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== Behavior ==
== Behavior ==
The species is one of the only cephalopods observed exhibiting pair-like mating relationships. If one member of a male-female mating pair is caught by squid fishermen, the other will likely remain in the area until it is also caught<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Nigmatullin|first=Chingiz M.|date=1995-08-10|title=Age, Growth, and Reproductive Biology of diamond-shaped squid Thysanoteuthis rhombus|url=https://www.int-res.com/articles/meps/124/m124p073.pdf|journal=MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES|volume=Vol. 124|pages=73-87|via=Web of Science}}</ref>. The species feed the during daytime at deep water levels and during the night at shallow water levels.<ref name=":0" /> ''T.rhombus'' are often found in pairs <ref name=":1" />, but groups up to 20 have been recorded <ref>{{Cite book|last=Reid|first=Amanda|title=Cephalopods of Australia and Sub-Antarctic Territories|publisher=CSIRO|year=2016|isbn=9781486303939|location=Australia|pages=216-218}}</ref>.
The species is one of the only cephalopods observed exhibiting pair-like mating relationships. If one member of a male-female mating pair is caught by squid fishermen, the other will likely remain in the area until it is also caught<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Nigmatullin|first=Chingiz M.|date=1995-08-10|title=Age, Growth, and Reproductive Biology of diamond-shaped squid Thysanoteuthis rhombus|url=https://www.int-res.com/articles/meps/124/m124p073.pdf|journal=Marine Ecology Progress Series|volume=124|pages=73–87|doi=10.3354/meps124073|via=Web of Science}}</ref>. The species feed the during daytime at deep water levels and during the night at shallow water levels.<ref name=":0" /> ''T.rhombus'' are often found in pairs <ref name=":1" />, but groups up to 20 have been recorded <ref>{{Cite book|last=Reid|first=Amanda|title=Cephalopods of Australia and Sub-Antarctic Territories|publisher=CSIRO|year=2016|isbn=9781486303939|location=Australia|pages=216–218}}</ref>.


T. ''rhombus'' typically inhabits open ocean waters of the subtropical and tropical locations with temperatures of >20°C. <ref name=":3" /> The Diamond Squid was found to be largely inactive or even die at depths of 0-100m due to sudden drops in temperatures below 15°C.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nazumi|first=T.|date=1975|title=Notes on the fishery and the ecology of the squid, Thysanoteuthis rhombus Troshel in the east San'in water.|url=|journal=Bull Hyogo Pref. Fish. Exp.|volume=Stn 15|pages=15-34|via=Web Of Science}}</ref>
T. ''rhombus'' typically inhabits open ocean waters of the subtropical and tropical locations with temperatures of >20°C. <ref name=":3" /> The Diamond Squid was found to be largely inactive or even die at depths of 0-100m due to sudden drops in temperatures below 15°C.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nazumi|first=T.|date=1975|title=Notes on the fishery and the ecology of the squid, Thysanoteuthis rhombus Troshel in the east San'in water.|url=|journal=Bull Hyogo Pref. Fish. Exp.|volume=Stn 15|pages=15–34|via=Web Of Science}}</ref>


== Diet ==
== Diet ==
In subsurface water levels, T. ''rhombus'' juveniles were found to feed on crustaceans, small cephalopods and fishes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2019.105478|title=Distribution, age and growth of the diamondback squid, Thysanoteuthis rhombus (Cephalopoda: Thysanoteuthidae) from the tropical Arabian Sea|last=Sajikumar|first=Kurichithara|date=2019-07-28|website=ScienceDirect|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> As adults, the stomach contents of the Diamond squid were found to consist mostly of nonactive fishes at water depths of 400 to 650m.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/3/i1920e/i1920e.pdf|title=2010 Cephalopods of the world. An Annotated and Illustrated catalogue of Cephalopod species known to date. Vol. 2. Myopsid and Oegopsid squids.|last=Jareb|first=P.|last2=Roper|first2=C.F.E|date=2010|website=FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>
In subsurface water levels, T. ''rhombus'' juveniles were found to feed on crustaceans, small cephalopods and fishes.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Distribution, age and growth of the diamondback squid, Thysanoteuthis rhombus (Cephalopoda: Thysanoteuthidae) from the tropical Arabian Sea|last=Sajikumar|first=Kurichithara|journal=Fisheries Research|year=2020|volume=224|pages=105478|doi=10.1016/j.fishres.2019.105478}}</ref> As adults, the stomach contents of the Diamond squid were found to consist mostly of nonactive fishes at water depths of 400 to 650m.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/3/i1920e/i1920e.pdf|title=2010 Cephalopods of the world. An Annotated and Illustrated catalogue of Cephalopod species known to date. Vol. 2. Myopsid and Oegopsid squids.|last=Jareb|first=P.|last2=Roper|first2=C.F.E|date=2010|website=FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>


