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Added Natural Habitat section with references.
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Added section detailing its invasive nature in eastern China alongside references.
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== Natural Habitat ==
== Natural Habitat ==
''Plantago virginica'' is native to the southern and eastern states of the United States of America.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Plantago virginica (Dwarf Plantain): Minnesota Wildflowers|url=https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/dwarf-plantain|access-date=2021-10-20|website=www.minnesotawildflowers.info|language=en}}</ref> While in these areas, it tends to prefer soil types with larger grains which limits the areas in which it can take root. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Plantago virginica (Dwarf Plantain, Hoary Plantain, Paleseed Indian-wheat, Pale Seed Plantain, Paleseed Plantain, Southern Plantain, Virginia Plantain) {{!}} North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox|url=https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/plantago-virginica/|access-date=2021-10-20|website=plants.ces.ncsu.edu}}</ref> It can be found in and around most of the continental United States and into Canada.<ref>{{Cite web|title=USDA Plants Database|url=https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=PLVI|access-date=2021-11-17|website=plants.sc.egov.usda.gov}}</ref>
''Plantago virginica'' is native to the southern and eastern states of the United States of America.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Plantago virginica (Dwarf Plantain): Minnesota Wildflowers|url=https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/dwarf-plantain|access-date=2021-10-20|website=www.minnesotawildflowers.info|language=en}}</ref> While in these areas, it tends to prefer soil types with larger grains which limits the areas in which it can take root. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Plantago virginica (Dwarf Plantain, Hoary Plantain, Paleseed Indian-wheat, Pale Seed Plantain, Paleseed Plantain, Southern Plantain, Virginia Plantain) {{!}} North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox|url=https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/plantago-virginica/|access-date=2021-10-20|website=plants.ces.ncsu.edu}}</ref> It can be found in and around most of the continental United States and into Canada.<ref>{{Cite web|title=USDA Plants Database|url=https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=PLVI|access-date=2021-11-17|website=plants.sc.egov.usda.gov}}</ref>

== Invasive Nature ==
In the 1980's ''Plantago virginica'' was introduced to China via trade where it has since become an invasive species. Since its entrance into China, ''P. virginica'' has begun to develop various traits which make it distinct from its North American variety.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Luo|first=Xi|last2=Xu|first2=Xinyu|last3=Zheng|first3=Yi|last4=Guo|first4=Hui|last5=Hu|first5=Shuijin|date=2019-05-16|title=The role of phenotypic plasticity and rapid adaptation in determining invasion success of Plantago virginica|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10530-019-02004-x|journal=Biological Invasions|volume=21|issue=8|pages=2679–2692|doi=10.1007/s10530-019-02004-x|issn=1387-3547}}</ref> Extracts from the plant have effected various lawn species resulting in phenomenon such as inhibited seed growth, altered growing patterns, and suppressing various mechanisms within cooccurring plants such as root growth. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wang|first=Huatian|last2=Zhou|first2=Yumei|last3=Chen|first3=Yang|last4=Wang|first4=Quanxi|last5=Jiang|first5=Lifen|last6=Luo|first6=Yiqi|date=2015-04-27|title=Allelopathic Potential of Invasive Plantago virginica on Four Lawn Species|url=https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0125433|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=10|issue=4|pages=e0125433|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0125433|issn=1932-6203|pmc=PMC4411108|pmid=25915515}}</ref> The extra nitrogen found within the soil has helped it thrive within the eastern Chinese environment, leading to a larger general biomass than United States native plants.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Luo|first=Xi|last2=Xu|first2=Xinyu|last3=Zheng|first3=Yi|last4=Guo|first4=Hui|last5=Hu|first5=Shuijin|date=2019-08-01|title=The role of phenotypic plasticity and rapid adaptation in determining invasion success of Plantago virginica|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-019-02004-x|journal=Biological Invasions|language=en|volume=21|issue=8|pages=2679–2692|doi=10.1007/s10530-019-02004-x|issn=1573-1464}}</ref> ''Plantago virginica'' has also begun to outcompete local species ''Plantago asiatica'' thanks to it investing more into its reproductive capabilities than towards vegetative growth. As a result, it's been reproducing at a rate which ''P. asiatica'' cannot keep up with. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Growth characteristics and relative competitive capacity of Plantago virginica and P.asiatica--《Chinese Journal of Ecology》2008年04期|url=https://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-STXZ200804005.htm|access-date=2021-11-30|website=en.cnki.com.cn}}</ref> ''Plantago virginica'' has also spread diseases to local plants and is considered a weed of crops. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Popp|first=Teresa|date=2014-01-01|title=Phenotypic Variation in Native North American and Invasive Chinese Populations of Plantago Virginica|url=https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/etd/1114|journal=Electronic Theses and Dissertations}}</ref>


