights and Obligations'', vol. 6 in ''International law in historical perspective'', J. H. W. Verzijl, W. P. Heere, J. P. S. Offerhaus, p. 174. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1973. {{ISBN|90-286-0223-2}}</ref> The United Kingdom, by contrast, takes the position that the treaty transferred sovereignty as well as possession.<ref name="korman">Sharon Korman, ''The Right of Conquest: The Acquisition of Territory by Force in International Law and Practice'', p. 97. Oxford University Press, 1996. {{ISBN|0-19-828007-6}}</ref>


When Gibraltar was captured by Great Britain in 1704, the city council and much of the population left, founding in 1706 the nearby town of [[San Roque, Cádiz|San Roque]].<ref>''Rock of Contention: A History of Gibraltar'', George Hills, p. 176. Robert Hale & Company, 1974. ISBN 0709143524</ref> The original royal warrant of 1502, which the city council took with it to San Roque along with Gibraltar's standard and records, is now in the San Roque municipal archives.<ref>"[http://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/about_gib/national_symbols/national_index.htm Arms of Gibraltar]", Government of Gibraltar. Accessed 2005-05-31</ref> San Roque still uses a modified version of the [[coat of arms of Gibraltar]] to symbolise its connection with Gibraltar.
When Gibraltar was captured by an Anglo-Dutch fleet on behalf of the [[Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Archduke Charles]], claimant to the Spanish throne, in 1704, the city council and most of the population left, founding in 1706 the nearby town of [[San Roque, Cádiz|San Roque]].<ref>''Rock of Contention: A History of Gibraltar'', George Hills, p. 176. Robert Hale & Company, 1974. {{ISBN|0-7091-4352-4}}</ref> The original royal warrant of 1502, which the city council took with it to San Roque along with Gibraltar's standard and records, is now in the San Roque municipal archives.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/about_gib/national_symbols/national_index.htm|title=Arms of Gibraltar|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070817114100/http://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/about_gib/national_symbols/national_index.htm |archive-date=2007-08-17|publisher=Government of Gibraltar}}</ref> San Roque still uses a modified version of the original [[coat of arms of Gibraltar]] to symbolise its connection with Gibraltar.


This title is not officially designated in the 1978 constitution, but the constitution notes that the title of the King is King of Spain and further grants the right to use "the others pertaining to the Crown" (''los demás que correspondan a la Corona''). This title is among the ones used by [[Alfonso XIII of Spain|Alfonso XIII]], which, by this provision of the constitution, the King is entitled to use.<ref>ibid.</ref>
As with the rest of the historic substantive titles pertaining to the Spanish monarchy, this title is not officially designated in the 1978 constitution, but the constitution notes that the title of the King is King of Spain and further grants the right to use "the others pertaining to the Crown" (''los demás que correspondan a la Corona''). This title is not "pertaining to the crown" of Spain. The Spanish Constitution has no competence to authorise the use of foreign titles belonging to other Monarchs.


As the kingship of Gibraltar is no longer among the titles of the Spanish monarchy, it was customary for titles and arms of conquered territories to be omitted from British regnal claims. The title and arms can only properly be used by the [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|British monarchy]].<ref>''The Dublin Review'', p. 109, January–February–March 1969. Ed. Nicholas Patrick Wiseman</ref> In 2010 the government of Gibraltar issued coinage using the title "Queen of Gibraltar".<ref>{{cite press release |date=2010-05-06 |title=No. 103/2010 |url=https://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/new/sites/default/files/Press%20archives/Press%20Releases/2010/103-2010%20(1).pdf |location=[[Gibraltar]] |publisher=[[Government of Gibraltar]] |access-date=2016-04-18}}</ref> The title now appears on most Gibraltar and UK government documents referencing the Queen in relation to Gibraltar, which is the British Queen [[Elizabeth II]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/368808/bis-14-1179-united-kingdom-partnership-agreement-part-one.pdf |title=United Kingdom Partnership Agreement |date=2014-10-15 |website=www.gov.uk |publisher=[[HM Government]] |access-date=2016-04-18 |quote=The Governor of Gibraltar is the representative of the '''Queen of Gibraltar''', Queen Elizabeth II. }}</ref> Following the accession and proclamation of King [[Charles III]] in Gibraltar, Chief Minister [[Fabian Picardo]] has referred to the King as "King of Gibraltar",<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.gbc.gi/news/seminal-moment-gibraltars-history-fabian-picardo-reflects-proclamation-king-charles | title=A 'seminal moment' in Gibraltar's history - Fabian Picardo reflects on the Proclamation of King Charles III }}</ref> and on February 4, 2024, Gibraltar announced that they would present coins bearing the royal cypher of King [[Charles III]] at the [https://www.tradefairdates.com/World+Money+Fair-amp-M2799/Berlin.html Berlin Money Fair].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Culatto |first1=John |title=Gibralter to present it limited edition King Charles III coins at Berlin Money Fair |url=https://www.theolivepress.es/spain-news/2024/02/04/gibraltar-to-present-its-limited-edition-king-charles-iii-coins-at-berlin-money-fair/ |website=The Olive Press|date=4 February 2024 }}</ref>
Although the kingship of Gibraltar continues to be among the titles of the Spanish monarchy, it was customary for titles and arms of conquered territories to be omitted from British regnal claims. The title and arms were thus never claimed by the [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|British monarchy]].<ref>''The Dublin Review'', p. 109, January-February-March 1969. Ed. Nicholas Patrick Wiseman</ref>


==See also ==
==See also==


* [[Spanish nobility]]
* [[Spanish monarchy]]
* [[List of titles and honours of the Spanish Crown]]
* [[List of titles and honours of the Spanish Crown]]
* [[History of Spain]]
* [[History of Spain]]
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{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Kingdom Of Gibraltar}}
[[Category:Spanish monarchy| Monarchy]]
[[Category:Monarchy of Spain]]