== Predation ==
== Predation ==
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'''Reproduction'''
'''Reproduction'''
[[File:Thysanoteuthis_rhombus_egg_mass_-_ZooKeys-222-069-g002-10.jpeg|thumb|Thysanoteuthis rhombus egg mass (diameter ca. 1m) in the waters between Tenerife and La Gomera.]]
[[File:Thysanoteuthis_rhombus_egg_mass_-_ZooKeys-222-069-g002-10.jpeg|thumb|Thysanoteuthis rhombus egg mass (diameter ca. 1m) in the waters between Tenerife and La Gomera.]]
The pairing of males and females occurs at an immature stage where mantle length is less than 100mm and pairs remain monogamous. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://login.pallas2.tcl.sc.edu/login?url=https://search-proquest-com.pallas2.tcl.sc.edu/docview/2186666258?accountid=13965|title=The finding of diamond squid Thysanoteuthis rhombus in the Gulf of Tehuantepec, Northeastern Tropical Pacific|last=del Carmen Alejo-Plata|first=María|last2=Urbano-Alonso|first2=Brian|date=2018|website=ProQuest|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> Mating occurs in a head-to-head position, in which the male uses its [[hectocotylus]] to attach to the female's buccal membrane to transfer its spermatophores. Spawning is year round in tropical waters and lasts for 2-3 months, but in temperate regions spawning is more restricted to summer or early autumn periods and warmer currents. T''.rhombus'' is known to be an intermittent spawner and is known to have multiple spawning in succession.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://onlinelibrary-wiley-com.pallas2.tcl.sc.edu/doi/epdf/10.1017/S1464793101005681|title=A review of reproductive strategies of cephalopods|last=Rocha|first=Francisco|last2=Guerra|first2=Angel|date=2000-11-25|website=Web of Science|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|last3=Gonzalez|first3=Angel}}</ref> Females will produce secretions of gel-like substance from [[Nidamental gland|nidamental glands]], similar to the [[Japanese flying squid]], during spawning that will enter the water and swell. This swollen secretion will then be molded by the female into a cylinder. Female's oviductal glands will then begin to form two mucous threads, each with one row of eggs, which will fuse into a single cord containing a double row of eggs in the mantle cavity. The fused cord exits through into the water through the funnel where the eggs are met and fertilized with spermatozoa from seminal receptacles that were attached to the female's buccal membrane. The fertilized egg cord is then wound onto the cylinder. A female can produce 8 to 12 masses if properly utilizing its vitelline oocytes.<ref name=":0" />
The pairing of males and females occurs at an immature stage where mantle length is less than 100mm and pairs remain monogamous. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/2186666258|title=The finding of diamond squid Thysanoteuthis rhombus in the Gulf of Tehuantepec, Northeastern Tropical Pacific|last=del Carmen Alejo-Plata|first=María|last2=Urbano-Alonso|first2=Brian|date=2018|website=ProQuest|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> Mating occurs in a head-to-head position, in which the male uses its [[hectocotylus]] to attach to the female's buccal membrane to transfer its spermatophores. Spawning is year round in tropical waters and lasts for 2-3 months, but in temperate regions spawning is more restricted to summer or early autumn periods and warmer currents. T''.rhombus'' is known to be an intermittent spawner and is known to have multiple spawning in succession.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=A review of reproductive strategies of cephalopods|last=Rocha|first=Francisco|last2=Guerra|first2=Angel|date=2000-11-25|last3=Gonzalez|first3=Angel|journal=Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society|volume=76|issue=3|pages=291–304|doi=10.1017/S1464793101005681|pmid=11569786}}</ref> Females will produce secretions of gel-like substance from [[Nidamental gland|nidamental glands]], similar to the [[Japanese flying squid]], during spawning that will enter the water and swell. This swollen secretion will then be molded by the female into a cylinder. Female's oviductal glands will then begin to form two mucous threads, each with one row of eggs, which will fuse into a single cord containing a double row of eggs in the mantle cavity. The fused cord exits through into the water through the funnel where the eggs are met and fertilized with spermatozoa from seminal receptacles that were attached to the female's buccal membrane. The fertilized egg cord is then wound onto the cylinder. A female can produce 8 to 12 masses if properly utilizing its vitelline oocytes.<ref name=":0" />


