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== Early Life ==
== Early Life ==
Little is known about the early life of Banaw Lakandula before the arrival of Legazpi. According to National Artist Nick Joaquin “he is presumed to be of native birth,” with mixed Tagalog and Kapampangan descent. Joaquin adds that “He was said to be a descendant of King Balagtas.”<ref name="JoaquinManila"/>
Little is known about the early life of Banaw Lakandula before the arrival of Legazpi. According to National Artist Nick Joaquin “''he is presumed to be of native birth'',” with mixed Tagalog and Kapampangan descent. Joaquin adds that “''He was said to be a descendant of King Balagtas.''”<ref name="JoaquinManila"/>


Joaquin further speculates on Lakandula’s religious beliefs: "Tondo's Lakan Dula may have been unusual in being neither foreign nor muslim. This was indicated by his use of the native term Lakan instead of the foreign title Rajah. Lakan dula can be presumed… to have been reared in the anito cults. One guess is that he converted to islam, then changed his mind and returned to his native faith." <ref name="JoaquinManila"/>
Joaquin further speculates on Lakandula’s religious beliefs: "''Tondo's Lakan Dula may have been unusual in being neither foreign nor muslim. This was indicated by his use of the native term Lakan instead of the foreign title Rajah. Lakan dula can be presumed… to have been reared in the anito cults. One guess is that he converted to islam, then changed his mind and returned to his native faith.''" <ref name="JoaquinManila"/>


Joaquin also expounds on the economic context of Lakandula’s reign over Tondo<ref name="JoaquinManila"/>: “Tondo had replaced Namayan as the chief port of entry on Manila Bay. Tondo was right on the seaside. This was the advantage it had over Namayan, which was upriver inland. So the merchant ships that came into the bay preferred to unload their goods at the port of Tondo. And now it was the king of Tondo who was responsible for sending the merchandise upriver to the lakeside communities, there to be traded for local products. Tondo was thus the distributing center, or entrepot, on the delta... At the time of Lakan Dula, Tondo was at the height of its career as an entrepot…."
Joaquin also expounds on the economic context of Lakandula’s reign over Tondo<ref name="JoaquinManila"/>: <blockquote>“''Tondo had replaced Namayan as the chief port of entry on Manila Bay. Tondo was right on the seaside. This was the advantage it had over Namayan, which was upriver inland. So the merchant ships that came into the bay preferred to unload their goods at the port of Tondo. And now it was the king of Tondo who was responsible for sending the merchandise upriver to the lakeside communities, there to be traded for local products. Tondo was thus the distributing center, or entrepot, on the delta... At the time of Lakan Dula, Tondo was at the height of its career as an entrepot….''"</blockquote>


William Henry Scott notes that Augustinian Fray Martin de Rada Legaspi says they were “more traders than warriors”, and that Tondo’s ships, along with those of the Borneans, dominated trade through the rest of the archipelago. People in other parts of the archipelago often referred to Tondo boats as “Chinese” (Sina or Sinina) because they came bearing Chinese goods. <ref name="scottparchment"/>
William Henry Scott notes that Augustinian Fray Martin de Rada Legaspi says they were “''more traders than warriors''”, and that Tondo’s ships, along with those of the Borneans, dominated trade through the rest of the archipelago. People in other parts of the archipelago often referred to Tondo boats as “Chinese” (Sina or Sinina) because they came bearing Chinese goods. <ref name="scottparchment"/>


When ships from China came to Manila bay, Lakandula would remove the sails and rudders of their ships until they paid him duties and anchorage fees, and then he would then buy up all their goods himself, paying half its value immediately and then paying the other half upon their return the following year. In the interim, he would trade these goods with peoples further upstream and all over the archipelago, the end result being that other locals were not able to buy anything from the Chinese directly, but from Lakandula, who made a tidy profit as a result.<ref name="scottparchment">{{cite book
When ships from China came to Manila bay, Lakandula would remove the sails and rudders of their ships until they paid him duties and anchorage fees, and then he would then buy up all their goods himself, paying half its value immediately and then paying the other half upon their return the following year. In the interim, he would trade these goods with peoples further upstream and all over the archipelago, the end result being that other locals were not able to buy anything from the Chinese directly, but from Lakandula, who made a tidy profit as a result.<ref name="scottparchment">{{cite book

Revision as of 18:44, 20 February 2012

Lakan Dula
Lakan (King) of Tondo.
File:Lakandula.JPG
Reign1558–1571
PredecessorRajah Sulaiman I
SuccessorRajah Sulaiman III
IssueBatang Dula

