Xanthoria aureola: Difference between revisions
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== Introduction == |
== Introduction == |
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'''''Xanthoria aureola''''', commonly known as the '''seaside sunburst lichen''', is a lichenized species of fungus in the family [[Teloschistaceae]] and phylum [[Ascomycota]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Catalogue of Life : Xanthoria aureola (Ach.) Erichsen |url=http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2019/details/species/id/3b5ff00b15d3ba509d10eece43bde9af |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=www.catalogueoflife.org}}</ref> ''X. aureola'' can be recognized by its bright yellow-orange pigmentation and abundant strap-shaped lobes.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Lindblom |first=Louise |last2=Ekman |first2=Stefan |date=2005-02 |title=Molecular evidence supports the distinction between Xanthoria parietina and X. aureola (Teloschistaceae, lichenized Ascomycota) |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0953756204001790 |journal=Mycological Research |volume=109 |issue=2 |pages=187–199 |doi=10.1017/s0953756204001790 |issn=0953-7562}}</ref> It is usually found growing on exposed, nutrient-rich rocks in sunny, maritime habitats.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fiorentino |first=J. |date=2011 |title=The genus Xanthoria (Teloschistaceae, lichenised Ascomycota) in the Maltese Islands |url=https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-genus-Xanthoria-(Teloschistaceae%2C-lichenised-in-Fiorentino/fd55fd80d9fb7076a4e6eda08f08e4429dde460c |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=www.semanticscholar.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bednar |first=T. W. |last2=Smith |first2=D. C. |date=1966-04 |title=VI. PRELIMINARY STUDIES OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM OF THE LICHEN XANTHORIA AUREOLA |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1966.tb06353.x |journal=New Phytologist |language=en |volume=65 |issue=2 |pages=211–220 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-8137.1966.tb06353.x |issn=0028-646X}}</ref> It is largely restricted to European coasts, stretching from Portugal to Norway.<ref name="auto" /> |
'''''Xanthoria aureola''''', commonly known as the '''seaside sunburst lichen''', is a lichenized species of fungus in the family [[Teloschistaceae]] and phylum [[Ascomycota]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Catalogue of Life : Xanthoria aureola (Ach.) Erichsen |url=http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2019/details/species/id/3b5ff00b15d3ba509d10eece43bde9af |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=www.catalogueoflife.org}}</ref> ''X. aureola'' can be recognized by its bright yellow-orange pigmentation and abundant strap-shaped lobes.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Lindblom |first=Louise |last2=Ekman |first2=Stefan |date=2005-02 |title=Molecular evidence supports the distinction between Xanthoria parietina and X. aureola (Teloschistaceae, lichenized Ascomycota) |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0953756204001790 |journal=Mycological Research |volume=109 |issue=2 |pages=187–199 |doi=10.1017/s0953756204001790 |issn=0953-7562}}</ref> It is usually found growing on exposed, nutrient-rich rocks in sunny, maritime habitats.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Fiorentino |first=J. |date=2011 |title=The genus Xanthoria (Teloschistaceae, lichenised Ascomycota) in the Maltese Islands |url=https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-genus-Xanthoria-(Teloschistaceae%2C-lichenised-in-Fiorentino/fd55fd80d9fb7076a4e6eda08f08e4429dde460c |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=www.semanticscholar.org |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Bednar |first=T. W. |last2=Smith |first2=D. C. |date=1966-04 |title=VI. PRELIMINARY STUDIES OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM OF THE LICHEN XANTHORIA AUREOLA |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1966.tb06353.x |journal=New Phytologist |language=en |volume=65 |issue=2 |pages=211–220 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-8137.1966.tb06353.x |issn=0028-646X}}</ref> It is largely restricted to European coasts, stretching from Portugal to Norway.<ref name="auto" /> |
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== Taxonomy == |
== Taxonomy == |
