Enterococcaceae
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| Enterococcaceae | ||||||||||
| Garrity et al. 2001 |
The Enterococcaceae form a family of Gram-positive bacteria from the order of the Lactobacillales . Typical lactic acid bacteria are present in this family . Through lactic acid fermentation , bacteria of this group form sugar, such as B. glucose , lactic acid (lactate) and are extremely important for food production, such. B. in yoghurt and cheese production. The term enterococci refers exclusively to the genus Enterococcus .
features
The various species are usually not dependent on oxygen and are optionally anaerobic . The cells are mostly cocci- shaped ; some, such as Atopobacter and the genus Pilibacter , which is isolated from termites , are rod- shaped . Cocci-shaped cells can appear in pairs or chains. The majority of the species have no flagella and cannot move actively (non-motile).
ecology
The species inhabit a variety of different habitats. Enterococcus is found in water, soil, on plants and in the intestines of humans and various animal species. Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium can be found in humans in the oral cavity, intestines, vagina and urethra and may have a pathogenic effect. Species of Ttragococcus can tolerate high salt concentrations ( halophiles ). For example, Ttragococcus halophilus was found in fermented fish dishes. The species Melissococcus pluton , which used to belong to the streptococci , can cause European foulbrood in honey bees . The rod-shaped bacterium Atopobacter and the coconut- shaped genus Catellicoccus were isolated from dead seals .
Although enterococci are part of the healthy intestinal flora , they can also cause infections in people with weakened immune systems. They are a common cause of nosocomial infections, typically found in hospitals, and can cause urinary tract infections or endocarditis , for example .
Lactic fermentation and food production
Important lactic acid bacteria are represented within the Enterococcaceae with genera such as Enterococcus , Tetztococcus and Vagococcus . They have a homofermentative lactic acid fermentation type, in which two molecules of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) are produced per molecule of glucose . The end product released is lactate. In contrast to heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria, homofermentative lactic acid bacteria almost exclusively release lactate, while heterofermentative species, such as some types of Lactobacillus , also release other end products in addition to lactic acid, mostly ethanol and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ).
Lactic acid bacteria are the most important organisms involved in the production of milk products and other food fermentations. Species such as Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis are important for the formation of taste during cheese ripening and are also used in the production of probiotic foods. The genus Tetztococcus , formerly assigned to Pediococcus , has a high salt tolerance (is halophilic) and plays an important role in the fermentation of some salted fish dishes. Furthermore, Ttragococcus is involved in the production of pickles and soy sauce.
Systematics
Genera of this family (as of June 16, 2018):
- Bavariicoccus Schmidt et al. 2009
- Catellicoccus Lawson et al. 2006
- Enterococcus (ex Thiercelin & Jouhaud 1903) Schleifer & Kilpper-Bälz 1984
- Melissococcus Bailey & Collins 1983
- Pilibacter Higashiguchi et al. 2006
- Ttragococcus Collins et al. 1993
- Vagococcus Collins et al. 1990
swell
- ↑ Dennis T. Higashiguchi, Claudia Husseneder, J. Kenneth Grace and John M. Berestecky: Pilibacter termitis gen. Nov., Sp. nov., a lactic acid bacterium from the hindgut of the Formosan subterranean termite (Coptotermes formosanus) In: International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology Vol. 56, 2006, pp. 15-20 Online ( Memento of the original from August 28, 2008 in Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Ruth Waite, Helen Thompson, M. Brown, M. Watkins, M. Bew: Preliminary Studies on New Methods of Discovery of Pathogens in Honey Bees Standing Commission on Bee Pathology, XXXVIII-th International Apicultural Congress of Apimonida in Ljubljana, Slovenia PDF .
- ↑ Paul A. Lawson, Geoffrey Foster, Enevold Falsen, Maria Ohlen and Matthew D. Collins: Atopobacter phocae gen. Nov., Sp. nov., a novel bacterium isolated from common seals In: International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology Vol. 50, 2000, pp. 1755-1760 Online ( Memento of the original from October 13, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically used and not yet tested. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. .
- ↑ Paul A. Lawson, Matthew D. Collins, Enevold Falsen and Geoffrey Foster: Catellicoccus marimammalium gen. Nov., Sp. nov., a novel Gram-positive, catalase-negative, coccus-shaped bacterium from porpoise and gray seal In: International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology Vol. 56, 2006, pp. 429-432 Online ( Memento des original from 19. November 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. .
- ↑ JP Euzéby: List of Prokaryotic Names with Standing in Nomenclature.
literature
- Michael T. Madigan, John M. Martinko, Jack Parker: Brock - Microbiology . 11th edition. Pearson Studium, Munich 2006, ISBN 3-8274-0566-1
- Martin Dworkin, Stanley Falkow, Eugene Rosenberg, Karl-Heinz Schleifer , Erko Stackebrandt (Eds.): The Prokaryotes, A Handbook of the Biology of Bacteria . 7 Vols. Springer, New York 2006. ISBN 0-387-30740-0 Vol. 4. Bacteria: Firmicutes, Cyanobacteria. ISBN 978-0-387-25494-4
- Wilhelm H. Holzapfel, Jürgen Baumgart, Hanns K Frank: Lexicon of food microbiology and hygiene . Behr's Verlag, 2004. ISBN 978-3-899-47048-2
- Wilhelm H. Holzapfel and Brian JB Wood: The Genera of Lactic Acid Bacteria Blackie Academic & Professional, London 1995 ISBN 978-0-751-40215-5
- Köhler, Werner (Ed.) Medical Microbiology , 8th edition, Munich / Jena 2001 ISBN 978-3-437-41640-8