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'''''Paenibacillus polymyxa<ref>{{cite journal|last1=[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Akshit_Puri Puri]|first1=Akshit|last2=Padda|first2=Kiran Preet|last3=[http://profiles.forestry.ubc.ca/person/christopher-chanway/ Chanway]|first3=Chris P|title=Can a diazotrophic endophyte originally isolated from lodgepole pine colonize an agricultural crop (corn) and promote its growth?|journal=Soil Biology and Biochemistry|date=October 2015|volume=89|pages=210–216|doi=10.1016/j.soilbio.2015.07.012|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0038071715002540}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Akshit_Puri Puri]|first1=Akshit|last2=Padda|first2=Kiran Preet|last3=[http://profiles.forestry.ubc.ca/person/christopher-chanway/ Chanway]|first3=Chris P|title=Evidence of nitrogen fixation and growth promotion in canola (Brassica napus L.) by an endophytic diazotroph Paenibacillus polymyxa P2b-2R|journal=Biology and Fertility of Soils|date=25 August 2015|doi=10.1007/s00374-015-1051-y|url=http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00374-015-1051-y}}</ref>''''' is a [[Gram-positive]] [[bacterium]] capable of [[nitrogen fixation|fixing nitrogen]]. The species may also be known as ''Bacillus polymyxa''. It is found in soil, plant roots, and marine sediments.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Lal|first=Sadhana|author2=Tabacchioni, Silvia|title=Ecology and biotechnological potential of Paenibacillus polymyxa: a minireview|journal=Indian Journal of Microbiology|date=21 April 2009|volume=49|issue=1|pages=2–10|doi=10.1007/s12088-009-0008-y}}</ref> Strains of this species were also isolated from [[cod]] intestines by students at the [[University of Tromsø]] in February 2009.
''Paenibacillus polymyxa''<ref>{{cite journal|last1=[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Akshit_Puri Puri]|first1=Akshit|last2=Padda|first2=Kiran Preet|last3=[http://profiles.forestry.ubc.ca/person/christopher-chanway/ Chanway]|first3=Chris P|title=Can a diazotrophic endophyte originally isolated from lodgepole pine colonize an agricultural crop (corn) and promote its growth?|journal=Soil Biology and Biochemistry|date=October 2015|volume=89|pages=210-216|doi=10.1016/j.soilbio.2015.07.012|}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Akshit_Puri Puri]|first1=Akshit|last2=Padda|first2=Kiran Preet|last3=[http://profiles.forestry.ubc.ca/person/christopher-chanway/ Chanway]|first3=Chris P|title=Evidence of nitrogen fixation and growth promotion in canola (''Brassica napus'' L.) by an endophytic diazotroph ''Paenibacillus polymyxa'' P2b-2R|journal=Biology and Fertility of Soils|date=January 2016|volume=52|issue=1|pages=119-125|doi=10.1007/s00374-015-1051-y|}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Akshit_Puri Puri]|first1=Akshit|last2=Padda|first2=Kiran Preet|last3=[http://profiles.forestry.ubc.ca/person/christopher-chanway/ Chanway]|first3=Chris P|title=Seedling growth promotion and nitrogen fixation by a bacterial endophyte ''Paenibacillus polymyxa'' P2b-2R and its GFP derivative in corn in a long-term trial|journal=Symbiosis|date=June 2016|volume=69|issue=2|pages=123-129|doi=10.1007/s13199-016-0385-z|}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Padda|first1=Kiran Preet|last2=[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Akshit_Puri Puri]|first2=Akshit|last3=[http://profiles.forestry.ubc.ca/person/christopher-chanway/ Chanway]|first3=Chris P|title=Effect of GFP tagging of ''Paenibacillus polymyxa'' P2b-2R on its ability to promote growth of canola and tomato seedlings|journal=Biology and Fertility of Soils|date=April 2016|volume=52|issue=3|pages=377-387|doi=10.1007/s00374-015-1083-3|}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Padda|first1=Kiran Preet|last2=[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Akshit_Puri Puri]|first2=Akshit|last3=[http://profiles.forestry.ubc.ca/person/christopher-chanway/ Chanway]|first3=Chris P|title=Plant growth promotion and nitrogen fixation in canola by an endophytic strain of ''Paenibacillus polymyxa'' and its GFP-tagged derivative in a long-term study|journal=Botany|date=7 July 2016|doi=10.1139/cjb-2016-0075|}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Yang|first1=Henry|last2=[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Akshit_Puri Puri]|first2=Akshit|last3=Padda|first3=Kiran Preet|last4=[http://profiles.forestry.ubc.ca/person/christopher-chanway/ Chanway]|first4=Chris P|title=Effects of ''Paenibacillus polymyxa'' inoculation and different soil nitrogen treatments on lodgepole pine seedling growth|journal=Canadian Journal of Forest Research|date=June 2016|volume=46|issue=6|pages=816-821|doi=10.1139/cjfr-2015-0456|}}</ref>is a [[Gram-positive]] [[bacterium]] capable of [[nitrogen fixation|fixing nitrogen]]. The species may also be known as ''Bacillus polymyxa''. It is found in soil, plant roots, and marine sediments.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Lal|first=Sadhana|author2=Tabacchioni, Silvia|title=Ecology and biotechnological potential of Paenibacillus polymyxa: a minireview|journal=Indian Journal of Microbiology|date=21 April 2009|volume=49|issue=1|pages=2–10|doi=10.1007/s12088-009-0008-y}}</ref> Strains of this species were also isolated from [[cod]] intestines by students at the [[University of Tromsø]] in February 2009.