The invasive population of ''Plantago virginica'' has developed several differences from its native counterpart. Chinese population of the plant tend to germinate before native North American species, but develop reproductive parts such as seeds after the native plant. Furthermore, introduced populations have developed less phenotypic diversity than native North American selections of ''P. virginica.''<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Popp|first=Teresa|date=2014-01-01|title=Phenotypic Variation in Native North American and Invasive Chinese Populations of Plantago Virginica|url=https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/etd/1114|journal=Electronic Theses and Dissertations}}</ref> Invasive populations of ''P. virginica'' also tend to remain dormant in the soil for shorter durations of time relative native North American populations.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Xu|first=Xinyu|date=2019|title=Differential germination strategies of native and
introduced populations of the invasive species
Plantago virginica|journal=NeoBiota|volume=43|pages=101-118|via=Google Scholar}}</ref>


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 19:05, 1 December 2021

Plantago virginica
1913 illustration
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Plantaginaceae
Genus: Plantago
Species:
P. virginica
Binomial name
Plantago virginica
L.

Plantago virginica, common names hoary plantain and Virginia plantain, is a plant found in North America.[1] It is listed as a special concern in Connecticut. [2] The Kiowa use it to make garlands or wreaths for old men to wear around their heads during ceremonial dances as a symbol of health.[3] It is commonly found within the continental United States in the majority of states along coastal areas and on roads, though has become an invasive species to eastern China after its introduction c. 1980. It is an annual plant, blooming around the month of May.[4]

Description

Plantago virginica is an annual flowering plant that possesses both male and female flowers that are arranged on a spike. The entire plant is often covered in numerous tiny hairs that grow on both the leaves and stem. The habit of P. virginica is low-lying and grows close to the ground. [5] The seeds of P. virginica are typically of a brown hue. [6] Seeds tend to not differ too greatly in size, typically around 2mm in size. P. virginica tends to grow less than a thousand meters above sea level. [7]

Taxonomy

The word Plantago is derived from two routes. The first being the Latin word planta, which simply means "flat" and -ago, which refers to a semblance of. So it is in reference to the flat appearance of some of the leaves of species within the genus.[8] Virginica is a word that's related to provenance and is actually used for numerous species, plant or not. Examples include Crassotrea virginica[9], Elimia virginica[10], Itea virginica [11], and Iris virginica.[12]

Natural Habitat

Plantago virginica is native to the southern and eastern states of the United States of America.[13] While in these areas, it tends to prefer soil types with larger grains which limits the areas in which it can take root. [14] It can be found in and around most of the continental United States and into Canada.[15]

Invasive Nature

In the 1980's Plantago virginica was introduced to China via trade where it has since become an invasive species. Since its entrance into China, P. virginica has begun to develop various traits which make it distinct from its North American variety.[16] Extracts from the plant have effected various lawn species resulting in phenomenon such as inhibited seed growth, altered growing patterns, and suppressing various mechanisms within cooccurring plants such as root growth. [17] The extra nitrogen found within the soil has helped it thrive within the eastern Chinese environment, leading to a larger general biomass than United States native plants.[18] Plantago virginica has also begun to outcompete local species Plantago asiatica thanks to it investing more into its reproductive capabilities than towards vegetative growth. As a result, it's been reproducing at a rate which P. asiatica cannot keep up with. [19] Plantago virginica has also spread diseases to local plants and is considered a weed of crops. [20]


The invasive population of Plantago virginica has developed several differences from its native counterpart. Chinese population of the plant tend to germinate before native North American species, but develop reproductive parts such as seeds after the native plant. Furthermore, introduced populations have developed less phenotypic diversity than native North American selections of P. virginica.[21] Invasive populations of P. virginica also tend to remain dormant in the soil for shorter durations of time relative native North American populations.[22]