Magat Salamat
Dionisio Capulong
Phelipe Salonga
Martin Lakandula

Doña Maria Poloin
Names
Lakan Banao Dula
HouseKingdom of Tondo

Lakan Banao Dula or Gat Banaw Dula (December 16, 1503[1]  – March 21, 1589[2]), often referred to simply by his title Lakan Dula, and later baptised Lakan Carlos Dula[3], was the Lakan (paramount ruler) of the pre-colonial Philippine Kingdom of Tondo when the Spaniards first conquered the lands of the Pasig River delta in the 1570s.[4] Another common variation of the name is Gat Dula which at present times evolved into Gatdula.[5] He is sometimes erroneously referred to as Rajah Lakandula; the terms "Rajah" and "Lakan" have the same meaning therefore making the appellation redundant.[4]

Along with Rajah Matanda and Rajah Sulayman, he was one of three Rajahs who played significant roles in the Spanish conquest of the kingdoms of the Pasig River delta in the early 1570s.

Lakan as title used by the rulers of Tondo

The title "Lakan" refers to a monarch and was the equivalent of "Rajah" or "King." [6][7] "Lakan", on the other hand, was a title specifically used for the monarchs of the Kingdom of Tondo.[6] Banaw was the personal name of the individual who was ruler of the Kingdom of Tondo at the time of the Spanish advent.

Etymology of the "Lakan" title

In (Kapampangan, the word Lakan means "lord" and the word dula means "palace", such that the title literally meant "Lord of the Palace."[8]

In the Gatdula variant of the name, the word or prefix Gat is a shortened version of the Tagalog honorific "Pamagat", which at the time meant "nobleman," such that the variant literally read "Nobleman of the Palace", which meant essentially the same thing as the Kapampangan version.[5]

"Lakan" instead of "Rajah"

With the term "Rajah" and "Lakan" meaning the same thing, the "Rajah Lakandula" variation of the title was also never used in the original sources pertaining to Lakan Dula[9], and Philippine historian and national artist for literature Nick Joaquin takes pains to point out that the term Lakan, not Rajah, was used by the rulers of the Kingdom of Tondo.[4]

Early Life

Little is known about the early life of Banaw Lakandula before the arrival of Legazpi. According to National Artist Nick Joaquin “he is presumed to be of native birth,” with mixed Tagalog and Kapampangan descent. Joaquin adds that “He was said to be a descendant of King Balagtas.”[4]

Joaquin further speculates on Lakandula’s religious beliefs: "Tondo's Lakan Dula may have been unusual in being neither foreign nor muslim. This was indicated by his use of the native term Lakan instead of the foreign title Rajah. Lakan dula can be presumed… to have been reared in the anito cults. One guess is that he converted to islam, then changed his mind and returned to his native faith." [4]

Joaquin also expounds on the economic context of Lakandula’s reign over Tondo[4]:

“Tondo had replaced Namayan as the chief port of entry on Manila Bay. Tondo was right on the seaside. This was the advantage it had over Namayan, which was upriver inland. So the merchant ships that came into the bay preferred to unload their goods at the port of Tondo. And now it was the king of Tondo who was responsible for sending the merchandise upriver to the lakeside communities, there to be traded for local products. Tondo was thus the distributing center, or entrepot, on the delta... At the time of Lakan Dula, Tondo was at the height of its career as an entrepot…."

William Henry Scott notes that Augustinian Fray Martin de Rada Legaspi says they were “more traders than warriors”, and that Tondo’s ships, along with those of the Borneans, dominated trade through the rest of the archipelago. People in other parts of the archipelago often referred to Tondo boats as “Chinese” (Sina or Sinina) because they came bearing Chinese goods. [10]

When ships from China came to Manila bay, Lakandula would remove the sails and rudders of their ships until they paid him duties and anchorage fees, and then he would then buy up all their goods himself, paying half its value immediately and then paying the other half upon their return the following year. In the interim, he would trade these goods with peoples further upstream and all over the archipelago, the end result being that other locals were not able to buy anything from the Chinese directly, but from Lakandula, who made a tidy profit as a result.[10][11]


Rajah Lakan Dula converted to Roman Catholcism, taking the name Carlos after Charles I of Spain.[12] He played a crucial role in pacifying the last independent Luzon states in what is now the province of Pampanga, namely Lubao and Betis. He further helped the Spaniards in defending their foothold in the archipelago from the invading forces of the Chinese pirate Limahong.

Descendants

Lakan Dula was the most prolific of Luzon's ancient rulers. His descendants are spread out all across the Kapampangan Region during the Spanish colonial era.[11] He fathered at least five sons, namely Batang Dula, Don Dionisio Capulong, the Datu of Candaba, Don Phelipe Salonga, the Datu of Pulu, Magat Salamat, the Datu of Tondo and Don Martin Lakandula who entered the Agustinian order as a lay brother in 1590.[11] He had one daughter by the name of Doña Maria Poloin who married Don Alonso Talabos.