==Growth conditions==
==Growth conditions==
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===Agricultural use===
===Agricultural use===
''P. polymyxa'' is used as a [[soil inoculant]] in [[agriculture]]<ref>{{cite journal|last1=[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Akshit_Puri Puri]|first1=Akshit|title=Plant growth promotion and nitrogen fixation by Paenibacillus polymyxa in corn and canola|date=22 July 2015|doi=10.13140/RG.2.1.2493.1684/1|url=https://circle.ubc.ca/handle/2429/54135}}</ref> and [[horticulture]]. Biofilms of ''P. polymyxa'' growing on plant roots have been shown to produce [[exopolysaccharide]]s which protect the plants from pathogens. The interactions between this bacterial species and plant roots also cause the root hairs to undergo physical changes.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Yegorenkova|first=Irina V.|author2=Tregubova, Kristina V. |author3=Ignatov, Vladimir V. |title=Paenibacillus polymyxa Rhizobacteria and Their Synthesized Exoglycans in Interaction with Wheat Roots: Colonization and Root Hair Deformation|journal=Current Microbiology|date=12 January 2013|volume=66|issue=5|pages=481–486|doi=10.1007/s00284-012-0297-y}}</ref>
''P. polymyxa'' is used as a [[soil inoculant]] in [[agriculture]]<ref>{{cite journal|last1=[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Akshit_Puri Puri]|first1=Akshit|last2=Padda|first2=Kiran Preet|last3=[http://profiles.forestry.ubc.ca/person/christopher-chanway/ Chanway]|first3=Chris P|title=Can a diazotrophic endophyte originally isolated from lodgepole pine colonize an agricultural crop (corn) and promote its growth?|journal=Soil Biology and Biochemistry|date=October 2015|volume=89|pages=210-216|doi=10.1016/j.soilbio.2015.07.012|}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Akshit_Puri Puri]|first1=Akshit|last2=Padda|first2=Kiran Preet|last3=[http://profiles.forestry.ubc.ca/person/christopher-chanway/ Chanway]|first3=Chris P|title=Evidence of nitrogen fixation and growth promotion in canola (''Brassica napus'' L.) by an endophytic diazotroph ''Paenibacillus polymyxa'' P2b-2R|journal=Biology and Fertility of Soils|date=January 2016|volume=52|issue=1|pages=119-125|doi=10.1007/s00374-015-1051-y|}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Akshit_Puri Puri]|first1=Akshit|last2=Padda|first2=Kiran Preet|last3=[http://profiles.forestry.ubc.ca/person/christopher-chanway/ Chanway]|first3=Chris P|title=Seedling growth promotion and nitrogen fixation by a bacterial endophyte ''Paenibacillus polymyxa'' P2b-2R and its GFP derivative in corn in a long-term trial|journal=Symbiosis|date=June 2016|volume=69|issue=2|pages=123-129|doi=10.1007/s13199-016-0385-z|}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Padda|first1=Kiran Preet|last2=[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Akshit_Puri Puri]|first2=Akshit|last3=[http://profiles.forestry.ubc.ca/person/christopher-chanway/ Chanway]|first3=Chris P|title=Effect of GFP tagging of ''Paenibacillus polymyxa'' P2b-2R on its ability to promote growth of canola and tomato seedlings|journal=Biology and Fertility of Soils|date=April 2016|volume=52|issue=3|pages=377-387|doi=10.1007/s00374-015-1083-3|}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Padda|first1=Kiran Preet|last2=[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Akshit_Puri Puri]|first2=Akshit|last3=[http://profiles.forestry.ubc.ca/person/christopher-chanway/ Chanway]|first3=Chris P|title=Plant growth promotion and nitrogen fixation in canola by an endophytic strain of ''Paenibacillus polymyxa'' and its GFP-tagged derivative in a long-term study|journal=Botany|date=7 July 2016|doi=10.1139/cjb-2016-0075|}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Yang|first1=Henry|last2=[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Akshit_Puri Puri]|first2=Akshit|last3=Padda|first3=Kiran Preet|last4=[http://profiles.forestry.ubc.ca/person/christopher-chanway/ Chanway]|first4=Chris P|title=Effects of ''Paenibacillus polymyxa'' inoculation and different soil nitrogen treatments on lodgepole pine seedling growth|journal=Canadian Journal of Forest Research|date=June 2016|volume=46|issue=6|pages=816-821|doi=10.1139/cjfr-2015-0456|}}</ref>and [[horticulture]]. Biofilms of ''P. polymyxa'' growing on plant roots have been shown to produce [[exopolysaccharide]]s which protect the plants from pathogens. The interactions between this bacterial species and plant roots also cause the root hairs to undergo physical changes.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Yegorenkova|first=Irina V.|author2=Tregubova, Kristina V. |author3=Ignatov, Vladimir V. |title=Paenibacillus polymyxa Rhizobacteria and Their Synthesized Exoglycans in Interaction with Wheat Roots: Colonization and Root Hair Deformation|journal=Current Microbiology|date=12 January 2013|volume=66|issue=5|pages=481–486|doi=10.1007/s00284-012-0297-y}}</ref>


