Emerald and List of tallest buildings in Seattle: Difference between pages

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[[Image:Seattleskyline1cropped.JPG|thumb|right|400px|Skyline of Seattle]]
{{otheruses}}
{{Infobox mineral
| name = Emerald
| category = [[Beryl]] variety
| boxwidth =
| boxbgcolor =
| image = Émeraude (Brésil).jpg
| imagesize = 225
| caption = Emerald with host rock
| formula = [[Beryllium]] [[aluminium]] [[silicate]] with [[chromium]], <!--
-->Be<sub>3</sub>Al<sub>2</sub>(SiO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>6</sub>::Cr| molweight =
| color = Green
| habit = Hexagonal Crystals
| system = Hexagonal
| twinning =
| cleavage = Poor Basal Cleavage (Seldom Visible)
| fracture = Conchoidal
| Melting Poi = 1278°C
| mohs = 7.5 - 8.0
| luster = Vitreous
| refractive = 1.576 - 1.582
| opticalprop =
| birefringence =
| pleochroism = Distinct, Blue-Green/Yellow-Green
| streak = White
| gravity = 2.70 - 2.78
| density =
| melt =
| fusibility =
| diagnostic =
| solubility =
| diaphaneity =
| other =
}}


This '''list of tallest buildings in Seattle''' ranks [[skyscraper]]s in the [[United States|U.S.]] city of [[Seattle, Washington|Seattle]], [[Washington]] by height. The tallest building in Seattle is the 76-[[Storey|story]] [[Columbia Center]], which rises {{convert|937|ft|m|0}} and was completed in 1985.<ref name="columbia emp">{{cite web|url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=columbiacenter-seattle-wa-usa|title=Columbia Center|accessdate=2007-10-27|publisher=Emporis.com}}</ref> It is currently the [[List of tallest buildings in the United States|19th-tallest building]] in the United States, and the tallest building in the state of Washington. The second-tallest skyscraper in the city and the state is the [[Washington Mutual Tower]], which rises {{convert|772|ft|m|0}}.<ref name="WAMU emp">{{cite web|url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=washingtonmutualtower-seattle-wa-usa|title=Washington Mutual Tower|accessdate=2007-10-27|publisher=Emporis.com}}</ref> Nineteen of the twenty tallest buildings in Washington are located in Seattle.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://skyscraperpage.com/diagrams/?36971376|title=Diagram of Washington skyscrapers|accessdate=2008-04-02|publisher=Skyscraperpage.com}}</ref>
'''Emeralds''' are a variety of the [[mineral]] [[beryl]] (Be<sub>3</sub>Al<sub>2</sub>(<nowiki>SiO</nowiki><sub>3</sub>)<sub>6</sub>,) colored [[green]] by trace amounts of [[chromium]] and sometimes [[vanadium]].<ref name=Hurlbut> Hurlbut, Cornelius S. Jr, & Kammerling, Robert C., 1991, ''Gemology'', p. 203, John Wiley & Sons, New York</ref> Beryl has a [[Hardness (materials science)|hardness]] of 7.5 - 8 on the 10 point [[Mohs scale of mineral hardness]].<ref name=Hurlbut/> Most emeralds are highly [[inclusion (mineral)|included]], so their brittleness (resistance to breakage) is classified as generally poor. The word "emerald" comes from [[Latin]] ''smaragdus'', via [[Greek language|Greek]] ''smaragdos'', its original source being a [[Semitic]] word ''izmargad'' or the [[Sanskrit]] word, ''marakata'', meaning "emerald" or "green".<ref name=Fernie>{{cite book | last = Fernie M.D. | first = W.T. | title = Precious Stones for Curative Wear | publisher = John Wright. & Co. | year = 1906}}</ref>


The history of skyscrapers in Seattle began with the 1904 completion of the [[Alaska Building]], which is often regarded as the first steel-framed skyscraper in the city;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=1975|title=Alaska Building, Seattle's first steel-framed skyscraper, is completed in 1904.|accessdate=2008-05-02|publisher=HistoryLink.org}}</ref> it rises 14 floors and {{convert|203|ft|m|0}} in height.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=streetalaskabuilding-seattle-wa-usa|title=Alaska Building|accessdate=2008-05-02|publisher=Emporis.com}}</ref> Seattle went through a large construction boom in the late 1970s and 1980s, resulting in the construction of 15 of the city's 20 tallest buildings, including Columbia Center and the Washington Mutual Tower. Seattle entered into another high-rise construction boom in 2000, and has since seen the completion of two buildings that stand at least {{convert|500|ft|m|0}} in height. Based on 12 skyscrapers{{ref label|note01|A|^}} at least {{convert|500|ft|m|0}} tall, and two more under construction, Seattle's skyline is ranked first in the [[Northwestern United States]], third on the [[West Coast of the United States|West Coast]] (after [[List of tallest buildings in Los Angeles|Los Angeles]] and [[List of tallest buildings in San Francisco|San Francisco]]) and eleventh in the United States.{{ref label|note02|B|^}}
==Properties determining value==


