Prince Shōtoku: Difference between revisions

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{{Copyedit|date=February 2008}}
{{Copyedit|date=February 2008}}
{{Totally-disputed-section|date=September 2008}}

[[Image:Prince Shotoku.jpg|thumb|Prince Shotoku flanked by younger brother (left: Prince Eguri) and 1st son (right: Prince Yamashiro), Woodblock painting]]
[[Image:Prince Shotoku.jpg|thumb|Prince Shotoku flanked by younger brother (left: Prince Eguri) and 1st son (right: Prince Yamashiro), Woodblock painting]]
[[Image:Asuka dera Prince Shotoku.jpg|thumb|Sculpture of [[Prince Shōtoku]] depicted as a [[bodhisattva]] in [[Asuka-dera]], [[Asuka, Nara]].]]
[[Image:Asuka dera Prince Shotoku.jpg|thumb|Sculpture of [[Prince Shōtoku]] depicted as a [[bodhisattva]] in [[Asuka-dera]], [[Asuka, Nara]].]]
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:"From the sovereign of the land of the rising sun (''nihon/hi izuru'') to the sovereign of the land of the setting sun."<ref>Varley, Paul. (1973). ''Japanese Culture: A Short History.'' p. 15 </ref>
:"From the sovereign of the land of the rising sun (''nihon/hi izuru'') to the sovereign of the land of the setting sun."<ref>Varley, Paul. (1973). ''Japanese Culture: A Short History.'' p. 15 </ref>