===Antibiotics===
===Antibiotics===

Revision as of 17:50, 23 August 2016

Paenibacillus polymyxa
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Bacteria
Division:
Firmicutes
Class:
Bacilli
Order:
Bacillales
Family:
Paenibacillaceae
Genus:
Paenibacillus

(Prazmowski 1880)
Ash et al. 1994
Binomial name
Paenibacillus polymyxa
Type strain
ATCC 842
CCUG 1086
CFBP 4258
CIP 66.22
DSM 36
HAMBI 635 and 1897
JCM 2507
LMG 13294
NBRC 15309
NCCB 24016
NCTC 10343
NRRL B-4317
VKM B-514
Synonyms

Bacillus polymyxa (Prazmowski 1880) Macé 1889
Clostridium polymyxa Prazmowski 1880
Granulobacter polymyxa (Prazmowski 1880) Beijerinck 1893
Aerobacillus polymyxa (Prazmowski 1880) Donker 1926
Pseudomonas azotogensis Voets and Debacker

Paenibacillus polymyxa[1][2][3][4][5][6]is a Gram-positive bacterium capable of fixing nitrogen. The species may also be known as Bacillus polymyxa. It is found in soil, plant roots, and marine sediments.[7] Strains of this species were also isolated from cod intestines by students at the University of Tromsø in February 2009.

Growth conditions

P. polymyxa can be grown in the laboratory on TSAg-medium.

Applications

Agricultural use

P. polymyxa is used as a soil inoculant in agriculture[8][9][10][11][12][13]and horticulture. Biofilms of P. polymyxa growing on plant roots have been shown to produce exopolysaccharides which protect the plants from pathogens. The interactions between this bacterial species and plant roots also cause the root hairs to undergo physical changes.[14]

Antibiotics

Some strains of P. polymyxa produce polymyxin antibiotic compounds.[15] Surfactant complexes isolated from P. polymyxa have been shown to be effective in disrupting biofilms of Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus luteus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus bovis.[16]