[[As of May 2008]], there are 204 completed high-rises in the city, and 63 high-rise buildings under construction, approved for construction, and proposed for construction,<ref name="high-rises">{{cite web |url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/ci/bu/sk/?id=101046 |title=High Rise Buildings of Seattle |accessdate=2008-04-01 |publisher=Emporis.com}}</ref> including 22 buildings over {{convert|400|ft|m|0}}. The tallest building under construction in the city is the [[Fifth and Columbia Tower]]. The building, set to be completed by 2011, would rise 43 floors and {{convert|660|ft|m|0}} in height.<ref name="fifth columbia emp">{{Cite web |title=Fifth and Columbia Tower |url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=5andcolumbiatower-toronto-canada |publisher=Emporis.com |accessdate=2008-02-15}}</ref>
[[Image:Beryl emeralds cut XH.jpg|thumb|left|Cut emeralds]]
Emerald, like all colored gemstones, is graded using four basic parameters, the four Cs of Connoisseurship; ''Color'', ''Cut'', ''Clarity'' and ''Crystal''. The last C, ''crystal'' is simply used as a synonym that begins with C for transparency or what gemologists call ''diaphaneity''. Prior to the 20th Century jewelers used the term ''water'' as in "a gem of the finest water"<ref>Crook & Ball eds., Tavernier, J. B. The Six Voyages, Vol II, pp.44, 58</ref> to express the combination of two qualities, color and crystal. Normally, in the grading of colored gemstones, color is by far the most important criterion. However, in the grading of emerald, crystal, is considered a close second. Both are necessary conditions. A fine emerald must possess not only a pure verdant green hue as described below, but also a high degree of transparency to be considered a top gem.<ref name=Wise>Wise, R. W., Secrets Of The Gem Trade, The Connoisseur's Guide To Precious Gemstones, Brunswick House Press, 2001, pp.108</ref>


__TOC__
'''Color:'''


{{Wide image|Wiki seattle alki 01.jpg|800px|<center>Skyline of Seattle</center>}}
Scientifically speaking color is divided into three components; ''hue'', ''saturation'' and ''tone''. Yellow and blue, the hues found adjacent to green on the spectral color wheel, are the normal secondary hues found in emerald. Emeralds occur in a range of hues from yellowish green to bluish green. The primary hue must, of course, be green. Only gems that are medium to dark in tone are considered emerald. Light toned gems are known by the species name, ''green beryl''. In addition the hue must be bright (vivid). Gray is the normal saturation modifier or mask found in emerald. A grayish green hue is a dull green hue. In the trade, a fine emerald will have a vivid primary green hue only slightly modified by yellow and/or blue with no visible gray mask<ref>ibid, pp. 108-109</ref>.


== Tallest buildings ==
'''Clarity:'''


[[Image:Columbia center from smith tower.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Columbia Center]], Seattle's tallest building]]
Emerald tends to have numerous inclusions and surface breaking fissures. Unlike diamond where the loupe standard, i.e. 10X magnification is used to grade clarity, emerald is graded by eye. Thus, if an emerald has no visible inclusions to the eye (assuming 20-20 vision) it is considered flawless. Stones that lack surface breaking fissures are extremely rare and therefore almost all emerald is treated, "oiled", to enhance its apparent clarity. Eye-clean stones of a vivid primary green hue (as described above) with no more than 15% of any secondary hue or combination (either blue or yellow) of a medium-dark tone command the highest prices.<ref name=Wise/>
[[Image:Seattle Washington Mutual Tower 2004-08-30.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Washington Mutual Tower]], the 2nd-tallest building in Seattle]]
[[Image:Two Union Square 2.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Union Square (Seattle)|One]] and [[Union Square (Seattle)|Two Union Square]], the 17th- and 3rd-tallest buildings in the city]]
[[Image:1001_Fourth_Avenue_Seattle_Washington.jpg|upright|thumb|[[1001 Fourth Avenue Plaza]] is the 5th-talltest building in Seattle.]]
[[Image:VolunteerParkNeedle.jpg|thumb|right|upright|The [[Space Needle]] is the tallest non-building structure in Seattle.]]


