François Magendie

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François Magendie
François Magendie in 1822
BornOctober 6, 1783
DiedOctober 7, 1855
NationalityFrench
Known forforamen of Magendie
Scientific career
Fieldsphysiology

François Magendie (October 6, 1783 – October 7, 1855) was French physiologist, considered a pioneer in experimental physiology. He is known for describing the foramen of Magendie. There is also a Magendie sign, a downward and inward rotation of the eye due to a lesion in the cerebellum. Magendie was a faculty at the College of France, holding the Chair of Medicine from 1830 to 1855 (he was succeeded by Claude Bernard, who previously worked as his assistant).

His most important contribution to science was also his most disputed. Contemporaneous to Sir Charles Bell, Magendie conducted a number of experiments on the nervous system, in particular verifying the differentiation between sensory and motor nerves in the spinal cord, the so-called Bell-Magendie law. This led to an intense cross-Channel rivalry, with the British camp claiming that Bell published his discoveries first and that Magendie stole his experiments. The bitterness of this scientific rivalry perhaps can only be compared to that between Isaac Newton and Robert Hooke.

Magendie was also a notorious vivisector, shocking even many of his contemporaries with the live dissections that he performed at public lectures in physiology. Richard Martin, an Irish MP, in introducing his landmark bill banning animal cruelty in the United Kingdom, described Magendie's public dissection of a greyhound, in which the beast was nailed down ear and paw, half the nerves of its face dissected, and left overnight for further dissection, and called Magendie a "disgrace to Society." A quaker once visited him, questionning him about vivisection; according to Anne Fagot-Largeau's inaugural lesson at the College of France, he responded with much patience, argumenting the reasons of animal experimentation[1]. Besides drawing sharp criticism from contemporaries in both Britain and France, later scientists critical of Magendie's methods included Charles Darwin and Thomas Henry Huxley. He was also a major impetus of the antivivisection and vivisection reform movements, with Albert Leffingwell dedicating a chapter of his book An Ethical Problem to the man.

Footnotes

  1. ^ Anne Fagot-Largeau's inaugural lesson at the College of France Template:Fr icon
  • Sourkes, Theodore L (2002). "Magendie and the chemists: the earliest chemical analyses of the cerebrospinal fluid". Journal of the history of the neurosciences. 11 (1): 2–10. doi:10.1076/jhin.11.1.2.9109. PMID 12012572. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |laysummary=, |laydate=, and |laysource= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |quotes= ignored (help)
  • Haas, L F (1994). "François Magendie (1783-1855)". J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr. 57 (6): 692. PMID 8006648. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |laydate=, |laysource=, and |laysummary= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |quotes= ignored (help)
  • Saavedra-Delgado, A M. "François Magendie on anaphylaxis (1839)". Allergy proceedings : the official journal of regional and state allergy societies. 12 (5): 355–6. PMID 1959774. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |laydate=, |laysource=, and |laysummary= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |quotes= ignored (help)
  • Bloch, H (1989). "Francois Magendie, Claude Bernard, and the interrelation of science, history, and philosophy". South. Med. J. 82 (10): 1259–61. PMID 2678501. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |laydate=, |laysource=, and |laysummary= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |quotes= ignored (help)
  • Shampo, M A (1987). "François Magendie: early French physiologist". Mayo Clin. Proc. 62 (5): 412. PMID 3553755. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |laydate=, |laysource=, and |laysummary= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |quotes= ignored (help)
  • Rice, G (1987). "The Bell-Magendie-Walker controversy". Medical history. 31 (2): 190–200. PMID 3550329. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |laydate=, |laysource=, and |laysummary= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |quotes= ignored (help)
  • Lazorthes, G. "[François Magendie (1783-1855)]". Bull. Acad. Natl. Med. 168 (1–2): 105–11. PMID 6383530. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |laydate=, |laysource=, and |laysummary= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |quotes= ignored (help)
  • Breathnach, C S (1983). "Biographical sketches No. 34--Magendie". Irish medical journal. 76 (11): 471. PMID 6358120. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |laydate=, |laysource=, and |laysummary= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |quotes= ignored (help)
  • Gallistel, C R (1981). "Bell, Magendie, and the proposals to restrict the use of animals in neurobehavioral research". The American psychologist. 36 (4): 357–60. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.36.4.357. PMID 7023302. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |laysummary=, |laydate=, and |laysource= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |quotes= ignored (help)
  • Albury, W R (1977). "Experiment and explanation in the physiology of Bichat and Magendie". Studies in history of biology. 1: 47–131. PMID 11609978. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |laydate=, |laysource=, and |laysummary= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |quotes= ignored (help)
  • Gans, H (1972). "An early example of the use of surgical techniques in solving a physiologic problem (Francois Magendie)". Surgery, gynecology & obstetrics. 135 (4): 616–22. PMID 4562124. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |laydate=, |laysource=, and |laysummary= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |quotes= ignored (help)
  • Schiller, F (1971). "Magendie on medicine". California medicine. 115 (1): 98. PMID 4327773. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |laydate=, |laysource=, and |laysummary= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |quotes= ignored (help)
  • Poynter, F N (1968). "Doctors in The Human Comedy (Guillaume Dupuytren, Jean Baptiste Bouillaud, François Joseph Victor Broussais, François Magendie)". JAMA. 204 (1): 7–10. doi:10.1001/jama.204.1.7. PMID 4867960. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |laysummary=, |laydate=, and |laysource= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |quotes= ignored (help)
  • KARLIK, L N (1959). "[Francois Magendie; 175th anniversary of his birth (1783-1855).]". Klinicheskaia meditsina. 37 (2): 142–7. PMID 13642635. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |laydate=, |laysource=, and |laysummary= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |quotes= ignored (help)
  • FENTON, P F (1951). "Francois Magendie (October 6, 1783-October 7, 1855)". J. Nutr. 43 (1): 3–15. PMID 14851024. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |laydate=, |laysource=, and |laysummary= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |quotes= ignored (help)

References


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