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''Xenodermus javanicus,'' also known as the '''Dragon Snake''', '''Javan Tubercle Snake''', '''Javan Mudsnake''', or '''Rough-backed Litter Snake,'''<ref name="IUCN">{{cite iucn|author=Wogan, G.|author2=Grismer, L.|author3=Chan-Ard, T.|name-list-style=amp|title=''Xenodermus javanicus''|page=e.T190514A1954501|year=2012|access-date=2 July 2020}}</ref><ref name="RDB" /><ref name="snakesarelong" /> is a small non-venomous, semi-fossorial Colubrid snake belonging to the monotypic genus ''Xenodermus'' .<ref>{{cite book|last=Various|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4-fRAAAAMAAJ|title=Bulletin of the Raffles Museum, Issues 12-14|publisher=University of Michigan|year=1936|pages=172–173|access-date=2013-08-16}}</ref> This species is best known for their characteristic dorsal scales and interesting defense mechanism in which they stiffen their entire bodies when threatened. ''X. javanicus'' is nocturnal and subsists on a diet of frogs, tadpoles and small fish.<ref name="Dragon Snake Care Guide">{{Cite web|title=Dragon Snake Care Guide|url=https://www.creaturesofnightshade.com/dragonsnakecareguide|access-date=2020-09-26|website=Creatures of Nightshade|language=en}}</ref> While they are known to perish once placed into captivity, some herpetoculturists have been successful in keeping them.
''Xenodermus javanicus,'' also known as the '''Dragon Snake''', '''Javan Tubercle Snake''', '''Javan Mudsnake''', or '''Rough-backed Litter Snake,'''<ref name="IUCN">{{cite iucn|author=Wogan, G.|author2=Grismer, L.|author3=Chan-Ard, T.|name-list-style=amp|title=''Xenodermus javanicus''|page=e.T190514A1954501|year=2012|access-date=2 July 2020}}</ref><ref name="RDB" /><ref name="snakesarelong" /> is a small non-venomous, semi-fossorial Colubrid snake belonging to the monotypic genus ''Xenodermus''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Various|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4-fRAAAAMAAJ|title=Bulletin of the Raffles Museum, Issues 12-14|publisher=University of Michigan|year=1936|pages=172–173|access-date=2013-08-16}}</ref> This species is best known for their characteristic dorsal scales and interesting defense mechanism in which they stiffen their entire bodies when threatened. ''X. javanicus'' is nocturnal and subsists on a diet of frogs, tadpoles and small fish.<ref name="Dragon Snake Care Guide">{{Cite web|title=Dragon Snake Care Guide|url=https://www.creaturesofnightshade.com/dragonsnakecareguide|access-date=2020-09-26|website=Creatures of Nightshade|language=en}}</ref> While they are known to perish once placed into captivity, some herpetoculturists have been successful in keeping them.


==Distribution and habitat==
==Distribution and habitat==
''Xenodermus javanicus'' is found in the [[Malay Peninsula]] ([[Malaysia]], [[Thailand]], and one old record from the southermost tip of [[Myanmar]]) and parts of the [[Greater Sunda Islands]] (Sumatra, Java, and Borneo, as well as some smaller islands).<ref name=IUCN/><ref name=RDB/> It inhabits damp areas near water, including forests, swamps, marshes, and rice fields, at elevations below {{convert|1300|m|abbr=on}}, but most commonly between {{convert|500|–|1100|m|abbr=on}} [[above sea level]].<ref name=IUCN/>
''Xenodermus javanicus'' is found in the [[Malay Peninsula]] ([[Malaysia]], [[Thailand]], and one old record from the southermost tip of [[Myanmar]]) and parts of the [[Greater Sunda Islands]] (Sumatra, Java, and Borneo, as well as some smaller islands).<ref name=IUCN/><ref name=RDB/> It inhabits damp areas near water, including forests, swamps, marshes, and rice fields, at elevations below {{cvt|1300|m}}, but most commonly between {{cvt|500|–|1100|m}} [[above sea level]].<ref name=IUCN/>


