Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus: Difference between revisions
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== External links == |
== External links == |
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* {{ cite web | url = http://www.crl-fish.eu/ | title = European Community Reference Laboratory for Fish Diseases }} |
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* {{ cite web | url = http://www.fishpathogens.eu/ | title = Fishpathogens.eu }} A database on IHNV isolates and their sequences |
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* {{ cite web | title = Infectious Haematopoietic Necrosis | url = http://en.wikivet.net/Infectious_Haematopoietic_Necrosis | publisher = Vikivet | accessdate = 2012-02-25 }} |
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Revision as of 08:47, 25 February 2012
| Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus | |
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| Virus classification | |
| Group: | Group V ((−)ssRNA)
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| Order: | |
| Family: | |
| Genus: | |
| Species: | Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus
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Introduction
Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), is a negative-sense single-stranded, bullet-shaped RNA virus that is a member of the Rhabdoviridae family, and from the genus Novirhabdovirus. It causes the disease known as infectious hematopoietic necrosis in salmonid fish like trout and salmon. The disease may be referred to by a number of other names such as Chinook Salmon Disease, Coleman Disease, Columbia River Sockeye Disease, Cultus Lake Virus Disease, Oregon Sockeye Disease, Sacramento River Chinook Disease and Sockeye Salmon Viral Disease. IHNV is commonly found in the Pacific Coast of Canada and the USA, and has also been found in Europe and Japan.[1][2][3] The first reported epidemics of IHNV occurred in the United States at the Washington and the Oregon fish hatcheries during the 1950s.[4] IHNV is transmitted following shedding of the virus in the feces, urine, sexual fluids, and external mucus and by direct contact or close contact with surrounding water. The virus gains entry into fish at the base of the fins.[5]
The disease is listed as a non-exotic disease of the EU and is therefore watched closely by the European Community Reference Laboratory for Fish Diseases. In order to keep track of the distribution of different IHNV genotypes a database called Fishpathogens.eu[6] has been created to store data on different fish pathogens (including IHNV) and their sequences.
Classification
IHNV is the causal agent of Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis (IHN) disease of fish and is a negative-sense single-stranded RNA virus. IHNV is a member of the genus Novirhabdovirus,[7] belongs to the family of Rhabdoviridae. The North American IHNV isolates are grouped based on the partial Glycoprotein (G) gene sequences.[8] There are 3 major IHNV genogroups in North America and are designated as U, M and L for the upper, middle and lower portions of IHNV geographical range in North America. The Japanese and Korean isolates constitute a new JRt (Japanese Rainbow trout) genogroup.[2][9]
Virion
Virions consist of an envelope and a nucleocapsid. Virions are bullet-shaped and measure 45-100 nm in diameter; 100-430 nm in length.[10] Surface projections are densely dispersed distinctive spikes that cover the whole surface except for the quasi-planar end.
Genome Organization
The fish rhabdovirus, IHNV, has a bullet-shaped virion containing a non-segmented, negative-sense, single-stranded RNA genome of approximately 11,000 nucleotides that encodes six proteins in the following order: a nucleoprotein (N), a phosphoprotein (P), a matrix protein (M), a glycoprotein (G), a nonvirion protein (NV), and a polymerase (L).[11]
To date, the complete genome sequence has been available for only 3 IHNV isolates.[12][13][14]
IHNV Replication Cycle
The rhabdoviral cycle of infection occurs by series of events in the following order: adsorption, penetration and uncoating, transcription, translation, replication, assembly and budding.
Transmission
Reservoirs of IHNV are clinically infected fish and covert carriers among cultured, feral or wild fish. Virus is shed via urine, sexual fluids and from external mucus, whereas kidney, spleen and other internal organs are the sites in which virus is most abundant during the course of overt infection.[15] Insect, annelids and crustaceans can act as viral vectors. The potential for epizootics is highest at 10°C and the disease does not occur naturally above 15°C.[16]
Clinical Signs
Clinical signs of infection with IHNV include abdominal distension, bulging of the eyes, skin darkening, abnormal behavior, anemia and fading of the gills. Infected fish commonly hemorrhage in several areas; the mouth and behind the head, the pectoral fins, muscles near the anus, and (in fry) the yolk sac. Diseased fish weaken eventually floating “belly-up” on the surface of the water.
Necrosis is common in the kidney and spleen, and sometimes in the liver.[17] Mortality is very high in young fish.
Some fish become covert carriers of the virus if they survive infection.
Diagnosis
Clinical signs and history of previous outbreaks may be suggestive of IHN.
Staphylococcal agglutination, virus neutralisation (VN), indirect fluorescent antibody testing, ELISA, PCR and DNA probe technology are all techniques that can be used to confirm diagnosis. The gold standard is virus neutralisation. Alternatively, the identification of degeneration and necrosis of granular cells in the lamina propria, stratum compactum and stratum granulosum of the gastrointestinal tract on histopathology can be used to diagnose infection.