[[ca:Taifa de Gibraltar]]
[[Category:History of Gibraltar]]
[[es:Reino de Gibraltar]]
[[pt:Reino de Gibraltar]]

Latest revision as of 09:37, 1 June 2024

Arms granted to the city of Gibraltar by a Royal Warrant passed in Toledo on 10 July 1502 by Isabella I of Castile

The Kingdom of Gibraltar (Reino de Gibraltar) was one of the many historic substantive titles pertaining to the Castilian monarchy and its successor, the Spanish monarchy, belonging to what is known as Grand Title (Spanish: Título Grande).[1] It was added to the monarchy titles by the king Henry IV of Castile, upon the addition of Gibraltar to the Crown patrimony in 1462.[2]

The title of "King of Gibraltar" was kept in the titles and honours of the Spanish Crown and is no longer among the titles of the present king, Felipe VI,[1][3] as only the town of Gibraltar (the territory ceded was only 1% of the Spanish kingdom of Gibraltar) to the British Crown under Article X of the Treaty of Utrecht 1713.

History[edit]

During the Middle Ages, Gibraltar was part of the Moorish Taifa of Málaga in Al-Andalus. It was ruled by Abdul Malik, son of the Marinid dynasty, between 1333 and 1340. After an unsuccessful siege led by Alfonso XI of Castile during the Reconquista period, Emir Isa Ibn al-Hassam proclaimed himself "King of Gibraltar and its lands" in 1355. The kingship remained in Muslim hands for the next century.

Gibraltar was finally captured by Castile on 15 December 1462 when it fell to an army led by the Duke of Medina Sidonia, who expelled the Moors from the territory. King Henry IV of Castile, the brother of the later Queen Isabella I of Castile, rewarded the duke with the title of Marquess of Gibraltar and added the kingship of Gibraltar to the list of titles of the Castilian crown. The title can no longer be used by his successors as the territory was ceded to the Crown of Great Britain in perpetuity under the terms of the Treaty of Utrecht of 1713.[4] The United Kingdom, by contrast, takes the position that the treaty transferred sovereignty as well as possession.[5]

When Gibraltar was captured by an Anglo-Dutch fleet on behalf of the Archduke Charles, claimant to the Spanish throne, in 1704, the city council and most of the population left, founding in 1706 the nearby town of San Roque.[6] The original royal warrant of 1502, which the city council took with it to San Roque along with Gibraltar's standard and records, is now in the San Roque municipal archives.[7] San Roque still uses a modified version of the original coat of arms of Gibraltar to symbolise its connection with Gibraltar.

As with the rest of the historic substantive titles pertaining to the Spanish monarchy, this title is not officially designated in the 1978 constitution, but the constitution notes that the title of the King is King of Spain and further grants the right to use "the others pertaining to the Crown" (los demás que correspondan a la Corona). This title is not "pertaining to the crown" of Spain. The Spanish Constitution has no competence to authorise the use of foreign titles belonging to other Monarchs.

As the kingship of Gibraltar is no longer among the titles of the Spanish monarchy, it was customary for titles and arms of conquered territories to be omitted from British regnal claims. The title and arms can only properly be used by the British monarchy.[8] In 2010 the government of Gibraltar issued coinage using the title "Queen of Gibraltar".[9] The title now appears on most Gibraltar and UK government documents referencing the Queen in relation to Gibraltar, which is the British Queen Elizabeth II.[10] Following the accession and proclamation of King Charles III in Gibraltar, Chief Minister Fabian Picardo has referred to the King as "King of Gibraltar",[11] and on February 4, 2024, Gibraltar announced that they would present coins bearing the royal cypher of King Charles III at the Berlin Money Fair.[12]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b Francisco López-Nieto y Mallo (2006). Honores y protocolo (in Spanish). EL CONSULTOR. p. 126. ISBN 84-7052-387-2.
  2. ^ Maurice Harvey (1996). Gibraltar. A History. Spellmount Limited. pp. 50–51. ISBN 1-86227-103-8.
  3. ^ Royal Styles: Spain
  4. ^ Juridical Facts as Sources of International Rights and Obligations, vol. 6 in International law in historical perspective, J. H. W. Verzijl, W. P. Heere, J. P. S. Offerhaus, p. 174. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1973. ISBN 90-286-0223-2
  5. ^ Sharon Korman, The Right of Conquest: The Acquisition of Territory by Force in International Law and Practice, p. 97. Oxford University Press, 1996. ISBN 0-19-828007-6
  6. ^ Rock of Contention: A History of Gibraltar, George Hills, p. 176. Robert Hale & Company, 1974. ISBN 0-7091-4352-4
  7. ^ "Arms of Gibraltar". Government of Gibraltar. Archived from the original on 2007-08-17.
  8. ^ The Dublin Review, p. 109, January–February–March 1969. Ed. Nicholas Patrick Wiseman
  9. ^ "No. 103/2010" (PDF) (Press release). Gibraltar: Government of Gibraltar. 2010-05-06. Retrieved 2016-04-18.
  10. ^ "United Kingdom Partnership Agreement" (PDF). www.gov.uk. HM Government. 2014-10-15. Retrieved 2016-04-18. The Governor of Gibraltar is the representative of the Queen of Gibraltar, Queen Elizabeth II.
  11. ^ "A 'seminal moment' in Gibraltar's history - Fabian Picardo reflects on the Proclamation of King Charles III".
  12. ^ Culatto, John (4 February 2024). "Gibralter to present it limited edition King Charles III coins at Berlin Money Fair". The Olive Press.
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