Lakan Dula's sons and nephews were after implicated in the Revolt of the Lakans of 1588, a conspiracy meant to overthrow Spanish that was spearheaded by the former ruling class of the defeated Luzon Empire. His son Magat Salamat was executed by the Spanish authorities while the rest were executed.

In 1587 Magat Salamat, one of the children of Lakan Dula, and Augustin de Legazpi, Lakan Dula's nephew, and the chiefs of the neighboring areas of Tondo, Pandacan, Marikina, Candaba, Navotas and Bulacan were executed for secretly conspiring to overthrow the Spanish colonizers. Stories were told that Magat Salamat's descendants settled in Hagonoy, Bulacan and many of his descendants spread from this area.David Dula y Goiti, a grandson of Lakan Dula with a Spanish mother escaped the persecution of the descendants of Lakan Dula by settling in Isla de Batag, Northern Samar and settled in the place now called Candawid (Kan David). Due to hatred for the Spaniards, he dropped the Goiti in his surname and adopted a new name David Dulay. He was eventually caught by the Guardia Civil based in Palapag and was executed together with seven followers. They were charged with planning to attack the Spanish detachment.[13]

Learning from this experience, his great grandson Don Juan Macapagal, Master-of-Camp and Datu of Arayat, aided the Spanish authorities in suppressing the 1660 Kapampangan Revolt of Don Francisco Maniago and the Pangasinan Revolt of Don Andres Malong, and the 1661 Ilocano Revolt. Because of his service to the Spanish crown, the Spanish authorities revived the special privileges offered by the Spanish crown to Lakan Dula and his descendants spread across the province of Pampanga.[11] A Gremio de Lakandulas was created in 1758 to safeguard the rights and privileges of the Kapampangan descendants of Lakan Dula.[11] During the British invasion of 1762–64, the descendants of Lakan Dula, now concentrated in the province of Pampanga, formed a company of volunteers to fight the British and were granted autonomy by Governor General Simon de Anda.[11]

Prominent Lakan Dula descendants of the 20th century include the former Philippine President Diosdado Macapagal, father of President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, former Philippine Senate President Jovito Salonga, pioneer Filipino industrialist Gonzalo Puyat, former Philippine Senate President Gil Puyat and international stage celebrity Lea Salonga.[11]

Legacy

  • The Order of Lakandula is one of the highest honors given by the Republic of the Philippines. It is an order of political and civic merit, awarded in memory of Lakan Dula’s dedication to the responsibilities of leadership, prudence, fortitude, courage and resolve in the service of one’s people.
  • The BRP Rajah Lakandula (PF-4) was the a Destroyer Escort / Frigate and is the only ex-USN Edsall-class destroyer escort that served the Philippine Navy. She was also the flagship of the Philippine Navy from 1981 to 1988. Struck from the Navy List in 1988, she was still in use as stationary barracks ship in Subic Bay as of 1999.
  • A number of Lakan Dula Elementary and Secondary Schools are named after Lakan Dula, notably in the City of Manila, and the Province of Pampanga, both closely associated with Lakan Banaw Dula.

See also

References

  1. ^ [1]
  2. ^ [2]
  3. ^ The Philippine revolution and beyond: papers from the International Conference on the Centennial of the 1896 Philippine Revolution, Volume 1, National Commission on Culture and the Arts (Philippines), National Centennial Commission (Philippines), Philippine Centennial Commission [and] National Commission for Culture and the Arts, 1998, p. 111
  4. ^ a b c d e f Joaqiun, Nick (1990). Manila, My Manila: A History for the Young. City of Manila: Anvil Publishing, Inc. ISBN 978-9715693134. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  5. ^ a b Scott, William Henry (1992). Looking for the Prehispanic Filipino. Quezon City: New Day Publishers. ISBN 971-10-0524-7. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  6. ^ a b Dery, Luis Camara (2001). A History of the Inarticulate. Quezon City: New Day Publishers. ISBN 971-10-1069-0. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  7. ^ Scott, William Henry (1994). Barangay: Sixteenth Century Philippine Culture and Society. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. pp. page 192. ISBN 971-550-135-4. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  8. ^ Tolentino, Aurelio. 1914. Kasulatang Gintû. Manila: Imprenta y Litografia de Juan Fajardo.
  9. ^ Template:Tl icon Buhay Sa Nayon
  10. ^ a b Scott, William Henry (1982). Cracks in the Parchment Curtain and Other Essays in Philippine History. Quezon City: New Day Publishers. ISBN 9789711000004.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g Santiago, Luciano P.R., The Houses of Lakandula, Matanda, and Soliman [1571–1898]: Genealogy and Group Identity, Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society 18 [1990]
  12. ^ A history of Brunei, Graham E. Saunders, Routledge, 2002, p. 54
  13. ^ Reference.Com
Regnal titles
Preceded by Rajah of Tondo and Sabag
1558–1571 		Succeeded by

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