Loup language: Difference between revisions
→External links: rmv stub template, article is a solid start |
Flod logic (talk | contribs) IPA |
||
Line 17: | Line 17: | ||
|glotto=loup1243 |
|glotto=loup1243 |
||
|glottoname=Loup A |
|glottoname=Loup A |
||
}}'''Loup''' is an extinct [[Algonquian languages|Algonquian]] language, or possibly group of languages, spoken in colonial [[New England]]. ''Loup'' ( |
}}'''Loup''' is an extinct [[Algonquian languages|Algonquian]] language, or possibly group of languages, spoken in colonial [[New England]]. ''Loup'' ('Wolf') was a [[French language|French]] colonial ethnographic term, and usage was inconsistent. In modern literature, it refers to two varieties, '''Loup A''' and '''Loup B'''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last = Goddard|first = Ives|date = 2012|title = The 'Loup' Languages of Western Massachusetts: The Dialectal Diversity of Southern New England Algonquian|url =https://ojs.library.carleton.ca/index.php/ALGQP/article/view/2320/2094|journal = Papers of the 44th Algonquian Conference|publisher = SUNY Press|pages = 104–138}}</ref> |
||
==Attestation== |
==Attestation== |
||
Loup A, which may be the language of the [[Nipmuck]], is principally attested from a word list recorded from refugees by the [[Saint-François-du-Lac, Quebec|St. Francis]] mission to the [[Abenaki]] in [[Quebec]]. The descendants of these refugees became speakers of Western Abenaki in the eighteenth century. Loup B refers to a second word list, which shows extensive dialectal variation. This may not be a distinct language, but just notes on the speech of various New England Algonquian refugees in French missions.<ref>Victor Golla, 2007. ''Atlas of the World's Languages''</ref>[[File:Chaubunagungamaug lake sign.jpg|thumb|[[Lake Chaubunagungamaug|Chaubunagungamaug lake]] sign, in Nipmuk and English]] |
Loup A, which may be the language of the [[Nipmuck]], is principally attested from a word list recorded from refugees by the [[Saint-François-du-Lac, Quebec|St. Francis]] mission to the [[Abenaki]] in [[Quebec]]. The descendants of these refugees became speakers of Western Abenaki in the eighteenth century. Loup B refers to a second word list, which shows extensive dialectal variation. This may not be a distinct language, but just notes on the speech of various New England Algonquian refugees in French missions.<ref>Victor Golla, 2007. ''Atlas of the World's Languages''</ref>[[File:Chaubunagungamaug lake sign.jpg|thumb|[[Lake Chaubunagungamaug|Chaubunagungamaug lake]] sign, in Nipmuk and English]] |
||
Line 37: | Line 37: | ||
|- align="center" |
|- align="center" |
||
![[Nasal consonant|Nasal]] |
![[Nasal consonant|Nasal]] |
||
|{{IPAlink|m}} |
|||
|m |
|||
|{{IPAlink|n}} |
|||
|n |
|||
| |
| |
||
| |
| |
||
Line 46: | Line 46: | ||
|- align="center" |
|- align="center" |
||
![[Stop consonant|Plosive]] |
![[Stop consonant|Plosive]] |
||
|{{IPAlink|p}} |
|||
|p |
|||
|{{IPAlink|t}} |
|||
|t |
|||
|tʲ |
|{{IPAlink|tʲ}} |
||
| |
| |
||
|{{IPAlink|k}} |
|||
|k |
|||
|(kʷ) |
|{{IPAlink|(kʷ)}} |
||
| |
| |
||
|- align="center" |
|- align="center" |
||
Line 58: | Line 58: | ||
| |
| |
||
| |
| |
||
|tʃ |
|{{IPAlink|tʃ}} |
||
| |
| |
||
| |
| |
||
Line 65: | Line 65: | ||
![[Fricative consonant|Fricative]] |
![[Fricative consonant|Fricative]] |
||
| |
| |
||
|{{IPAlink|s}} |
|||
|s |
|||
| |
| |
||
| |
| |
||
| |
| |
||
| |
| |
||
|{{IPAlink|h}} |
|||
|h |
|||
|- align="center" |
|- align="center" |
||
![[Lateral consonant|Lateral]] |
![[Lateral consonant|Lateral]] |
||
| |
| |
||
|{{IPAlink|l}} |
|||
|l |
|||
| |
| |
||
| |
| |
||
Line 82: | Line 82: | ||
|- align="center" |
|- align="center" |
||
![[Approximant consonant|Approximant]] |
![[Approximant consonant|Approximant]] |
||
|{{IPAlink|w}} |
|||
|w |
|||
| |
| |
||
| |
| |
||
|{{IPAlink|j}} |
|||
|j |
|||
| |
| |
||
| |
| |
||
Line 98: | Line 98: | ||
|- style="text-align:center;" |
|- style="text-align:center;" |
||
![[Close vowel|Close]] |
![[Close vowel|Close]] |
||
|i, iː |
|{{IPAlink|i}}, {{IPAlink|iː}} |
||
|{{IPAlink|u}} |
|||
|u |
|||
|- style="text-align:center;" |
|- style="text-align:center;" |
||
![[Mid vowel|Mid]] |
![[Mid vowel|Mid]] |
||
|{{IPAlink|e}} |
|||
|e |
|||
|o, oː |
|{{IPAlink|o}}, {{IPAlink|oː}} |
||
|- style="text-align:center;" |
|- style="text-align:center;" |
||
![[Open vowel|Open]] |
![[Open vowel|Open]] |
||
| colspan="2" |a, aː, ã |
| colspan="2" |{{IPAlink|a}}, {{IPAlink|aː}}, {{IPAlink|ã}} |
||
|} |
|} |
||
