Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty
Template:Treatybox The Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) bans all nuclear explosions in all environments, for military or civilian purposes.
Status
The Treaty was opened for signature in New York on 24 September 1996, when it was signed by 71 States, including five of the eight then nuclear-capable states. The CTBT has now been signed by 176 states and ratified by 135. India and Pakistan, though not nuclear weapons states as defined by the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT), did not sign; neither did the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. India and Pakistan conducted back-to-back nuclear tests in 1998, while North Korea withdrew from the NPT in 2003 and now claims to have nuclear capability.
Additionally, to enter into force, the treaty has to be ratified by the 44 Annex 2 states, which is unlikely to happen in the near future. As noted, (as of April 2006) the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, India and Pakistan have neither signed nor ratified the CTBT, and the People's Republic of China, Colombia, Egypt, Indonesia, Iran, Israel and the United States have not ratified it. The United States, the PRC, India, Pakistan, Israel, and the DPRK are the only nuclear-weapons states (NWS) which have not ratified the Treaty yet.
Obligations
(Article I):
- Each State Party undertakes not to carry out any nuclear weapon test explosion or any other nuclear explosion, and to prohibit and prevent any such nuclear explosion at any place under its jurisdiction or control.
- Each State Party undertakes, furthermore, to refrain from causing, encouraging, or in any way participating in the carrying out of any nuclear weapon test explosion or any other nuclear explosion.
History
Arms control advocates had campaigned for the adoption of a treaty banning all nuclear explosions since the early 1950s, when public concern was aroused as a result of radioactive fall-out from atmospheric nuclear tests and the escalating arms race. Over 50 nuclear explosions were registered between 16 July 1945, when the first nuclear explosive test was conducted by the United States at Alamogordo, New Mexico, and 31 December 1953. Prime Minister Nehru of India voiced the heightened international concern in 1954, when he proposed the elimination of all nuclear test explosions worldwide. However, within the context of the Cold War, skepticism in the capability to verify compliance with a comprehensive nuclear test ban treaty posed a major obstacle to any agreement. On 13 October 1999 the United States Senate rejected ratification of the CTBT.
Partial Test Ban Treaty, 1963
Limited success was achieved with the signing of the Partial Test Ban Treaty in 1963, which banned nuclear tests in the atmosphere, underwater and in space. However, neither France nor China, both nuclear weapon States, signed the PTBT.
Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty, 1968
A major step towards the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons came with the signing of the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty (NPT) in 1968. Under the NPT, non-nuclear weapon states were prohibited from, inter alia, possessing, manufacturing or acquiring nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices. All signatories were committed to the goal of nuclear disarmament.
Negotiations for the CTBT
Given the political situation prevailing in the subsequent decades, little progress was made in nuclear disarmament until 1991. Parties to the PTBT held an amendment conference that year to discuss a proposal to convert the Treaty into an instrument banning all nuclear-weapon tests; with strong support from the UN General Assembly, negotiations for a comprehensive test-ban treaty began in 1993.
One of the largest issues was the priorities of the different countries. The Non-aligned movement countries were highly concerned with vertical proliferation (more and more bombs, new bomb technology) while the Nuclear Powers were focusing on horizontal proliferation (nuclear bombs being produced by states other than themselves).
Adoption of the CTBT, 1996
Intensive efforts were made over the next three years to draft the Treaty text and its two annexes, culminating in the adoption of the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) on 10 September 1996 by the United Nations General Assembly in New York.
US Ratification of the CTBT
The US has signed the CTBT, but not ratified it. There is ongoing debate whether or not the US should ratify the CTBT. Proponents of ratification claim that it would:
- Establish an international norm that would push other nuclear capable countries like North Korea, Pakistan, and India to sign.
- Constrain worldwide nuclear proliferation by vastly limiting a country's ability to make nuclear advancements that only testing can ensure.
- Not compromise US national security because the Science Based Stockpile Stewardship Program serves as a means for maintaining current US nuclear capabilities without physical detonation.
Monitoring of the CTBT
Geophysical and other technologies are used to monitor for compliance with the Treaty: seismology, hydroacoustics, infrasound, and radionuclide monitoring. On Site Inspection is provided for where concerns about compliance arise.
The Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO), an international organization headquartered in Vienna, Austria, was created to build the verification regime, including establishment and provisional operation of the network of monitoring stations, and development of the On Site Inspection capability.
As of December 2005, around 65 percent of monitoring stations are operational.
Notes
Original text derived from Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Organization.
Signatures and Ratifications
Source: CTBTO: Status of Signature and Ratification
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Bold-type indicate the 44 required states.
See also
- nuclear proliferation, nuclear disarmament, nuclear weapon, nuclear reactor, nuclear war, United Nations, Nuclear-free zone
References and external links
- full text of the treaty
- For official news releases and information on the treaty see - http://www.ctbto.org
- Two articles from the March/April Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists cover the state of play regarding the CTBT: Keith Hansen, "Forecasting the future" and Trevor Findlay & Andreas Persbo, "Watching the world."
- The Test Ban Test: U.S. Rejection has Scuttled the CTBT
- Nuclear Files.org Text of the CTBT
- US conducts subcritical nuclear test ABC News, February 24, 2006
- International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War, 1991
http://www.ippnw.org/NukeNPTPrepCom2003EPWs.html
- Daryl Kimball and Christine Kucia, Arms Control Association, 2002
http://www.armscontrol.org/factsheets/ctbtissue.asp
- "Low-Yield Earth Penetrating Nuclear Weapons" http://www.fas.org/faspir/2001/v54n1/weapons.html
- General John M. Shalikashvili, Special Advisor to the President and the Secretary of State for the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty http://www.fas.org/nuke/control/ctbt/text/ctbt_report.html
- Christopher Paine, Senior Researcher with NRDC's Nuclear Program, 1999 http://www.nrdc.org/nuclear/acato.asp
- Fact Sheet released by the Bureau of Arms Control
http://www.fas.org/nuke/control/ctbt/news/fs_991008_whyctbt.html