This list ranks Seattle skyscrapers that stand at least {{convert|400|ft|m|0}} tall, based on standard height measurement. This includes spires and architectural details but does not include antenna masts. Existing structures are included for ranking purposes based on present height. Freestanding observation [[tower]]s, while not habitable buildings, are included for comparison purposes; however, they are not ranked.
'''Treatments:'''


{| class="wikitable sortable"
Most emeralds are oiled as part of the post [[lapidary]] process, in order to improve their clarity. [[Cedar]] oil, having a similar [[refractive index]], is often used in this generally accepted practice. Other liquids, including synthetic oils and polymers with refractive indexes close to that of emerald such as ''Opticon'' are also used. The [[U.S.]] [[Federal Trade Commission]] requires the disclosure of this treatment when a treated emerald is sold.<ref>[http://www.ftc.gov/bcp/guides/jewel-gd.shtm#%A7%2023.22%20Deception%20as%20to%20gemstones Guides for the Jewelry, Precious Metals, and Pewter Industries]</ref> The use of oil is traditional and largely accepted by the gem trade. Other treatments, for example the use of green-tinted oil, is not acceptable in the trade. The laboratory community has recently standardized the language for grading the clarity of emeralds. Gems are graded on a four step scale; ''none'', ''minor'', ''moderate'' and ''highly'' enhanced. Note that these categories reflect levels of enhancement not ''clarity''. A gem graded ''none'' on the enhancement scale may still exhibit visible inclusions. Laboratories tend to apply these criteria differently. Some gem labs consider the mere presence of oil or polymers to constitute enhancement. Others may ignore traces of oil if the presence of the material does not materially improve the look of the gemstone.
|-
!Rank
!Name
!Height<br /><small>ft / m</small>
!Floors
!Year
!class="unsortable"| Notes
|-
|<span style="display:none">01.0</span>1 || [[Columbia Center]] || 937 / 285 || 76 || 1985 || [[List of tallest buildings in the world|52nd-tallest building in the world]], [[List of tallest buildings in the United States|19th-tallest in the United States]]. Has been the tallest building in Seattle and the state of Washington since 1985. Tallest building on the [[West Coast of the United States|West Coast]] when completed, now the second-tallest. Has more floors than any other building west of the [[Mississippi River]]. Highest [[observation deck]] in the state is located on the building's 73rd floor. Tallest building constructed in Seattle in the 1980s.<ref name="columbia emp"/><ref name="Columbia Center">{{cite web|url=http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=52|title=Columbia Center|accessdate=2007-10-28|publisher=SkyscraperPage.com}}</ref>
|-
|<span style="display:none">02.0</span>2 || [[Washington Mutual Tower]] || 772 / 235 || 55 || 1988 || [[List of tallest buildings in the world|191st-tallest building in the world]], [[List of tallest buildings in the United States|55th-tallest in the United States]].<ref name="WAMU emp"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Washington Mutual Tower|url=http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=164|publisher=SkyscraperPage.com|accessdate=2007-10-28}}</ref>
|-
|<span style="display:none">03.0</span>3 || [[Union Square (Seattle)|Two Union Square]] || 740 / 226 || 56 || 1989 || [[List of tallest buildings in the United States|79th-tallest building in the United States]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=2unionsquare-seattle-wa-usa|title=Two Union Square|accessdate=2007-10-27|publisher=Emporis.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Two Union Square|url=http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=163|publisher=SkyscraperPage.com|accessdate=2007-10-28}}</ref>
|-
|<span style="display:none">04.0</span>4 || [[Seattle Municipal Tower]] || 722 / 220 || 62 || 1990 || [[List of tallest buildings in the United States|94th-tallest building in the United States]]. Tallest building constructed in Seattle in the 1990s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=seattlemunicipaltower-seattle-wa-usa|title=Seattle Municipal Tower|accessdate=2007-10-27|publisher=Emporis.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Seattle Municipal Tower|url=http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=156|publisher=SkyscraperPage.com|accessdate=2007-10-28}}</ref>
|-
|<span style="display:none">05.0</span>5 || [[1001 Fourth Avenue Plaza]] || 630 / 192 || 50 || 1969 || Tallest building constructed in Seattle in the 1960s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=10014avenuenueplaza-seattle-wa-usa|title=1001 Fourth Avenue Plaza|accessdate=2007-10-27|publisher=Emporis.com}}</ref><ref name="1001 4th Avenue Plaza">{{cite web|url=http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=3521|title=1001 Fourth Avenue Plaza|accessdate=2007-10-28|publisher=SkyscraperPage.com}}</ref>
|-
|<span style="display:none">06.0</span> || [[Space Needle]]{{ref label|note03|C|^}} || 605 / 184 || 5 || 1962 || Tallest observation tower in Washington, 3rd-tallest in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=spaceneedle-seattle-wa-usa|title=Space Needle|accessdate=2007-10-28|publisher=Emporis.com}}</ref><ref name="needle">{{cite web|title=Space Needle|url=http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=1294|publisher=SkyscraperPage.com|accessdate=2007-10-28}}</ref>
|-
|<span style="display:none">07.0</span>6 || [[WaMu Center]] || 598 / 182 || 42 || 2006 || Most recently completed skyscraper in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=wamucenter-seattle-wa-usa|title=WaMu Center|accessdate=2007-10-27|publisher=Emporis.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=WaMu Center|url=http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=8012|publisher=SkyscraperPage.com|accessdate=2007-10-28}}</ref>
|-
|<span style="display:none">08.0</span>7 || [[US Bank Centre]] || 580 / 177 || 44 || 1989 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=usbankcentre-seattle-wa-usa|title=City Centre|accessdate=2007-10-27|publisher=Emporis.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=U.S. Bank Centre|url=http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=6603|publisher=SkyscraperPage.com|accessdate=2007-10-28}}</ref>