== Commercial Value ==
== Commercial Value ==

Revision as of 01:34, 9 May 2020

Diamond squid
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Cephalopoda
Order: Oegopsida
Family: Thysanoteuthidae
Genus: Thysanoteuthis
Species:
T. rhombus
Binomial name
Thysanoteuthis rhombus
Synonyms
  • Cirrobrachium danae Joubin, 1933
  • Cirrobrachium filiferum Hoyle, 1904
  • Sepioteuthis major Gray, 1828
  • Thysanoteuthis elegans Troschel, 1857

Thysanoteuthis rhombus, also known as the diamond squid, diamondback squid, or rhomboid squid is a large species of squid from the family Thysanoteuthidae which is found worldwide, throughout tropical and subtropical waters. T. rhombus is given its name for the appearance of the fins that run the length of the mantle. They are a fast growing species with a lifespan of approximately 1 year. The diamond squid is the only cephalopod species to be monogamous. T. rhombus often preys on fish and other small cephalopods at varying water depths. This species is commercially fished in Japan, specifically in the Sea of Japan and Okinawa.[3]

Description

Thysanoteuthis rhombus are distinguishable by the presence of arms with two series of suckers, whereas the tentacular clubs have four. It lacks photophores. T. rhombus is named for its fins, which run in equal length along the mantle, giving the appearance of a rhombus. The species is able to grow up to 100 cm (3.3 ft) in mantle length[4] and a maximum weight of 30 kg[5], although it averages around 20 kg.[6] T.rhombus is not an active swimmer and propels itself slowly using its triangular fins, although the species is able to make powerful contractions of its mantle to escape predation. [7]

T. rhombus in the Gulf of Naples.

The lifespan of T.rhombus is 1 year. Males mature at a mantle length between 400 to 550mm (170 to 200 days) while females mature at a mantle length between 550 to 650mm (230 to 250 days). [8]

Behavior

The species is one of the only cephalopods observed exhibiting pair-like mating relationships. If one member of a male-female mating pair is caught by squid fishermen, the other will likely remain in the area until it is also caught[9]. The species feed the during daytime at deep water levels and during the night at shallow water levels.[7] T.rhombus are often found in pairs [8], but groups up to 20 have been recorded [10].

T. rhombus typically inhabits open ocean waters of the subtropical and tropical locations with temperatures of >20°C. [9] The Diamond Squid was found to be largely inactive or even die at depths of 0-100m due to sudden drops in temperatures below 15°C.[11]

Diet

In subsurface water levels, T. rhombus juveniles were found to feed on crustaceans, small cephalopods and fishes.[12] As adults, the stomach contents of the Diamond squid were found to consist mostly of nonactive fishes at water depths of 400 to 650m.[13]

Predation

The predators that feed on T.rhombus include various species of ommastrephid squids, dolphin fish, lancet fish, tuna, swordfish, Gempylus serpens, and sharks. Other predators include mammals such as dolphins, rough-toothed dolphin, false killer whale and sperm whale. [14]

Ecology

Reproduction

Thysanoteuthis rhombus egg mass (diameter ca. 1m) in the waters between Tenerife and La Gomera.