Nevertheless, after the answer of Prince Shōtoku, the status of Japan did not change. Japan still paid tribute (朝貢) to China. According to ''圖畵見聞志'' (''Experiences in Painting'') written in the 11th century by Guo Ruoxu, a Chinese painter, Japan was subject to [[Goryeo]] (Korea) too when the book was written.<ref> [http://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%9C%96%E7%95%AB%E8%A6%8B%E8%81%9E%E8%AA%8C/%E5%8D%B7%E5%85%AD 倭國乃日本國也. 本名倭旣恥其名. 又自以在極東因號日本也. 今則臣屬高麗也 - 郭若虛.《圖畵見聞志》 卷6. 高麗國] (''"wa" is a Japan. Japanese think "wa" is a shameful country name, so they called their country as "nippon". Now, Japan is a Vassal state of [[Goryeo]]. --Chinese book .《圖畵見聞志》(Experiences in Painting) </ref>{{dubious}} As a matter of fact there are historians who have come to the conclusion that Prince Shōtoku was not a historical person at all. <ref name=fiction> [http://www.tokyo-np.co.jp/article/column/editorial/CK2008021002086566.html Prince Shōtoku, Tokyo Shimbun 2008-02-10] 誇張や粉飾があったにしても、実在と非実在では話の次元が全く違ってしまいます。ところが、積み重ねられた近代の実証的歴史学の結論は「聖徳太子はいなかった」で、どうやら決定的らしいのです。(truth is... modern historican conclude that Prince Shōtoku was a fictional character) 太子像が創作(fabricated)・捏造(later created)となると...{{ja}} </ref> there are, however, also historians who are agains this claim.<ref>{{ja icon}}{{cite web|url=http://www.teikokushoin.co.jp/teacher/junior/bookmarker/pdf/200509h/bookmarker2005.09-14.pdf/%E4%B8%AD%E6%AD%B42005.09-14%E3%80%8C%E8%81%96%E5%BE%B3%E5%A4%AA%E5%AD%90%E3%81%AF%EF%BD%9E%E3%80%8D%E4%BB%81%E8%97%A4%E6%95%A6%E5%8F%B2.pdf|title=''Shoutoku Taishi ha Jitsuzai Shitanoka'' [''Did Prince Shotoku exist?'']|publisher=Teikoku Shoin|accessdate=2008-09-25|}}</ref><ref>{{ja icon}}{{cite web|url=http://www.aoyama-matsudo.com/shohtoku-taishi-ishda.htm|title=''Shoutoku Taishi ha Jitsuzai Suruka'' [''Does Prince Shotoku exist?'']|publisher=青山学院校友会千葉県東葛支部|accessdate=2008-09-25|}}
Nevertheless, after the answer of Prince Shōtoku, the status of Japan did not change. Japan still paid tribute (朝貢) to China and Korea.<ref> [http://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%9C%96%E7%95%AB%E8%A6%8B%E8%81%9E%E8%AA%8C/%E5%8D%B7%E5%85%AD 倭國乃日本國也. 本名倭旣恥其名. 又自以在極東因號日本也. 今則臣屬高麗也 - 郭若虛.《圖畵見聞志》 卷6. 高麗國] (''"wa" is a Japan. Japanese think "wa" is a shameful country name, so they called their country as "nippon". Now, Japan is a Vassal state of [[Goryeo]]. --Chinese book .《圖畵見聞志》(Experiences in Painting) </ref><ref> [http://www.wombat.zaq.ne.jp/zenchokyo/Chosensi.html] </ref> <ref> [http://www.ne.jp/asahi/rekisi-neko/index/tomtom-1.html]</ref>However, there were no countries to send tribute(朝貢) to Japan. They ignored Japan's humble national power. As a matter of fact a number of modern historians have come to the conclusion that Prince Shōtoku was not a historical person at all. <ref name=fiction> [http://www.tokyo-np.co.jp/article/column/editorial/CK2008021002086566.html Prince Shōtoku, Tokyo Shimbun 2008-02-10] 誇張や粉飾があったにしても、実在と非実在では話の次元が全く違ってしまいます。ところが、積み重ねられた近代の実証的歴史学の結論は「聖徳太子はいなかった」で、どうやら決定的らしいのです。(truth is... modern historican conclude that Prince Shōtoku was a fictional character) 太子像が創作(fabricated)・捏造(later created)となると...{{ja}} </ref> there are, however, also historians who are agains this claim.<ref>{{ja icon}}{{cite web|url=http://www.teikokushoin.co.jp/teacher/junior/bookmarker/pdf/200509h/bookmarker2005.09-14.pdf/%E4%B8%AD%E6%AD%B42005.09-14%E3%80%8C%E8%81%96%E5%BE%B3%E5%A4%AA%E5%AD%90%E3%81%AF%EF%BD%9E%E3%80%8D%E4%BB%81%E8%97%A4%E6%95%A6%E5%8F%B2.pdf|title=''Shoutoku Taishi ha Jitsuzai Shitanoka'' [''Did Prince Shotoku exist?'']|publisher=Teikoku Shoin|accessdate=2008-09-25|}}</ref><ref>{{ja icon}}{{cite web|url=http://www.aoyama-matsudo.com/shohtoku-taishi-ishda.htm|title=''Shoutoku Taishi ha Jitsuzai Suruka'' [''Does Prince Shotoku exist?'']|publisher=青山学院校友会千葉県東葛支部|accessdate=2008-09-25|}}</ref><ref>{{ja icon}}{{cite web|url=http://www.amazon.co.jp/%E8%81%96%E5%BE%B3%E5%A4%AA%E5%AD%90%E8%99%9A%E6%A7%8B%E8%AA%AC%E3%82%92%E6%8E%92%E3%81%99-%E7%94%B0%E4%B8%AD-%E8%8B%B1%E9%81%93/dp/4569638279|title=''Shoutoku Taishi Kyokou-setsu wo haisu'' [''Ruling out the theory that Prince Shotoku did not exist'']|accessdate=2008-09-25|}}</ref><ref>{{ja icon}}{{cite web|url=http://yamatai.cside.com/katudou/kiroku249.htm|title=''Shoutoku Taishi ha jitsuzai shita'' [''Prince Shotoku did exist'']|publisher=Yamataikoku no kai|accessdate=2008-09-25|}}</ref>
</ref><ref>{{ja icon}}{{cite web|url=http://www.amazon.co.jp/%E8%81%96%E5%BE%B3%E5%A4%AA%E5%AD%90%E8%99%9A%E6%A7%8B%E8%AA%AC%E3%82%92%E6%8E%92%E3%81%99-%E7%94%B0%E4%B8%AD-%E8%8B%B1%E9%81%93/dp/4569638279|title=''Shoutoku Taishi Kyokou-setsu wo haisu'' [''Ruling out the theory that Prince Shotoku did not exist'']|accessdate=2008-09-25|}}</ref><ref>{{ja icon}}{{cite web|url=http://yamatai.cside.com/katudou/kiroku249.htm|title=''Shoutoku Taishi ha jitsuzai shita'' [''Prince Shotoku did exist'']|publisher=Yamataikoku no kai|accessdate=2008-09-25|}}</ref>


==Legacy==
==Legacy==

Revision as of 17:56, 26 September 2008

Prince Shotoku flanked by younger brother (left: Prince Eguri) and 1st son (right: Prince Yamashiro), Woodblock painting
Sculpture of Prince Shōtoku depicted as a bodhisattva in Asuka-dera, Asuka, Nara.
10,000 yen banknote featuring the prince

Prince Shōtoku (聖徳太子, Shōtoku Taishi, 573–621), also known as Prince Umayado (厩戸皇子, Umayado no ōji), was a regent and a politician of the Asuka period in Japan. His existence, however, is disputed.[1]

Cultural and Political Role

Prince Shōtoku looked particularly to China for political and religious inspiration.

According to the Nihon Shoki, Shōtoku, inspired by Confucius' teachings, succeeded in establishing a centralized government during his reign. Thus, in 603, he established the twelve official ranks at court. He also is credited with promulgating a Seventeen-article constitution, although contemporary scholars question the attribution based on its style.

