Paenibacillaceae

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Paenibacillaceae
Paenibacillus dendritiformis

Paenibacillus dendritiformis

Systematics
Domain : Bacteria (bacteria)
Department : Firmicutes
Class : Bacilli
Order : Bacillales
Family : Paenibacillaceae
Scientific name
Paenibacillaceae
Garrity et al. 2001

The Paenibacillaceae form a family of Gram-positive bacteria from the order of the Bacillales . They are usually rod-shaped and usually form oval, swollen endospores . The bacteria are mostly soil dwellers and often motile through peritrichous flagella.

ecology

The representatives tolerate oxygen, many ( Brevibacillus , Aneurinibacillus ) absolutely need oxygen (obligatory aerobic ), other species of this family, such as. B. Paenibacillus are called facultative anaerobic , they can also exist without oxygen. Some are microaerobic, they only tolerate small amounts of oxygen, e.g. B. Thermicanus aegypticus . When it comes to the temperature for growth, the family is quite diverse: Thermicanus and Thermobacillus , as the name suggests, are thermophilic . They show optimal growth at rather high temperatures. In Thermicanus aegypticus the best growth rates at temperatures between 55 and 60 ° C. On the contrary, Paenibacillus antarcticus is psychrophilic ; preferred temperatures are 10 to 15 ° C.

Fixation of nitrogen ( diazotrophy ) has been observed in various types of Paenibacillus . During nitrogen fixation , elemental nitrogen is first bound and converted into ammonia . Elemental nitrogen is not accessible to higher living beings, only bacteria are able to reintroduce nitrogen into the food web. Therefore the ecological importance is enormous. So one finds z. B. Paenibacillus brasilensis often living in association with maize . The bacterium is found in the rhizosphere of the plant. Both organisms involved benefit from each other, but the connection is not necessary for the bacterium to fix nitrogen - it is able to do so even in the absence of the plant. Therefore it is not a symbiosis, but an association. Paenibacillus borealis , P. peoriae , P. azotofixans , and P. polymyxa can also fix nitrogen.

The ability, also known as diazotrophy, is widespread among bacteria. Other diazotrophic bacteria are e.g. B. Azotobacter of the Pseudomonadaceae , Klebsiella ( Enterobacteriaceae ) and Frankia alni a gram-positive species of Actinobacteria .

Some species are poisonous to different insects. Paenibacillus larvae subsp. larvae (synonym Bacillus larvae ) causes American foulbrood (AFB) in honey bees . The bacterium Melissococcus plutonius (synonym Melissococcus pluton ), a member of the Enterococcaceae family, causes European foulbrood (EFB), a rather benign bee disease. In the brood of EFB-infested bee colonies, Paenibacillus alvei and Brevibacillus laterosporus were also found, which probably also play a certain role in the foulbrood .

Paenibacillus popilliae is responsible for the so-called milk disease in some beetle larvae of the Scarabaeidae family . Paenibacillus popilliae and the species Paenibacillus lentimorbus are obligate pathogens. In nature, the bacteria are found only within the insects, the spores in parts of the soil that are close by.

Taxonomy

The genus Paenibacillus was established by the displacement of different species of the genus Bacillus. The genus Bacillus includes morphologically and phylogenetically (which the rRNA analyzes prove) very diverse species, which makes reclassification into different species useful. Within Bacillus , the different species were divided into several phylogenetic groups based on studies of the rRNA. The third group, also called "Bacillus polymyxa group", was separated from the genus Bacillus in 1993 and renamed Paenibacillus polymorpha and in 2001 classified in the new family Paenibacillaceae. Other generic names like Aneurinibacillus and Brevibacillus were taking place far reclassifications from various Bacillus species Paenibacillus closely related phylogenetically, created and placed in the paenibacillaceae.

Systematics

The following is a list of some genera in this family:

Sometimes the genera Ammoniphilus , Aneurinibacillus and Oxalophagus are placed in the so-called " Aneurinibacillus group". The genus Paenibacillus can also be found in older literature under the name "Bacillus polymyxa group".

literature

  • Michael T. Madigan, John M. Martinko, Jack Parker: Brock - Microbiology. 11th edition. Pearson Studium, Munich 2006, ISBN 3-8274-0566-1 .
  • O. Shida, H. Takagi, K. Kadowaki, LK Nakamura, K. Komagata: Transfer of Bacillus alginolyticus, Bacillus chondroitinus, Bacillus curdlanolyticus, Bacillus glucanolyticus, Bacillus kobensis, and Bacillus thiaminolyticus, and Bacillus thiaminolyticus to the Genus Paenibenacillus Genus and Paenibenacillus Genus In: International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. Volume 47, 1997, pp. 289–298 (online)
  • Esperanza Martinez-Romero: Dinitrogen-Fixing Prokaryotes. In: Martin Dworkin, Stanley Falkow, Eugene Rosenberg, Karl-Heinz Schleifer, Erko Stackebrandt (Eds.): The Prokaryotes, A Handbook of the Biology of Bacteria . Volume 2: Ecophysiology and Biochemistry. 3. Edition. Springer-Verlag, New York et al. 2006, ISBN 0-387-25492-7 .
  • Donald Stahly, Robert Andrews, Allan Yousten: The Genus Bacillus — Insect Pathogens. In: The Prokaryotes, A Handbook of the Biology of Bacteria. Volume 4: Bacteria: Firmicutes, Cyanobacteria. 3. Edition. Springer-Verlag, New York et al. 2006, ISBN 0-387-25494-3 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Friedrich Loeffler Institute (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health: Information: American foulbrood , (online PDF) ( Memento from July 23, 2019 in the Internet Archive )
  2. ↑ Bavarian State Institute for Viticulture and Horticulture: Information: American Faulbrut , (online PDF) ( Memento from October 21, 2016 in the Internet Archive )
  3. ↑ Ruth Waite, Helen Thompson, M. Brown, M. Watkins, M. Bew: Preliminary studies on new methods of discovery of the pathogens of the honeybee. Standing Commission on Bee Pathology, XXXVIII-th International Apicultural Congress of Apimonida in Ljubljana, Slovenia (PDF)
  4. ^ C. Ash, FG Priest, MD Collins: Molecular identification of rRNA group 3 bacilli (Ash, Farrow, Wallbanks, and Collins) using a PCRprobe test. Proposal for the creation of a new genus Paenibacillus. In: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 64, 1993, pp. 253-260. ISSN  0003-6072 (abstract)
  5. ↑ O. Shida, H. Takagi, K. Kadowaki, K. Komagata: Proposal for Two New Genera, Brevibacillus gen. Nov. and Aneurinibacillus gen. nov. In: International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. Volume 46 (4), 1996, pp. 939-946. NCBI
  6. ↑ Paenibacillaceae In: JP Euzéby: List of Prokaryotic Names with Standing in Nomenclature.
  7. ↑ National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)