The vowel sounds likely have the same phonetic quality as other southern New England Algonquian languages. The short vowels /i o e a/ may represent the sounds as [ɪ], [ʊ], [ɛ,ə], and [ʌ], while the long vowels /iː/, /oː/, and /ã/ correspond to /i/, /o/, and /ã/.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.nipmuclanguage.org/uploads/5/0/7/7/50775337/gustafson_thesis_nipmuck_grammar.pdf|title=A Grammar of the Nipmuck Language|last=Gustafson|first=Holly Suzanne|publisher=Deparament of Linguistics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba|year=2000}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=http://myaamiacenter.org/MCResources/costa_biblio/costa-PAC.pdf|title=The Dialectology of Southern New England Algonquian|last=Costa|first=David J.|year=2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180825205148/http://myaamiacenter.org/MCResources/costa_biblio/costa-PAC.pdf|archive-date=25 August 2018}}</ref> |
The vowel sounds likely have the same phonetic quality as other southern New England Algonquian languages. The short vowels {{IPA|/i o e a/}} may represent the sounds as {{IPA|[ɪ]}}, {{IPA|[ʊ]}}, {{IPA|[ɛ,ə]}}, and {{IPA|[ʌ]}}, while the long vowels {{IPA|/iː/}}, {{IPA|/oː/}}, and {{IPA|/ã/}} correspond to {{IPA|/i/}}, {{IPA|/o/}}, and {{IPA|/ã/}}.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.nipmuclanguage.org/uploads/5/0/7/7/50775337/gustafson_thesis_nipmuck_grammar.pdf|title=A Grammar of the Nipmuck Language|last=Gustafson|first=Holly Suzanne|publisher=Deparament of Linguistics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba|year=2000}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=http://myaamiacenter.org/MCResources/costa_biblio/costa-PAC.pdf|title=The Dialectology of Southern New England Algonquian|last=Costa|first=David J.|year=2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180825205148/http://myaamiacenter.org/MCResources/costa_biblio/costa-PAC.pdf|archive-date=25 August 2018}}</ref> |
||
==References== |
==References== |
Revision as of 18:13, 29 December 2022
Loup | |
---|---|
Pronunciation | [lu] |
Native to | United States |
Region | Massachusetts, Connecticut |
Ethnicity | Nipmuck? |
Extinct | 18th century |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | Either:xlo – Loup Axlb – Loup B |
xlo Loup A | |
xlb Loup B | |
Glottolog | loup1243 Loup A |
Loup is an extinct Algonquian language, or possibly group of languages, spoken in colonial New England. Loup ('Wolf') was a French colonial ethnographic term, and usage was inconsistent. In modern literature, it refers to two varieties, Loup A and Loup B.[1]
Attestation
Loup A, which may be the language of the Nipmuck, is principally attested from a word list recorded from refugees by the St. Francis mission to the Abenaki in Quebec. The descendants of these refugees became speakers of Western Abenaki in the eighteenth century. Loup B refers to a second word list, which shows extensive dialectal variation. This may not be a distinct language, but just notes on the speech of various New England Algonquian refugees in French missions.[2]
Phonology
The phonology of Loup A (Nipmuck), reconstructed by Gustafson 2000:
Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal/ Postalveolar |
Velar | Glottal | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
plain | pal. | plain | lab. | ||||
Nasal | m | n | |||||
Plosive | p | t | tʲ | k | (kʷ) | ||
Affricate | tʃ | ||||||
Fricative | s | h | |||||
Lateral | l | ||||||
Approximant | w | j |
Front | Back | |
---|---|---|
Close | i, iː | u |
Mid | e | o, oː |
Open | a, aː, ã |
The vowel sounds likely have the same phonetic quality as other southern New England Algonquian languages. The short vowels /i o e a/ may represent the sounds as [ɪ], [ʊ], [ɛ,ə], and [ʌ], while the long vowels /iː/, /oː/, and /ã/ correspond to /i/, /o/, and /ã/.[3][4]
References
- ^ Goddard, Ives (2012). "The 'Loup' Languages of Western Massachusetts: The Dialectal Diversity of Southern New England Algonquian". Papers of the 44th Algonquian Conference. SUNY Press: 104–138.
- ^ Victor Golla, 2007. Atlas of the World's Languages
- ^ Gustafson, Holly Suzanne (2000). A Grammar of the Nipmuck Language (PDF). Deparament of Linguistics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba.
- ^ Costa, David J. (2007). The Dialectology of Southern New England Algonquian (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 August 2018.
External links
- OLAC resources in and about the Loup A language
- OLAC resources in and about the Loup B language
- Nipmuc Language.org