|-
|<span style="display:none">09.0</span>8 || [[Wells Fargo Center (Seattle)|Wells Fargo Center]] || 573 / 175 || 47 || 1983 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=wellsfargocenter-seattle-wa-usa|title=Wells Fargo Center|accessdate=2007-10-27|publisher=Emporis.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Wells Fargo Center|url=http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=2154|publisher=SkyscraperPage.com|accessdate=2007-10-28}}</ref>
|-
|<span style="display:none">10.0</span>9 || [[Bank of America Fifth Avenue Plaza]] || 543 / 166 || 42 || 1981 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=bankofamerica5avenuenueplaza-seattle-wa-usa|title=Bank of America Fifth Avenue Plaza|accessdate=2007-10-27|publisher=Emporis.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Bank of America Fifth Avenue Plaza|url=http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=3522|publisher=SkyscraperPage.com|accessdate=2007-10-28}}</ref>
|-
|<span style="display:none">11.0</span>10 || [[Union Bank of California Center]] || 536 / 163 || 41 || 1973 || Tallest building constructed in Seattle in the 1970s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=unionbankofcaliforniacenter-seattle-wa-usa|title=Union Bank of California Center|accessdate=2007-10-27|publisher=Emporis.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Union Bank of California Center|url=http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=3545|publisher=SkyscraperPage.com|accessdate=2007-10-28}}</ref>
|-
|<span style="display:none">12.0</span>11 || [[Rainier Tower]] || 514 / 157 || 31 || 1977 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=rainiertower-seattle-wa-usa|title=Rainier Tower|accessdate=2007-10-27|publisher=Emporis.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Rainier Tower|url=http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=3542|publisher=SkyscraperPage.com|accessdate=2007-10-28}}</ref>
|-
|<span style="display:none">13.0</span>12 || [[Fourth and Madison Building]] || 512 / 156 || 40 || 2002 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=idxtower-seattle-wa-usa|title=IDX Tower|accessdate=2007-10-27|publisher=Emporis.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=IDX Tower|url=http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=3513|publisher=SkyscraperPage.com|accessdate=2007-10-28}}</ref>
|-
|<span style="display:none">14.0</span>13 || [[1000 Second Avenue]] || 493 / 150 || 43 || 1987 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=10002avenuenue-seattle-wa-usa|title=1000 Second Avenue|accessdate=2007-10-27|publisher=Emporis.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=1000 Second Avenue|url=http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=3552|publisher=SkyscraperPage.com|accessdate=2007-10-28}}</ref>
|-
|<span style="display:none">15.0</span>14 || [[Henry M. Jackson Federal Building]] || 487 / 148 || 37 || 1974 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=henrymjacksonfederalbuilding-seattle-wa-usa|title=Henry M. Jackson Federal Building|accessdate=2007-10-27|publisher=Emporis.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Henry M. Jackson Federal Building|url=http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=4709|publisher=SkyscraperPage.com|accessdate=2007-10-28}}</ref>
|-
|<span style="display:none">16.0</span>15 || [[Smith Tower]] || 489 / 149 || 36 || 1914 || Tallest building constructed in Seattle in the 1910s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=smithtower-seattle-wa-usa|title=Smith Tower|accessdate=2007-10-27|publisher=Emporis.com}}</ref><ref name="smith">{{cite web|title=Smith Tower|url=http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=6965|publisher=SkyscraperPage.com|accessdate=2007-10-28}}</ref>
|-
|<span style="display:none">17.0</span>16 || [[Qwest Plaza]] || 479 / 146 || 33 || 1976 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=qwestplaza-seattle-wa-usa|title=Qwest Plaza|accessdate=2007-10-27|publisher=Emporis.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Qwest Plaza|url=http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=826|publisher=SkyscraperPage.com|accessdate=2007-10-28}}</ref>
|-
|<span style="display:none">18.0</span>17 || [[Union Square (Seattle)|One Union Square]] || 456 / 139 || 36 || 1981 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=1unionsquare-seattle-wa-usa|title=One Union Square|accessdate=2007-10-27|publisher=Emporis.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=One Union Square|url=http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=3549|publisher=SkyscraperPage.com|accessdate=2007-10-28}}</ref>
|-
|<span style="display:none">19.0</span>18 || [[1111 Third Avenue]] || 454 / 138 || 34 || 1980 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=eleveneleven3avenuenue-seattle-wa-usa|title=1111 Third Avenue|accessdate=2007-10-27|publisher=Emporis.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=1111 Third Avenue|url=http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=3550|publisher=SkyscraperPage.com|accessdate=2007-10-28}}</ref>
|-
|<span style="display:none">20.0</span>19 || [[The Westin Seattle|Westin Seattle North Tower]] || 449 / 137 || 47 || 1982 || Tallest all-hotel building in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=streetwestinseattle-seattle-wa-usa|title=Westin Seattle North Tower|accessdate=2007-10-27|publisher=Emporis.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Westin Seattle North Tower|url=http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=968|publisher=SkyscraperPage.com|accessdate=2007-10-28}}</ref>
|-
|<span style="display:none">21.0</span>20 || [[Westin Building]] || 409 / 125 || 34 || 1981 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=westinbuilding-seattle-wa-usa|title=Westin Building|accessdate=2007-10-27|publisher=Emporis.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Westin Building|url=http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=7178|publisher=SkyscraperPage.com|accessdate=2007-10-28}}</ref>
|-
|}
{{clear}}