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''Xanthoria aureola'' was first described as ''Parmelia aureola'' in 1809; it was found on seaside rocks in Boshuslän, Sweden and named by Acharius.<ref name=":0" /> In 1930, Erichsen transferred ''P. aureola'' to the genus ''Xanthoria'' at the species rank, resulting in the accepted binomial ''X. aureola.''<ref name=":0" /> However, from 1965-1984, the classification ''X. aureola'' was mistakenly applied to ''X. calcicola'', a closely related species first described in 1937.<ref name=":0" /> Within the genus ''Xanthoria'', DNA sequencing has confirmed that ''X. aureola'' is most closely related to ''X. calcicola'' and more distantly related to ''X. parietina.''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lindblom |first=Louise |last2=Ekman |first2=Stefan |date=2005-02-01 |title=Molecular evidence supports the distinction between Xanthoria parietina and X. aureola (Teloschistaceae, lichenized Ascomycota) |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0953756208613957 |journal=Mycological Research |language=en |volume=109 |issue=2 |pages=187–199 |doi=10.1017/S0953756204001790 |issn=0953-7562}}</ref> |
''Xanthoria aureola'' was first described as ''Parmelia aureola'' in 1809; it was found on seaside rocks in Boshuslän, Sweden and named by Acharius.<ref name=":0" /> In 1930, Erichsen transferred ''P. aureola'' to the genus ''Xanthoria'' at the species rank, resulting in the accepted binomial ''X. aureola.''<ref name=":0" /> However, from 1965-1984, the classification ''X. aureola'' was mistakenly applied to ''X. calcicola'', a closely related species first described in 1937.<ref name=":0" /> Within the genus ''Xanthoria'', DNA sequencing has confirmed that ''X. aureola'' is most closely related to ''X. calcicola'' and more distantly related to ''X. parietina.''<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Lindblom |first=Louise |last2=Ekman |first2=Stefan |date=2005-02-01 |title=Molecular evidence supports the distinction between Xanthoria parietina and X. aureola (Teloschistaceae, lichenized Ascomycota) |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0953756208613957 |journal=Mycological Research |language=en |volume=109 |issue=2 |pages=187–199 |doi=10.1017/S0953756204001790 |issn=0953-7562}}</ref> |
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== Habitat and distribution == |
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''X. aureola'' grows on exposed maritime rocks in sunny areas.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> It generally grows on nutrient-rich, siliceous rocks, as well as limestone and lignum.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> It is found on European coasts 0-150 meters above sea level.<ref name=":0" /> Some countries in which ''X. aureola'' is commonly found include Spain, Portugal, France, Ireland, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Italy, and the UK.<ref name="auto" /> It usually grows next to ''X. parietina'', but in greater abundance and on exposed rock.<ref name=":0" /> |
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== Morphology == |
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The thallus of ''X. aureola'' is bright yellow, orange, or orange-red with a foliose morphology.<ref name=":0" /> It is characterized by overlapping strap-shaped lobes that exhibit dichotomous branching.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> When treated with potassium hydroxide, the thallus turns deep red (K+ red).<ref name=":0" /> Average lobe width is 0.46-1.6 mm and average lobe thickness is 135 μm.<ref name=":1" /> ''X. aureola'' has a lower cortex, although no true rhizines.<ref name=":0" /> There are scattered hapters on the cream-colored underside of thick lobes.<ref name=":1" /> The upper cortex is rough with a layer of crystals, dotted with few apothecia.<ref name=":0" /> Chemicals such as parietin, fallacina, emodin, teloistin, and parietinic acid are present, as well as the dominant carotenoid mutatoxanthin.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Czeczuga |first=B. |date=1983-11-18 |title=Mutatoxanthin, the dominant carotenoid in lichens of the Xanthoria genus |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0305197883900327 |journal=Biochemical Systematics and Ecology |language=en |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=329–331 |doi=10.1016/0305-1978(83)90032-7 |issn=0305-1978}}</ref> Mutatoxanthin, a carotenoid important in the protection of the photosynthetic component against harsh sunlight, represents 94.4% of the total carotenoid content in ''X. aureola''.<ref name=":4" /> Of all ''Xanthori''a species, ''X. aureola'' contains the most mutatoxanthin.<ref name=":4" /> |
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''X. aureola'' is often confused with closely related species ''X. parietina'' and ''X. calcicola''.<ref name=":3" /> In comparison, ''X. aureola'' has a brighter thallus color as well as a considerably thicker medulla (187 mm compared to 114-120 mm).<ref name=":3" /> Additionally, the rough upper surface of ''X. aureola'' contains few apothecia and does not contain soredia or isidia; laminar structures are lobules.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /> Last, substrate is important: ''X. aureola'' is restricted to seashore rocks, while ''X. calcicola'' and ''X. parietinia'' can be found on almost any rock or wall<ref name=":3" />. |
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==References== |
