Lecanoromycetes

Lecanoromycetes
Cladonia sp.
Systematics
without rank: Nucletmycea Empire : Mushrooms (fungi) Sub-kingdom : Dikarya Department : Ascomycota mushrooms Subdivision : Real ascent mushrooms (Pezizomycotina) Class : Lecanoromycetes
Scientific name
Lecanoromycetes
OE Erikss. & Winka

The Lecanoromycetes are a class of ashlar mushrooms . With around 13,500 species, they are the most species-rich class of mushrooms. Most of the lichen-forming fungi belong to it .

features

The majority of the species forms apothecical fruiting bodies . Some families (Porinaceae, Thelenellaceae, and relatives) also form perithecic fruiting bodies. The Asci are mostly bitunicate, even if the structure is different from that of the other bitunicate classes. The asci are often multi-layered, but sometimes also prototunicat (Caliciaceae), or unitunicat (Porinaceae, Coenogoniaceae). The opening mechanism of the asci is in most species rostrat, semifissitunicat or bilabiat. The ascus walls and the thickened tip turn blue with iodine. The ascospores are one or more septate , rarely plurilocular, as well as hyaline or pigmented. Sometimes more than 100 spores are formed per ascus, but this characteristic has developed independently within the class several times.

The paraphyses are simple or branched, and often swollen at the top. The hymenium is often gel-like.

The Lecanoromycetes form a wide range of secondary ingredients ; these include polyketide -Abkömmlinge (such depsides , depsidones , anthraquinones and xanthones ), terpenes and pulvinic - derivatives .

The secondary crop forms ( anamorphs ), if known, form pycnidia .

Way of life

The majority of the species usually form lichens with various green algae . Chlorococcales (the most common genera are Asterochloris , Coccomyxa , Dictyochloropsis , Trebouxia ), filamentous green algae ( Trentepohlia , Pycopeltis ), and cyanobacteria ( Calothrix , Nostoc , Scytonema , Stigonema ) are found as photobionts . In some lichens, particularly often in the Peltigerales order , cyanobacteria occur as secondary photobionts in addition to green algae. Around 90 percent of all lichen-forming fungi belong to this class.

Some species grow on other lichens (lichenicol), some live as a saprobiont .

Systematics

The Lecanoromycetes are closely related to the Eurotiomycetes . It is not yet clear whether they are the sister group.

The internal system of this species-rich group is still in flux. The two subclasses Acarosporomycetidae and Ostropomycetidae are most likely natural relatives, i.e. monophyletic taxa . The extent of the largest subclass, Lecanoromycetidae, has not yet been conclusively clarified. Hibbett et al. (2007) structure the class as follows:

• Subclass Acarosporomycetidae
  • Order Acarosporales with the only family Acarosporaceae
• Subclass Lecanoromycetidae
  • Order Lecanorales
  • Order peltigerales
  • Order Teloschistales
• Subclass Ostropomycetidae
  • Order Agyriales
  • Order Baeomycetales
  • Order Ostropales
  • Order Pertusariales
• incertae sedis (not assigned to any subclass)
  • Order candelariales
  • Order Umbilicariales

The systematics of the Lecanoromycetes has changed very much since the beginning of the DNA sequence analysis compared to the systematics based on phenotypic characteristics, especially the opening areas of the asci.

Miadlikowska et al. have created the following, preliminary cladogram, in which the position of the candelariales and umbilicariales is particularly uncertain.

	Candelariales      Ostropomycetidae      Umbilicariales      Lecanoromycetidae      Acarosporomycetidae

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b c d e f} Miadlikowska et al .: New insights into classification and evolution of the Lecanoromycetes ... , 2006.
2. ^ Spatafora et al .: A five-gene phylogeny of Pezizomycotina , 2006.
3. ↑ ^{a b c d} Sina M. Adl et al .: The New Higher Level Classification of Eukaryotes with Emphasis on the Taxonomy of Protists. In: The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 52 (5), 2005; Pages 399-451. doi : 10.1111 / j.1550-7408.2005.00053.x .
4. ↑ DS Hibbett et al .: A higher-level phylogenetic classification of the Fungi . In: Mycological research , May 2007; 111 (5): 509-547. Epub 2007 March 13, 2007. doi : 10.1016 / j.mycres.2007.03.004 , (PDF; 1.3 MB)

literature

• Jolanta Miadlikowska et al .: New insights into classification and evolution of the Lecanoromycetes (Pezizomycotina, Ascomycota) from phylogenetic analyzes of three ribosomal RNA- and two protein-coding genes . In: Mycologia , Volume 98, 2006, pp. 1088-1103. PDF
• Joseph W. Spatafora et al .: A five-gene phylogeny of Pezizomycotina . In: Mycologia , Volume 98, 2006, pp. 1018-1028.

Web links

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