The Prince was a proponent of Buddhism, and composed commentaries on the Lotus Sutra, the Vimalakirti Sutra, and the Sutra of Queen Srimala. He also commissioned the Shitennō-ji Temple in Settsu province (present-day Osaka). Shōtoku's name has long been linked with Hōryū-ji in Yamato province. Documentation at Hōryū-ji, in fact, claim Suiko and Shōtoku as founders during the year 607. Moreover, archaeological excavations of 1939 have confirmed that Prince Shōtoku's palace, the Ikaruga-no-miya (斑鳩宮), occupied the eastern part of the current temple complex, where the Tō-in (東院) sits today.[2]

Although Shōtoku admired China from afar, China seems to have taken the initiative in opening relations with Japan. Sui Emperor, Yangdi (kensui taishi) dispatched a message in 605 which said:

"The sovereign of Sui respectfully inquires about the sovereign of Wa."[3]

Shōtoku responded by sponsoring a mission led by Ono no Imoko in 607. The Prince's own message contains the earliest written instance in which the Japanese archipelago is named "Nihon," literally, sun-origin. Nihon is also what the Japanese call their island nation today. The salutation said:

"From the sovereign of the land of the rising sun (nihon/hi izuru) to the sovereign of the land of the setting sun."[4]

Nevertheless, after the answer of Prince Shōtoku, the status of Japan did not change. Japan still paid tribute (朝貢) to China and Korea.[5][6] [7]However, there were no countries to send tribute(朝貢) to Japan. They ignored Japan's humble national power. As a matter of fact a number of modern historians have come to the conclusion that Prince Shōtoku was not a historical person at all. [1] there are, however, also historians who are agains this claim.[8][9][10][11]

Legacy

Prince Shotoku laid the foundations for the rise of a stable political and economical systems through his prudent reign and reforms. His patronage of Buddhism brought in a flowering of Japanese art and culture. His legendary wisdom and far-sightedness, as well as peaceful foreign policy with Japan's neighbours has kept him in the public eyes in high esteem, even until today. In his honour, the 10,000 Yen banknote featured his image, the highest denomination. The 10,000 yen banknote with him was printed from the 1950s until the 1980s.

Titles and name

He is known by several titles and his real name is Prince Umayado (厩戸皇子, Umayado no ōji, literally the prince of the stable door) since he was born in front of a stable. He is also known as Toyotomimi (豊聡耳) or Kamitsumiyaō (上宮王). In the Kojiki, his name appears as Kamitsumiya no Umayado no Toyotomimi no Mikoto (上宮之厩戸豊聡耳命). In the Nihon Shoki, in addition to Umayado no ōji, he is referred as 豊耳聡聖徳, 豊聡耳法大王, and 法主王. The popular name Prince Shōtoku first appeared in Kaifūsō written in 751, more than a hundred years after his death.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Prince Shōtoku, Tokyo Shimbun 2008-02-10 誇張や粉飾があったにしても、実在と非実在では話の次元が全く違ってしまいます。ところが、積み重ねられた近代の実証的歴史学の結論は「聖徳太子はいなかった」で、どうやら決定的らしいのです。(truth is... modern historican conclude that Prince Shōtoku was a fictional character) 太子像が創作(fabricated)・捏造(later created)となると...Template:Ja
  2. ^ John Whitney Hall (1988). "The Cambridge history of Japan "The Asuka Enlightenment" p.175". Cambridge University. Retrieved 2007-04-03.
  3. ^ Varley, Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki, p. 128.
  4. ^ Varley, Paul. (1973). Japanese Culture: A Short History. p. 15
  5. ^ 倭國乃日本國也. 本名倭旣恥其名. 又自以在極東因號日本也. 今則臣屬高麗也 - 郭若虛.《圖畵見聞志》 卷6. 高麗國 ("wa" is a Japan. Japanese think "wa" is a shameful country name, so they called their country as "nippon". Now, Japan is a Vassal state of Goryeo. --Chinese book .《圖畵見聞志》(Experiences in Painting)
  6. ^ [1]
  7. ^ [2]
  8. ^ Template:Ja icon"Shoutoku Taishi ha Jitsuzai Shitanoka [Did Prince Shotoku exist?]" (PDF). Teikoku Shoin. Retrieved 2008-09-25. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  9. ^ Template:Ja icon"Shoutoku Taishi ha Jitsuzai Suruka [Does Prince Shotoku exist?]". 青山学院校友会千葉県東葛支部. Retrieved 2008-09-25. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  10. ^ Template:Ja icon"Shoutoku Taishi Kyokou-setsu wo haisu [Ruling out the theory that Prince Shotoku did not exist]". Retrieved 2008-09-25. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  11. ^ Template:Ja icon"Shoutoku Taishi ha jitsuzai shita [Prince Shotoku did exist]". Yamataikoku no kai. Retrieved 2008-09-25. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)

Literature

  • Varley, H. Paul. (1973). Japanese Culture: A Short History. New York: Praeger Publishers.
  • Varley, H. Paul , ed. (1980). [ Kitabatake Chikafusa (1359)], Jinnō Shōtōki ("A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns: Jinnō Shōtōki of Kitabatake Chikafusa" translated by H. Paul Varley). New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-04940-4

External links

Media related to Prince Shōtoku at Wikimedia Commons

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