The pairing of males and females occurs at an immature stage where mantle length is less than 100mm and pairs remain monogamous. [15] Mating occurs in a head-to-head position, in which the male uses its hectocotylus to attach to the female's buccal membrane to transfer its spermatophores. Spawning is year round in tropical waters and lasts for 2-3 months, but in temperate regions spawning is more restricted to summer or early autumn periods and warmer currents. T.rhombus is known to be an intermittent spawner and is known to have multiple spawning in succession.[16] Females will produce secretions of gel-like substance from nidamental glands, similar to the Japanese flying squid, during spawning that will enter the water and swell. This swollen secretion will then be molded by the female into a cylinder. Female's oviductal glands will then begin to form two mucous threads, each with one row of eggs, which will fuse into a single cord containing a double row of eggs in the mantle cavity. The fused cord exits through into the water through the funnel where the eggs are met and fertilized with spermatozoa from seminal receptacles that were attached to the female's buccal membrane. The fertilized egg cord is then wound onto the cylinder. A female can produce 8 to 12 masses if properly utilizing its vitelline oocytes.[7]

Commercial Value

T.rhombus is targeted by growing fisheries in near southern and central Japan due to its firm and flavorful flesh. The main fishing grounds are in the Sea of Japan, Okinawa Prefecture, and Kagoshima Prefecture. Majority, about 90%, of captures are located in the Sea of Japan and Okinawa. The Sea of Japan fishery runs from July to February, while the fishery in Okinawa runs primarily between November to April. To capture the diamond squid in the Sea of Japan, inshore trap nets and free-floating angling gear called "Taru-nagashi" are used. In Okinawa, free-floating angling gear called "Hata-nagashi" is used for capture. [3]

"Taru-nagashi" is gear that consists of a vertical weighted long line with two or three artificial lures and with two or three rows of stainless steel hooks. At the other end of the line, an orange fluorescent buoy lays on its side on the surface until a squid hooks onto the line, which causes buoy stands up to alert the fisherman. The caught squid are pulled up by hand or by using a winch, so it is primarily used during the day. "Hata-nagashi" is gear that was adapted for the oceanographic conditions of Okinawa Prefecture. It has several artificial lures attached to a longer main line than those used in the Sea of Japan. The line is attached to several buoys and a flag at the surface. This gear lead to the increase of catches of T. rhombus. [17]