==References== |
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Revision as of 17:05, 3 May 2023
| Xanthoria aureola | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Lecanoromycetes |
| Order: | Teloschistales |
| Family: | Teloschistaceae |
| Genus: | Xanthoria |
| Species: | X. aureola
|
| Binomial name | |
| Xanthoria aureola Acharius & Erichsen, 1930
| |
Introduction
Xanthoria aureola, commonly known as the seaside sunburst lichen, is a lichenized species of fungus in the family Teloschistaceae and phylum Ascomycota.[1] X. aureola can be recognized by its bright yellow-orange pigmentation and abundant strap-shaped lobes.[2] It is usually found growing on exposed, nutrient-rich rocks in sunny, maritime habitats.[3][4] It is largely restricted to European coasts, stretching from Portugal to Norway.[1]
Taxonomy
Xanthoria aureola was first described as Parmelia aureola in 1809; it was found on seaside rocks in Boshuslän, Sweden and named by Acharius.[2] In 1930, Erichsen transferred P. aureola to the genus Xanthoria at the species rank, resulting in the accepted binomial X. aureola.[2] However, from 1965-1984, the classification X. aureola was mistakenly applied to X. calcicola, a closely related species first described in 1937.[2] Within the genus Xanthoria, DNA sequencing has confirmed that X. aureola is most closely related to X. calcicola and more distantly related to X. parietina.[5]
Habitat and distribution
X. aureola grows on exposed maritime rocks in sunny areas.[3][4] It generally grows on nutrient-rich, siliceous rocks, as well as limestone and lignum.[2][3] It is found on European coasts 0-150 meters above sea level.[2] Some countries in which X. aureola is commonly found include Spain, Portugal, France, Ireland, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Italy, and the UK.[1] It usually grows next to X. parietina, but in greater abundance and on exposed rock.[2]
Morphology
The thallus of X. aureola is bright yellow, orange, or orange-red with a foliose morphology.[2] It is characterized by overlapping strap-shaped lobes that exhibit dichotomous branching.[2][3] When treated with potassium hydroxide, the thallus turns deep red (K+ red).[2] Average lobe width is 0.46-1.6 mm and average lobe thickness is 135 μm.[3] X. aureola has a lower cortex, although no true rhizines.[2] There are scattered hapters on the cream-colored underside of thick lobes.[3] The upper cortex is rough with a layer of crystals, dotted with few apothecia.[2] Chemicals such as parietin, fallacina, emodin, teloistin, and parietinic acid are present, as well as the dominant carotenoid mutatoxanthin.[2][6] Mutatoxanthin, a carotenoid important in the protection of the photosynthetic component against harsh sunlight, represents 94.4% of the total carotenoid content in X. aureola.[6] Of all Xanthoria species, X. aureola contains the most mutatoxanthin.[6]
X. aureola is often confused with closely related species X. parietina and X. calcicola.[5] In comparison, X. aureola has a brighter thallus color as well as a considerably thicker medulla (187 mm compared to 114-120 mm).[5] Additionally, the rough upper surface of X. aureola contains few apothecia and does not contain soredia or isidia; laminar structures are lobules.[2][5] Last, substrate is important: X. aureola is restricted to seashore rocks, while X. calcicola and X. parietinia can be found on almost any rock or wall[5].
References
- ^ a b c "Catalogue of Life : Xanthoria aureola (Ach.) Erichsen". www.catalogueoflife.org. Retrieved 2023-05-03.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Lindblom, Louise; Ekman, Stefan (2005-02). "Molecular evidence supports the distinction between Xanthoria parietina and X. aureola (Teloschistaceae, lichenized Ascomycota)". Mycological Research. 109 (2): 187–199. doi:10.1017/s0953756204001790. ISSN 0953-7562.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ a b c d e f Fiorentino, J. (2011). "The genus Xanthoria (Teloschistaceae, lichenised Ascomycota) in the Maltese Islands". www.semanticscholar.org. Retrieved 2023-05-03.
- ^ a b Bednar, T. W.; Smith, D. C. (1966-04). "VI. PRELIMINARY STUDIES OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM OF THE LICHEN XANTHORIA AUREOLA". New Phytologist. 65 (2): 211–220. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1966.tb06353.x. ISSN 0028-646X.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ a b c d e Lindblom, Louise; Ekman, Stefan (2005-02-01). "Molecular evidence supports the distinction between Xanthoria parietina and X. aureola (Teloschistaceae, lichenized Ascomycota)". Mycological Research. 109 (2): 187–199. doi:10.1017/S0953756204001790. ISSN 0953-7562.
- ^ a b c Czeczuga, B. (1983-11-18). "Mutatoxanthin, the dominant carotenoid in lichens of the Xanthoria genus". Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. 11 (4): 329–331. doi:10.1016/0305-1978(83)90032-7. ISSN 0305-1978.
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