== Tallest under construction, approved and proposed ==
Given that the vast majority of all emeralds are treated as described above, and the fact that two stones that appear to be similar in quality may actually be quite far apart in treatment level, a consumer considering a purchase of an expensive emerald is well advised to insist upon a treatment report from a reputable gemological laboratory. All other factors being equal, a high quality emerald with an enhancement level graded ''moderate'' should cost 40-50% less than an identical stone graded ''none''.


{{future building}}
==Emerald localities==
Emeralds in antiquity were mined by the [[Ancient_Egypt|Egyptians]] and in [[Austria]], as well as [[Swat (Pakistan)|Swat]] in northern [[Pakistan]].<ref>Giuliani et al (2000): “Oxygen Isotopes and Emerald Trade Routes Since Antiquity.” Gaston Giuliani, Marc Chaudisson, Henri-Jean Schubnel, Daniel-H. Piat, Claire Rollion-Bard, Christian France-Lanord, Didier Giard, Daniel de Narvaez, Benjamin Rondeau. ''Science'', January 28, 2000, pp. 631-633.</ref><ref>Giuliani et al (2000b): “La route des emeraudes anciennes.” Gaston Giuliani, Michèle Heuze, Marc Chaudisson. ''Pour la Science'', November 2000, pp. 58-65.</ref>


=== Under construction ===
A rare type of emerald known as a [[trapiche]] emerald is occasionally found in the mines of [[Colombia]]. A trapiche emerald exhibits a "star" pattern; it has raylike spokes of dark carbon impurities that give the emerald a [[Asterism (gemmology)|six-pointed radial pattern]]. It is named for the ''trapiche'', a grinding wheel used to process [[sugarcane]] in the region. Colombian emeralds are generally the most prized due to their transparency and fire. Some of the most rare emeralds come from three main emerald mining areas in Colombia: Muzo, Coscuez, and Chivor. Fine emeralds are also found in other countries, such as [[Zambia]], [[Brazil]], [[Zimbabwe]], [[Madagascar]], [[Pakistan]], [[India]], [[Afghanistan]] and [[Russia]]. In the US, emeralds can be found in [[Hiddenite, North Carolina]]. In 1998, emeralds were discovered in the [[Yukon]] Territory, [[Canada]].<ref>http://www.geology.gov.yk.ca/special/index.html</ref>


This lists skyscrapers that are under construction in Seattle that are expected to rise over {{convert|400|ft|m|0}}, but are not yet completed structures.
==Synthetic emerald==
[[Image:Emerald.png|thumb|100px|left|Emerald showing its hexagonal structure]]
Emerald is a rare and valuable gemstone and, as such, it has provided the [[incentive]] for developing synthetic emeralds. Both hydrothermal and ''flux-growth'' synthetics have been produced, and a method has been developed for producing an emerald overgrowth on colorless beryl. The first commercially successful emerald synthesis process was that of [[Carroll Chatham]]. Because Chatham's emeralds do not have any water and contain traces of vanadate, molybdenum and vanadium, a lithium vanadate flux process is probably involved. The other large producer of flux emeralds is [[Pierre Gilson]] Sr., which has been on the market since 1964. Gilson's emeralds are usually grown on natural colorless beryl seeds which become coated on both sides. Growth occurs at the rate of 1 mm per month, a typical seven-month growth run producing emerald crystals of 7 mm of thickness (Nassau, K. ''Gems Made By Man'', 1980).