==Description==
==Description==
''Xenodermus javanicus'' has distinct head and long tail. The body is slender and compressed. The total length is about {{convert|50|cm|in|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Rooij 1917"/> Males can be distinguished from females by examining the overall size, tail thickness, tail length and cloacal vent for the presence of a hemipenial bulge. Females will be larger than males and have thinner, shorter tails while lacking a hemipenial bulge. Conversely, males will be smaller in comparison, have thicker, longer tails and exhibit a hemipenial bulge.<ref name="Dragon Snake Care Guide"/>
''Xenodermus javanicus'' has distinct head and long tail. The body is slender and compressed. The total length is about {{cvt|50|cm|in|0}}.<ref name="Rooij 1917"/> Males can be distinguished from females by examining the overall size, tail thickness, tail length and cloacal vent for the presence of a hemipenial bulge. Females will be larger than males and have thinner, shorter tails while lacking a hemipenial bulge. Conversely, males will be smaller in comparison, have thicker, longer tails and exhibit a hemipenial bulge.<ref name="Dragon Snake Care Guide"/>

[[File:Dragon Snake Scalation.jpg|alt=|none|thumb|342x342px|Scalation of "Xenodermus javanicus"<ref>{{Cite web|last=Nightshade|first=Scarlett|title=Creatures of Nightshade|url=https://www.creaturesofnightshade.com/|access-date=2020-09-26|website=Creatures of Nightshade|language=en}}</ref>]]
[[File:Dragon Snake Scalation.jpg|alt=|none|thumb|342x342px|Scalation of "Xenodermus javanicus"<ref>{{Cite web|last=Nightshade|first=Scarlett|title=Creatures of Nightshade|url=https://www.creaturesofnightshade.com/|access-date=2020-09-26|website=Creatures of Nightshade|language=en}}</ref>]]


Line 31: Line 32:


===Diet===
===Diet===
''Xenodermus javanicus'' subsist mainly on frogs, tadpoles and small fish.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Nightshade|first=Scarlett|title=Dragon Snake Care Guide|url=https://www.creaturesofnightshade.com/dragonsnakecareguide|access-date=2020-09-26|website=Creatures of Nightshade|language=en}}</ref>
''Xenodermus javanicus'' subsist mainly on frogs, tadpoles and small fish.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Nightshade|first=Scarlett|title=Dragon Snake Care Guide|url= https://www.creaturesofnightshade.com/dragonsnakecareguide |access-date=2020-09-26|website=Creatures of Nightshade|language=en}}</ref>


===Behavior===
===Behavior===
Line 41: Line 42:
==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="Rooij 1917">{{cite book |last=Rooij |first=Nelly de |title=The Reptiles of the Indo-australian Archipelago. II Ophidia with 117 Illustrations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xjZCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA44 |access-date=2013-08-16 |year=1917 |publisher=Brill Archive |pages=44–45}}</ref>
<ref name="Rooij 1917">{{cite book |last=Rooij |first=Nelly de |title=The Reptiles of the Indo-australian Archipelago. II Ophidia with 117 Illustrations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xjZCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA44 |access-date=2013-08-16 |year=1917 |publisher=Brill Archive |pages=44–45}}</ref>


<ref name=RDB>{{NRDB genus |genus=Xenodermus |date=2 July |year=2020}}</ref>
<ref name=RDB>{{NRDB genus |genus=Xenodermus |date=2 July |year=2020}}</ref>

Revision as of 14:46, 15 January 2021

Xenodermus
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Squamata
Suborder: Serpentes
Family: Xenodermidae
Genus: Xenodermus
Reinhardt, 1836
Species:
X. javanicus
Binomial name
Xenodermus javanicus
Reinhardt, 1836

Xenodermus javanicus, also known as the Dragon Snake, Javan Tubercle Snake, Javan Mudsnake, or Rough-backed Litter Snake,[1][2][3] is a small non-venomous, semi-fossorial Colubrid snake belonging to the monotypic genus Xenodermus.[4] This species is best known for their characteristic dorsal scales and interesting defense mechanism in which they stiffen their entire bodies when threatened. X. javanicus is nocturnal and subsists on a diet of frogs, tadpoles and small fish.[5] While they are known to perish once placed into captivity, some herpetoculturists have been successful in keeping them.

