Hippodamia convergens

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Convergent lady beetle
Sucking on an aphid, Rock Creek Park
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Coleoptera
Infraorder: Cucujiformia
Family: Coccinellidae
Genus: Hippodamia
Species:
H. convergens
Binomial name
Hippodamia convergens

Hippodamia convergens, commonly known as the convergent lady beetle, is one of the most common lady beetles in North America and is found throughout the continent. Aphids form their main diet and they are used for the biological control of these pests.

Range

Convergent lady beetles are native to North America, but have also been imported and established in South America by importing beetles from California.[1]

Geographic Range

Hippodamia convergens is a species of beetle that is widely distributed throughout North America. H. convergens can be found throughout all parts of North America, from California to New York. Populations in California, New York, Arizona, and Kansas have been previously studied.[2] There are populations of H. convergens throughout Central America as well. One study compared a population of Hippodamia convergens from Iowa to one from Honduras. The population from Iowa developed on average 2-5 days faster than the population from Honduras, showing that H. convergens generally thrive in North America. However, the study also showed that all populations involved had similar fecundity and survivability, demonstrating flourishing populations of H. convergens outside of North America.[3]

Habitat

Hippodamia convergens tend to be more successful and more likely to survive to adulthood in warmer temperatures.[2] In some areas, they aggregate on sunflower patches in a group that includes other species, though H. convergens make up the majority of this population, after emigrating from wheat fields. They use the petioles of the sunflowers as a source of hydration, particularly in the arid summer months. The sap from the sunflowers, serving as a source of hydration as well as a source of partial nutrition, is shown to be effective in sustaining survival of H. convergens particularly when food is difficult to come by. They populate grasslands, forests, agricultural fields, gardens, and national parks.[4]


Life cycle

The female lady beetle lays 200 to 300 eggs over several months during spring and early summer. The eggs are small and spindle-shaped and are laid near the prey in upright batches of fifteen to thirty eggs. The larvae are dark and somewhat alligator-shaped.[5] Once the larvae begin feeding, they grow quickly and molt four times over a period of up to a month. The pupal stage lasts about a week and mating takes place soon after adult eclosion. If the food supply is abundant, the female may start laying within about a week of mating, but if it is scarce, she may wait for up to nine months.[6]

Biology

Convergent lady beetles adult aggregation

The first larvae that hatch in each batch may start by eating the unhatched eggs. This may provide energy for the larvae before they find any aphids. Fourth-instar larvae may consume about fifty aphids per day and adults may eat about twenty. When aphids are scarce, the adults can eat honeydew, nectar and pollen or even petals and other soft parts of plants.[7] However they must consume aphids in order to reproduce.[8] In the western United States, these beetles may spend up to nine months in diapause in large aggregations in mountain valleys, far from their aphid food sources. In spring, the adults spread out and search for suitable sites to lay their eggs where aphids are plentiful. This dispersal trait is especially marked in this species as compared to other lady beetles.[5]

Biological control

Convergent lady beetles are also used for augmentative biological control to temporarily increase predator numbers to control aphids. The species is available commercially in North America, but because of the overwintering habits of non-reproductive adults, released beetles tend to quickly disperse from their release site. Adults released in enclosed settings such as greenhouses can contribute to lower aphid numbers.[9]

Natural enemies

Entomopathogenic fungi used as biopesticides such as Metarhizium anisopliae, Paecilomyces fumosoroseus, and Beauveria bassiana can also infect larvae.[1]

Hippodamia convergens may be a host for different invertebrate parasites such as Dinocampus coccinellae, Homalotylus terminalis, and Tetrapolipus hippodamiae.[10]

References

  1. ^ a b Obrycki, John J.; Kring, Timothy J. (January 1998). "Predaceous Coccinellidae in Biological Control". Annual Review of Entomology. 43 (1): 295–321. doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.43.1.295. PMID 15012392.
  2. ^ a b Obrycki, John J.; Tauber, Maurice J. (15 November 1982). "Thermal Requirements for Development of Hippodamia convergens (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)". Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 75 (6): 678–683. doi:10.1093/aesa/75.6.678. ISSN 1938-2901. Retrieved 5 April 2024.
  3. ^ Obrycki, John J.; Krafsur, Elliot S.; Bogran, Carlos E.; Gomez, Luis E.; Cave, Ronald E. (2001). "Comparative Studies of Three Populations of the Lady Beetle Predator Hippodamia convergens (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)". The Florida Entomologist. 84 (1): 55–62. doi:10.2307/3496663. ISSN 0015-4040. Retrieved 5 April 2024.
  4. ^ Michaud, J.P.; Qureshi, Jawwad A. (November 2006). "Reproductive diapause in Hippodamia convergens (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and its life history consequences". Biological Control. 39 (2): 193–200. doi:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2006.04.004. ISSN 1049-9644. Retrieved 5 April 2024.
  5. ^ a b Cornell University
  6. ^ Balduf, W. V. (1935). The Bionomics of Entomophagous Coleoptera. St. Louis, MO: John S. Swift Co.
  7. ^ Hagen, Kenneth S. (1960). "Biological Control with Lady Beetles". Plants and Gardens: The Brooklyn Botanic Garden Record. 16 (3): 28–35.
  8. ^ Haug, G. W. (1938). "Rearing the Coccinellid Hippodamia convergens on Frozen Aphids". Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 31 (2): 240–248. doi:10.1093/aesa/31.2.240.
  9. ^ Obrycki, John J.; Harwood, James D.; Kring, Timothy J.; O'Neil, Robert J. (November 2009). "Aphidophagy by Coccinellidae: Application of biological control in agroecosystems". Biological Control. 51 (2): 244–254. Bibcode:2009BiolC..51..244O. doi:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2009.05.009.
  10. ^ Bjørnson, S. (March 2008). "Natural enemies of the convergent lady beetle, Hippodamia convergens Guérin-Méneville: Their inadvertent importation and potential significance for augmentative biological control". Biological Control. 44 (3): 305–311. Bibcode:2008BiolC..44..305B. doi:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2007.10.001. ISSN 1049-9644.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hippodamia convergens.
Wikispecies has information related to Convergent lady beetle.
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