{| class="wikitable sortable"
[[hydrothermal synthesis|Hydrothermal]] synthetic emeralds have been attributed to [[IG Farben]], Nacken, [[Tairus]], and others, but the first satisfactory commercial product was that of [[Johann Lechleitner]] of [[Innsbruck]], [[Austria]], which appeared on the market in the 1960s. These stones were initially sold under the names "Emerita" and "Symeralds", and they were grown as a thin layer of emerald on top of natural colorless beryl stones. Although not much is known about the original process, it is assumed that Leichleitner emeralds were grown in acid conditions. Later, from 1965 to 1970, the [[The Linde Group|Linde]] Division of [[Union Carbide]] produced completely synthetic emeralds by hydrothermal synthesis. According to their patents (US3,567,642 and US3,567,643), acidic conditions are essential to prevent the chromium (which is used as the colorant) from precipitating. Also, it is important that the silicon containing nutrient be kept away from the other ingredients in order to prevent nucleation and confine growth to the seed crystals. Growth occurs by a diffusion-reaction process, assisted by convection. Typical growth conditions include pressures of 700-1400 bars at temperatures of 500 to 600 °C with a temperature gradient of 10 to 25 °C. Growth rates as fast as 1/3 mm per day can be attained{{Fact|date=March 2007}}
|-
! Name
! Height<br /><small>ft / m</small>
! Floors
! Year<br /><small>(est.)</small>
!class="unsortable"| Notes
|-
| [[Fifth and Columbia Tower]] || 660 / 201 || 43 ||2010 || <ref name="fifth columbia emp"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Fifth and Columbia |url=http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=69837 |publisher=SkyscraperPage.com |accessdate=2008-02-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=A new angle on Seattle's skyline |url=http://archives.seattletimes.nwsource.com/cgi-bin/texis.cgi/web/vortex/display?slug=newtower11&date=20080211 |publisher=''[[The Seattle Times]]'' |date=2008-02-11 |accessdate=2008-02-15}}</ref>
|-
| [[1918 Eighth Avenue]] || 500 / 152 || 36 || 2009 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=19188avenuenuetower-seattle-wa-usa|title=1918 Eighth Avenue|accessdate=2007-10-28|publisher=Emporis.com}}</ref>
|-
| [[Olive 8]] || 455 / 139 || 39 || 2008 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=olive8-seattle-wa-usa|title=Olive 8|accessdate=2007-10-28|publisher=Emporis.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Olive 8|url=http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=41052|accessdate=2007-10-28|publisher=SkyscraperPage.com}}</ref>
|-
| [[Fifteen Twenty-One Second Avenue]] || 440 / 134 || 38 || 2009 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=15212avenuenue-seattle-wa-usa|title=Fifteen Twenty-One Second Avenue|accessdate=2007-10-28|publisher=Emporis.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=1521 Second |url=http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=41840|accessdate=2007-10-28|publisher=SkyscraperPage.com}}</ref>
|-
| [[Seventh at Westlake Tower]] || 426 / 130 || 32 || 2008 || Construction is on hold.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=7atwestlaketower-seattle-wa-usa|title=Seventh at Westlake Tower|accessdate=2008-02-15|publisher=Emporis.com}}</ref>
|-
| [[Aspira]] || 400 / 122 || 37 || 2009 || <ref>{{cite web|title=Aspira|url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=aspira-seattle-wa-usa|accessdate=2008-02-15|publisher=Emporis.com}}</ref>
|-
|}


=== Approved ===
Luminescence in [[ultraviolet light]] is considered a supplementary test when making a natural vs. synthetic determination, as many, but not all, natural emeralds are inert to [[ultraviolet light]]. Many synthetics are also UV inert.<ref>Hurlbut, Cornelius S. Jr, & Kammerling, Robert C., 1991, Gemology, p. 81, John Wiley & Sons, New York</ref>


This lists skyscrapers that are approved for construction in Seattle that are expected to rise over {{convert|400|ft|m|0}}, but are not yet completed structures.
Synthetic emeralds are often referred to as "created", as their chemical and gemological composition is the same as their natural counterparts. The [[U.S.]] [[Federal Trade Commission]] (FTC) has very strict regulations as to what can and what cannot be called "synthetic" stone. The FTC says: "§ 23.23(c) It is unfair or deceptive to use the word "laboratory-grown," "laboratory-created," "[manufacturer name]-created," or "synthetic" with the name of any natural stone to describe any industry product unless such industry product has essentially the same optical, physical, and chemical properties as the stone named."<ref>[http://www.ftc.gov/bcp/guides/jewel-gd.htm Guides for the Jewelry, Precious Metals, and Pewter Industries<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>