References

  1. ^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Plantago virginica". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
  2. ^ "Connecticut's Endangered, Threatened and Special Concern Species 2015". State of Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection Bureau of Natural Resources. Retrieved 17 January 2018. (Note: This list is newer than the one used by plants.usda.gov and is more up-to-date.)
  3. ^ Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 51
  4. ^ "Plantago virginica". ucjeps.berkeley.edu. Retrieved 2021-11-18.
  5. ^ "Plantago virginica (Dwarf Plantain): Minnesota Wildflowers". www.minnesotawildflowers.info. Retrieved 2021-10-20.
  6. ^ "Plantago - FNA". beta.floranorthamerica.org. Retrieved 2021-11-18.
  7. ^ "Plantago virginica". ucjeps.berkeley.edu. Retrieved 2021-11-18.
  8. ^ "Plantago - FNA". beta.floranorthamerica.org. Retrieved 2021-11-17.
  9. ^ "Crassostrea virginica (eastern oyster)". www.cabi.org. Retrieved 2021-11-18.
  10. ^ "Piedmont elimia (Elimia virginica) - Species Profile". nas.er.usgs.gov. Retrieved 2021-11-18.
  11. ^ "Itea virginica (Itea, Virginia Sweetspire, Virginia Sweet Spire, Virginia Willow) | North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox". plants.ces.ncsu.edu. Retrieved 2021-11-18.
  12. ^ "Iris virginica (Southern Blue Flag Iris) | North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox". plants.ces.ncsu.edu. Retrieved 2021-11-18.
  13. ^ "Plantago virginica (Dwarf Plantain): Minnesota Wildflowers". www.minnesotawildflowers.info. Retrieved 2021-10-20.
  14. ^ "Plantago virginica (Dwarf Plantain, Hoary Plantain, Paleseed Indian-wheat, Pale Seed Plantain, Paleseed Plantain, Southern Plantain, Virginia Plantain) | North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox". plants.ces.ncsu.edu. Retrieved 2021-10-20.
  15. ^ "USDA Plants Database". plants.sc.egov.usda.gov. Retrieved 2021-11-17.
  16. ^ Luo, Xi; Xu, Xinyu; Zheng, Yi; Guo, Hui; Hu, Shuijin (2019-05-16). "The role of phenotypic plasticity and rapid adaptation in determining invasion success of Plantago virginica". Biological Invasions. 21 (8): 2679–2692. doi:10.1007/s10530-019-02004-x. ISSN 1387-3547.
  17. ^ Wang, Huatian; Zhou, Yumei; Chen, Yang; Wang, Quanxi; Jiang, Lifen; Luo, Yiqi (2015-04-27). "Allelopathic Potential of Invasive Plantago virginica on Four Lawn Species". PLOS ONE. 10 (4): e0125433. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0125433. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4411108. PMID 25915515.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  18. ^ Luo, Xi; Xu, Xinyu; Zheng, Yi; Guo, Hui; Hu, Shuijin (2019-08-01). "The role of phenotypic plasticity and rapid adaptation in determining invasion success of Plantago virginica". Biological Invasions. 21 (8): 2679–2692. doi:10.1007/s10530-019-02004-x. ISSN 1573-1464.
  19. ^ "Growth characteristics and relative competitive capacity of Plantago virginica and P.asiatica--《Chinese Journal of Ecology》2008年04期". en.cnki.com.cn. Retrieved 2021-11-30.
  20. ^ Popp, Teresa (2014-01-01). "Phenotypic Variation in Native North American and Invasive Chinese Populations of Plantago Virginica". Electronic Theses and Dissertations.
  21. ^ Popp, Teresa (2014-01-01). "Phenotypic Variation in Native North American and Invasive Chinese Populations of Plantago Virginica". Electronic Theses and Dissertations.
  22. ^ Xu, Xinyu (2019). "Differential germination strategies of native and introduced populations of the invasive species Plantago virginica". NeoBiota. 43: 101–118 – via Google Scholar. {{cite journal}}: line feed character in |title= at position 50 (help)


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