See also

References

  1. ^ Barratt, I.; Allcock, L. (2014). "Thysanoteuthis rhombus". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T163228A986608. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T163228A986608.en. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |last-author-amp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help) Downloaded on 18 March 2018.
  2. ^ Julian Finn (2016). Bieler R, Bouchet P, Gofas S, Marshall B, Rosenberg G, La Perna R, Neubauer TA, Sartori AF, Schneider S, Vos C, ter Poorten JJ, Taylor J, Dijkstra H, Finn J, Bank R, Neubert E, Moretzsohn F, Faber M, Houart R, Picton B, Garcia-Alvarez O (eds.). "Thysanoteuthis rhombus Troschel, 1857". MolluscaBase. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 18 March 2018.
  3. ^ a b Bower, JR; Miyahara, K (2005). "The diamond squid (Thysanoteuthis rhombus): A review of the fishery and recent research in Japan". Web of Science.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  4. ^ Roper, C.F.E; Sweeney, M.J.; Nauen, C.E. (1984). Cephalopods of the world. Rome, Italy.: Food and Agriculture Organization.
  5. ^ Miyahara, Kazutaka; Fukui, Katsuya; Ota, Taro; Minami, Takashi (2006-01-05). "LABORATORY OBSERVATIONS ON THE EARLY LIFE STAGES OF THE DIAMOND SQUID THYSANOTEUTHIS RHOMBUS". Oxford Academic.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  6. ^ Butler, L.A. (2010). "Enormous squid not chokka". Weekend Post.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  7. ^ a b c Nigmatullin, C. M.; Arkhipkin, A. I. (1998). "A review of the biology of the diamondback squid, Thysanoteuthis rhombus (Oegopsida: Thysanoteuthidae)". Contributed Papers to International Symposium on Large Pelagic Squids.
  8. ^ a b Schneider, W. "Field guide to the commercial marine resources of the Gulf of Guinea". www.fao.org. Retrieved 2020-02-14.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  9. ^ a b Nigmatullin, Chingiz M. (1995-08-10). "Age, Growth, and Reproductive Biology of diamond-shaped squid Thysanoteuthis rhombus" (PDF). Marine Ecology Progress Series. 124: 73–87. doi:10.3354/meps124073 – via Web of Science.
  10. ^ Reid, Amanda (2016). Cephalopods of Australia and Sub-Antarctic Territories. Australia: CSIRO. pp. 216–218. ISBN 9781486303939.
  11. ^ Nazumi, T. (1975). "Notes on the fishery and the ecology of the squid, Thysanoteuthis rhombus Troshel in the east San'in water". Bull Hyogo Pref. Fish. Exp. Stn 15: 15–34 – via Web Of Science.
  12. ^ Sajikumar, Kurichithara (2020). "Distribution, age and growth of the diamondback squid, Thysanoteuthis rhombus (Cephalopoda: Thysanoteuthidae) from the tropical Arabian Sea". Fisheries Research. 224: 105478. doi:10.1016/j.fishres.2019.105478.
  13. ^ Jareb, P.; Roper, C.F.E (2010). "2010 Cephalopods of the world. An Annotated and Illustrated catalogue of Cephalopod species known to date. Vol. 2. Myopsid and Oegopsid squids" (PDF). FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  14. ^ "Thysanoteuthis rhombus, rhomboid squid : fisheries". www.sealifebase.ca. Retrieved 2020-03-27.
  15. ^ del Carmen Alejo-Plata, María; Urbano-Alonso, Brian (2018). "The finding of diamond squid Thysanoteuthis rhombus in the Gulf of Tehuantepec, Northeastern Tropical Pacific". ProQuest.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  16. ^ Rocha, Francisco; Guerra, Angel; Gonzalez, Angel (2000-11-25). "A review of reproductive strategies of cephalopods". Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. 76 (3): 291–304. doi:10.1017/S1464793101005681. PMID 11569786.
  17. ^ Alexander I. Arkhipkin, Paul G. K. Rodhouse, Graham J. Pierce, Warwick Sauer, Mitsuo Sakai, Louise Allcock, Juan Arguelles, John R. Bower, Gladis Castillo, Luca Ceriola, Chih-Shin Chen, Xinjun Chen, Mariana Diaz-Santana, Nicola Downey, Angel F. González, Jasmin Granados Amores, Corey P. Green, Angel Guerra, Lisa C. Hendrickson, Christian Ibáñez, Kingo Ito, Patrizia Jereb, Yoshiki Kato, Oleg N. Katugin, Mitsuhisa Kawano, Hideaki Kidokoro, Vladimir V. Kulik, Vladimir V. Laptikhovsky, Marek R. Lipinski, Bilin Liu, Luis Mariátegui, Wilbert Marin, Ana Medina, Katsuhiro Miki, Kazutaka Miyahara, Natalie Moltschaniwskyj, Hassan Moustahfid, Jaruwat Nabhitabhata, Nobuaki Nanjo, Chingis M. Nigmatullin, Tetsuya Ohtani, Gretta Pecl, J. Angel A. Perez, Uwe Piatkowski, Pirochana Saikliang, Cesar A. Salinas-Zavala, Michael Steer, Yongjun Tian, Yukio Ueta, Dharmamony Vijai, Toshie Wakabayashi, Tadanori Yamaguchi, Carmen Yamashiro, Norio Yamashita & Louis D. Zeidberg (2015) World Squid Fisheries, Reviews in Fisheries Science & Aquaculture, 23:2, 92-252, DOI: 10.1080/23308249.2015.1026226

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