{| class="wikitable sortable"
Wispy veil-like inclusions are common in flux-grown synthetic emeralds.
|-
! Name
! Height<br /><small>ft / m</small>
! Floors
! Year*<br /><small>(est.)</small>
!class="unsortable"| Notes
|-
| [[505 Madison]] || 560 / 171 || 40 || 2010 || <ref>{{Cite web|title=505 Madison|url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=505madison-seattle-wa-usa|publisher=Emporis.com|accessdate=2008-04-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.seattle.gov/dpd/AppDocs/GroupMeetings/DRProposal3006834AgendaID2185.pdf|title=Design Proposal|accessdate=2008-04-10|publisher=seattle.gov}}</ref>
|-
| [[2000 Third Avenue]] || 450 / 137 || 43 || 2009 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=20003avenuenuecondominiums-seattle-wa-usa|title=2000 Third Avenue|accessdate=2007-10-28|publisher=Emporis.com}}</ref>
|-
| AVA || 445 / 136 || 39 || 2010 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=8andpine-seattle-wa-usa|title=AVA|accessdate=2007-10-28|publisher=Emporis.com}}</ref>
|-
| Candela Hotel & Residences || 410 / 125 || 36 || || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=2andpikecondominiums-seattle-wa-usa|title=Candela Hotel & Residences|accessdate=2008-02-15|publisher=Emporis.com}}</ref>
|-
| Insignia I || 400 / 122 || 41 || 2009|| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=23016avenuenuetower1-seattle-wa-usa|title=Insignia I|accessdate=2008-02-15|publisher=Emporis.com}}</ref>
|-
| Insignia II || 400 / 122 || 41 || 2010 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=23016avenuenuetower2-seattle-wa-usa|title=Insignia II|accessdate=2008-02-15|publisher=Emporis.com}}</ref>
|-
|}


<nowiki>*</nowiki> Table entries without text indicate that information regarding one or more of building heights, floor counts, and dates of completion has not yet been released.
==Emerald in different cultures, and emerald lore==
[[Image:gachalaemerald.jpg|thumb|250px|right|The [[Gachala Emerald]] is one of the largest gem emeralds in the world at 858 [[Carat (mass)|carat]]s (172 g). This stone was found in 1967 at La Vega de San Juan mine in Gachalá, Colombia. It is housed at the [[National Museum of Natural History]] of the [[Smithsonian Institution]] in Washington DC.]]
Emerald is regarded as the traditional [[Birthstone#Birthstones|birthstone]] for May, as well as the traditional gemstone for the [[astrological sign]]s of [[Taurus (astrology)|Taurus]], [[Cancer (astrology)|Cancer]] and sometimes [[Gemini (astrology)|Gemini]]. One of the more quaint anecdotes on emeralds was by the 16th-century historian [[Brantome]], who referred to the many impressive emeralds the Spanish under [[Cortez]] had brought back to Europe from Latin America. On one of Cortez's most famous emeralds he had the text engraved ''Inter Natos Mulierum non sur-rexit mayor'' (Among them borne of woman there hath not arisen a greater Man. XI, 11) which referred to [[John the Baptist]]. Brantome considered engraving such a beautiful and simple product of nature sacrilegious and considered this act the cause for Cortez's loss of an extremely precious pearl (to which he dedicated a work ''A beautiful and incomparable pearl'') and even for the death of King [[Charles IX]] who died soon after.<ref name = Kunz1> {{cite book | last = Kunz | first = George Frederick | title = Magic of Jewels and Charms | publisher = Lippincott Company | year = 1915}} Page 305 </ref>


===High Priest Breastplate===
=== Proposed ===
In [[Exodus]] chapters 28 and 39, a number of precious stones are mentioned to be placed in the High Priest's Breastplate, representing the different tribes of Israel. This is generally considered to be (one of) the origin(s) of our present day tradition of [[birthstones]].


This lists skyscrapers that are proposed for construction in Seattle that are expected to rise over {{convert|400|ft|m|0}}, but are not yet completed structures.
According to [[Bahya ben Asher|Rebbenu Bachya]], and the [[King James Version]], the [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] word ''Nofech'' in [[Exodus]] 28:18 means ''Emerald'', and was the stone on the [[Hoshen]] representing the [[tribe of Judah]]. However, the [[Septuagint]] translates the word as ''Anthrax'', meaning ''[[coal]]'', probably in reference to the colour of burning coal, and therefore many rabbinical sources, and most scholars, consider ''Nofech'' to mean a red [[garnet]] – traditionally called a ''[[carbuncle (gemstone)|carbuncle]]'', which happens to be the [[Vulgate]]'s translation of the word.<ref name=Farrington>{{cite book | last = Farrington, PhD. | first = Oliver Cummings | title = Gems and Gem Minerals | publisher = Chicago, Mumford | year = 1903}} page 61. [[Oliver C. Farrington]] also clearly states the exchange/confusion of the "Carbuncle" and the "Emerald" in the different translations over time</ref> There is a wide range of views among traditional sources about which tribe the stone refers to.<ref name=Kunz>{{cite book | last = Kunz | first = George Frederick | title = A Curious Lore of Precious Stones, Chapter 8: High Priest Breastplate | publisher = Lippincott. Co. | year = 1913}} URL: [http://www.farlang.com/gemstones/kunz-curious-lore-stones/page_324 Emeralds and High Priest Breast Plate], page 275. [[George Frederick Kunz]] discusses different interpretations of the "Emerald" in this chapter. 1) Emeralds were known and used by the Egyptians and at that time dug in Nubia. 2) The *size* of the stones on the breastplate make it very unlikely to be Emeralds, since they were not found at that size in those times. 3) Emerald is a fairly hard material to engrave and the tools existing in that era may probably have not been able to work with Emeralds; another reason why Emeralds are less likely to have been used</ref>