Distribution and habitat

Xenodermus javanicus is found in the Malay Peninsula (Malaysia, Thailand, and one old record from the southermost tip of Myanmar) and parts of the Greater Sunda Islands (Sumatra, Java, and Borneo, as well as some smaller islands).[1][2] It inhabits damp areas near water, including forests, swamps, marshes, and rice fields, at elevations below 1,300 m (4,300 ft), but most commonly between 500–1,100 m (1,600–3,600 ft) above sea level.[1]

Description

Xenodermus javanicus has distinct head and long tail. The body is slender and compressed. The total length is about 50 cm (20 in).[6] Males can be distinguished from females by examining the overall size, tail thickness, tail length and cloacal vent for the presence of a hemipenial bulge. Females will be larger than males and have thinner, shorter tails while lacking a hemipenial bulge. Conversely, males will be smaller in comparison, have thicker, longer tails and exhibit a hemipenial bulge.[5]

Scalation of "Xenodermus javanicus"[7]

Differentiation of sex chromosomes and karyotype characterization

Xenodermus javanicus has an unusual chromosol number of 2n=32, contrasting with the most typical snake karyotype with a stable chromosomal number of 2n=36. The karyotype includes heteromorphic ZZ/ZW sex chromosomes with a heterochromatic W.[8]

Behavior

Breeding

Xenodermus javanicus undergo reproduction by egg and have low fecundity (2–4 eggs).[1][2]

Activity Pattern

Xenodermus javanicus are nocturnal.[9]

Diet

Xenodermus javanicus subsist mainly on frogs, tadpoles and small fish.[10]

Behavior

Xenodermus javanicus exhibit a peculiar property when encountering perceived threats in which they stiffen their entire body.[3][9]

Conservation status

Xenodermus javanicus are rare in the northern parts of their range, but are common in Java. There seem to be no major threats to them, and they can persist in wet agricultural lands such as rice fields. They could be potentially threatened by agricultural pollutants.[1]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f Wogan, G.; Grismer, L. & Chan-Ard, T. (2012). "Xenodermus javanicus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012: e.T190514A1954501. Retrieved 2 July 2020.
  2. ^ a b c Xenodermus at the Reptarium.cz Reptile Database. Accessed 2 July 2020.
  3. ^ a b Andrew M. Durso (10 September 2013). "Dragonsnakes". Life is Short, but Snakes are Long. Retrieved 2 July 2020.
  4. ^ Various (1936). Bulletin of the Raffles Museum, Issues 12-14. University of Michigan. pp. 172–173. Retrieved 2013-08-16.
  5. ^ a b "Dragon Snake Care Guide". Creatures of Nightshade. Retrieved 2020-09-26.
  6. ^ Rooij, Nelly de (1917). The Reptiles of the Indo-australian Archipelago. II Ophidia with 117 Illustrations. Brill Archive. pp. 44–45. Retrieved 2013-08-16.
  7. ^ Nightshade, Scarlett. "Creatures of Nightshade". Creatures of Nightshade. Retrieved 2020-09-26.
  8. ^ Rovatsos, Michail; Johnson Pokorná, Martina & Kratochvíl, Lukáš (2015). "Differentiation of sex chromosomes and karyotype characterisation in the dragonsnake Xenodermus javanicus (Squamata: Xenodermatidae)". Cytogenetic and Genome Research. 147 (1): 48–54. doi:10.1159/000441646. PMID 26575989. S2CID 20902555.
  9. ^ a b Nightshade, Scarlett. "Dragon Snake Care Guide".
  10. ^ Nightshade, Scarlett. "Dragon Snake Care Guide". Creatures of Nightshade. Retrieved 2020-09-26.
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