References

  1. ^ Puri, Akshit; Padda, Kiran Preet; Chanway, Chris P (October 2015). "Can a diazotrophic endophyte originally isolated from lodgepole pine colonize an agricultural crop (corn) and promote its growth?". Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 89: 210–216. doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2015.07.012. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help); External link in |last1= and |last3= (help)
  2. ^ Puri, Akshit; Padda, Kiran Preet; Chanway, Chris P (January 2016). "Evidence of nitrogen fixation and growth promotion in canola (Brassica napus L.) by an endophytic diazotroph Paenibacillus polymyxa P2b-2R". Biology and Fertility of Soils. 52 (1): 119–125. doi:10.1007/s00374-015-1051-y. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help); External link in |last1= and |last3= (help)
  3. ^ Puri, Akshit; Padda, Kiran Preet; Chanway, Chris P (June 2016). "Seedling growth promotion and nitrogen fixation by a bacterial endophyte Paenibacillus polymyxa P2b-2R and its GFP derivative in corn in a long-term trial". Symbiosis. 69 (2): 123–129. doi:10.1007/s13199-016-0385-z. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help); External link in |last1= and |last3= (help)
  4. ^ Padda, Kiran Preet; Puri, Akshit; Chanway, Chris P (April 2016). "Effect of GFP tagging of Paenibacillus polymyxa P2b-2R on its ability to promote growth of canola and tomato seedlings". Biology and Fertility of Soils. 52 (3): 377–387. doi:10.1007/s00374-015-1083-3. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help); External link in |last2= and |last3= (help)
  5. ^ Padda, Kiran Preet; Puri, Akshit; Chanway, Chris P (7 July 2016). "Plant growth promotion and nitrogen fixation in canola by an endophytic strain of Paenibacillus polymyxa and its GFP-tagged derivative in a long-term study". Botany. doi:10.1139/cjb-2016-0075. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help); External link in |last2= and |last3= (help)
  6. ^ Yang, Henry; Puri, Akshit; Padda, Kiran Preet; Chanway, Chris P (June 2016). "Effects of Paenibacillus polymyxa inoculation and different soil nitrogen treatments on lodgepole pine seedling growth". Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 46 (6): 816–821. doi:10.1139/cjfr-2015-0456. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help); External link in |last2= and |last4= (help)
  7. ^ Lal, Sadhana; Tabacchioni, Silvia (21 April 2009). "Ecology and biotechnological potential of Paenibacillus polymyxa: a minireview". Indian Journal of Microbiology. 49 (1): 2–10. doi:10.1007/s12088-009-0008-y.
  8. ^ Puri, Akshit; Padda, Kiran Preet; Chanway, Chris P (October 2015). "Can a diazotrophic endophyte originally isolated from lodgepole pine colonize an agricultural crop (corn) and promote its growth?". Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 89: 210–216. doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2015.07.012. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help); External link in |last1= and |last3= (help)
  9. ^ Puri, Akshit; Padda, Kiran Preet; Chanway, Chris P (January 2016). "Evidence of nitrogen fixation and growth promotion in canola (Brassica napus L.) by an endophytic diazotroph Paenibacillus polymyxa P2b-2R". Biology and Fertility of Soils. 52 (1): 119–125. doi:10.1007/s00374-015-1051-y. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help); External link in |last1= and |last3= (help)
  10. ^ Puri, Akshit; Padda, Kiran Preet; Chanway, Chris P (June 2016). "Seedling growth promotion and nitrogen fixation by a bacterial endophyte Paenibacillus polymyxa P2b-2R and its GFP derivative in corn in a long-term trial". Symbiosis. 69 (2): 123–129. doi:10.1007/s13199-016-0385-z. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help); External link in |last1= and |last3= (help)
  11. ^ Padda, Kiran Preet; Puri, Akshit; Chanway, Chris P (April 2016). "Effect of GFP tagging of Paenibacillus polymyxa P2b-2R on its ability to promote growth of canola and tomato seedlings". Biology and Fertility of Soils. 52 (3): 377–387. doi:10.1007/s00374-015-1083-3. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help); External link in |last2= and |last3= (help)
  12. ^ Padda, Kiran Preet; Puri, Akshit; Chanway, Chris P (7 July 2016). "Plant growth promotion and nitrogen fixation in canola by an endophytic strain of Paenibacillus polymyxa and its GFP-tagged derivative in a long-term study". Botany. doi:10.1139/cjb-2016-0075. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help); External link in |last2= and |last3= (help)
  13. ^ Yang, Henry; Puri, Akshit; Padda, Kiran Preet; Chanway, Chris P (June 2016). "Effects of Paenibacillus polymyxa inoculation and different soil nitrogen treatments on lodgepole pine seedling growth". Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 46 (6): 816–821. doi:10.1139/cjfr-2015-0456. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help); External link in |last2= and |last4= (help)
  14. ^ Yegorenkova, Irina V.; Tregubova, Kristina V.; Ignatov, Vladimir V. (12 January 2013). "Paenibacillus polymyxa Rhizobacteria and Their Synthesized Exoglycans in Interaction with Wheat Roots: Colonization and Root Hair Deformation". Current Microbiology. 66 (5): 481–486. doi:10.1007/s00284-012-0297-y.
  15. ^ Shaheen, M; Li, J; Ross, AC; Vederas, JC; Jensen, SE (Dec 23, 2011). "Paenibacillus polymyxa PKB1 produces variants of polymyxin B-type antibiotics". Chemistry & Biology. 18 (12): 1640–8. doi:10.1016/j.chembiol.2011.09.017. PMID 22195566.
  16. ^ Quinn, GA; Maloy, AP; McClean, S; Carney, B; Slater, JW (2012). "Lipopeptide biosurfactants from Paenibacillus polymyxa inhibit single and mixed species biofilms". Biofouling. 28 (10): 1151–66. doi:10.1080/08927014.2012.738292. PMID 23113815.

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