Treatment & Control
No treatment had yet proven to be effective. To prevent the disease, strict isolation, hygiene and testing procedures should be in place.
References
- ^ Rudakova, S. L.; Kurath, G.; Bochkova, E. V. (2007). "Occurrence and Genetic Typing of Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus in Kamchatka, Russia" (pdf). Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. 75 (1): 1–11. doi:10.3354/dao075001. PMID 17523538.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b Nishizawa, T.; Kinoshita, S.; Kim, W. S.; Higashi, S.; Yoshimizu, M. (2006). "Nucleotide Diversity of Japanese Isolates of Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus (IHNV) Based on the Glycoprotein Gene" (pdf). Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. 71 (3): 267–272. doi:10.3354/dao071267. PMID 17058607.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Enzmann, P. J.; Kurath, G.; Fichtner, D.; Bergmann, S. M. (2005). "Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus: Monophyletic Origin of European Isolates from North American Genogroup M" (pdf). Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. 66 (3): 187–195. doi:10.3354/dao066187. PMID 16261933.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Rucker, R. R.; Whipple, W. J.; Parvin, J. R.; Evans, C. A. (1953). "A Contagious Disease of Salmon Possibly of Virus Origin" (pdf). Fishery Bulletin. 76. United States Fish and Wildlife Service: 35–46.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Harmache, A.; LeBerre, M.; Droineau, S.; Giovannini, M.; Brémont, M. (2006). "Bioluminescence Imaging of Live Infected Salmonids Reveals that the Fin Bases are the Major Portal of Entry for Novirhabdovirus" (pdf). Journal of Virology. 80 (7): 3655–3659. doi:10.1128/JVI.80.7.3655-3659.2006. PMC 1440417. PMID 16537634.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Fishpathogens.eu Database". Epizone - European Community Reference Laboratory for Fish Diseases.
- ^ "ICTVdB Virus Code: 01.062.0.06.001". National Institutes of Health.
- ^ Kurath, G.; Garver, K. A.; Troyer, R. M.; Emmenegger, E. J.; Einer-Jensen, K.; Anderson, E. D. (2003). "Phylogeography of Infectious Haematopoietic Necrosis Virus in North America" (pdf). The Journal of General Virology. 84 (4): 803–814. doi:10.1099/vir.0.18771-0. PMID 12655081.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Kim, W. S.; Oh, M. J.; Nishizawa, T.; Park, J. W.; Kurath, G.; Yoshimizu, M. (2007). "Genotyping of Korean Isolates of Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus (IHNV) Based on the Glycoprotein Gene". Archives of Virology. 152 (11): 2119–2124. doi:10.1007/s00705-007-1027-9. PMID 17668275.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Hill, B. J.; Underwood, B. O.; Smale, C. J.; Brown, F. (1975). "Physico-Chemical and Serological Characterization of five Rhabdoviruses Infecting Fish" (pdf). The Journal of General Virology. 27 (3): 369–378. doi:10.1099/0022-1317-27-3-369. PMID 1170278.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ Kurath, G.; Leong, J. C. (1985). "Characterization of Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus mRNA Species Reveals a Nonvirion Rhabdovirus Protein" (pdf). Journal of Virology. 53 (2): 462–468. PMC 254658. PMID 4038520.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Schütze, H.; Enzmann, P. J.; Kuchling, R.; Mundt, E.; Niemann, H.; Mettenleiter, T. C. (1995). "Complete Genomic Sequence of the Fish Rhabdovirus Infectious Haematopoietic Necrosis Virus" (pdf). The Journal of General Virology. 76 (10): 2519–2527. doi:10.1099/0022-1317-76-10-2519. PMID 7595355.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Morzunov, S. P.; Winton, J. R.; Nichol, S. T. (1995). "The complete Genome Structure and Phylogenetic Relationship of Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus". Virus Research. 38 (2–3): 175–192. doi:10.1016/0168-1702(95)00056-V. PMID 8578857.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Ammayappan, A.; LaPatra, S. E.; Vakharia, V. N. (2010). "Molecular Characterization of the Virulent Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus (IHNV) Strain 220-90" (pdf). Virology Journal. 7: 10. doi:10.1186/1743-422X-7-10. PMC 2820013. PMID 20085652.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Amend, D. F. (1975). "Detection and Transmission of Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus in Rainbow Trout". Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 11 (4): 471–478. PMID 1195486.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ Amend, D. F. (1975). "Control of Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus Disease by Elevating the Water Temperature". Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada. 27 (2): 265–270. doi:10.1139/f70-034.
- ^ "Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis" (pdf). Factsheets. The Center for Food Security & Public Health, Iowa State University.
External links
- "European Community Reference Laboratory for Fish Diseases".
- "Fishpathogens.eu". A database on IHNV isolates and their sequences
- "Infectious Haematopoietic Necrosis". Vikivet. Retrieved 2012-02-25.