{| class="wikitable sortable"
There are many complexities to identifying the Emerald as being the third stone or perhaps another stone on the breast plate. Multiple translations of the bible<ref name=Kunz/> have created confusion about the nomenclature of the different stones. Another important fact is that in actuality there are two different breastplates made within a period of 800 years, and where it is assumed the first breastplate did not carry an emerald but a green [[felspar]], and a real emerald in the second breastplate.<ref name = Kunz/> Finally the twelfth stone in the Breastplate (which in the original text was actually listed as the 6th stone)<ref name = Kunz/> has more generally been identified as ''beryl'' which was already included in the group of stones generally referred to as ''Smaragdus'' by [[Theophrastus]] in the Greek era.<ref name=Theophrastus>{{cite book | last = Caley | first = Earle | title = Theophrastus On Stones | publisher = Ohio State University | year = 1956}} </ref> Further unreferenced claims regarding the possibility of what gemstone the Emerald could really have been include [[jasper]], and even [[rubies]].
|-
! Name
! Height<br /><small>ft / m</small>
! Floors
! Year*<br /><small>(est.)</small>
!class="unsortable"| Notes
|-
| [[Heron/Pagoda Towers|Heron Tower]] || 550 / 168 || 46 || 2010 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=19035avenuenue-seattle-wa-usa |title=Heron Tower |accessdate=2008-02-15 |publisher=Emporis.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=59515 |title=Heron Tower |accessdate=2007-10-28 |publisher=SkyscraperPage.com}}</ref>
|-
| [[Heron/Pagoda Towers|Pagoda Tower]] || 550 / 168 || 40 || 2010 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=pagodatower-seattle-wa-usa |title=Pagoda Tower |accessdate=2008-02-15 |publisher=Emporis.com}}</ref>
|-
| [[Seattle Civic Square]] || 520 / 159 || 40 || 2011 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=civicsquaretower-seattle-wa-usa|title=Seattle Civic Square|accessdate=2008-04-17|publisher=Emporis.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thestranger.com/seattle/Content?oid=557646&hp|title=Seattle Civic Square|accessdate=2008-04-17|publisher=Thestranger.com}}</ref>
|-
| [[811 Stewart Hotel]] || 500 / 152 || 51 || 2013 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=811stewarthotel-seattle-wa-usa|title=811 Stewart Hotel|accessdate=2008-02-15|publisher=Emporis.com}}</ref>
|-
| Kinetcs || 440 / 134 || 40 || 2011 || <ref>{{cite web|title=Kinetcs|url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=1823minor-seattle-wa-usa|accessdate=2008-02-15|publisher=Emporis.com}}</ref>
|-
| 2015 2nd Avenue || 440 / 134 || 38 || 2010 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=20152avenuenue-seattle-wa-usa|title=2015 2nd Avenue|accessdate=2008-02-15|publisher=Emporis.com}}</ref>
|-
| 1931 2nd Avenue || 440 / 134 || 38 || 2010 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=19312avenuenue-seattle-wa-usa|title=1931 2nd Avenue|accessdate=2008-02-15|publisher=Emporis.com}}</ref>
|-
| Stewart / Minor || 440 / 134 || 32 || || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=sewartminor-seattle-wa-usa|title=Stewart / Minor|accessdate=2008-02-15|publisher=Emporis.com}}</ref>
|-
| 901 Lenora || 400 / 122 || 40 || || <ref>{{cite web|title=901 Lenora|url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=ninthandlenora-seattle-wa-usa|accessdate=2007-10-28|publisher=Emporis.com}}</ref>
|-
| 8th and Stewart Condominiums || 400 / 122 || 38 || 2009 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=8andstewartcondominiums-seattle-wa-usa|title=8th and Stewart Condominiums|accessdate=2007-10-28|publisher=Emporis.com}}</ref>
|-
|}


<nowiki>*</nowiki> Table entries without text indicate that information regarding one or more of building heights, floor counts, and dates of completion has not yet been released.
In some cultures, the emerald is the traditional gift for the 55th [[wedding anniversary]]. It is also used as a 20th and 35th wedding anniversary stone.


==Famous emeralds==
=== Fanticized ===
* [[Gachala Emerald]] (origin: Colombia)
* [[Chalk Emerald]] (origin: Colombia)


This lists skyscrapers that are fanticized for construction in Seattle that would rise above {{convert|400|ft|m|0}}, but are not yet accepted structures.
==See also==

* [[List of minerals]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
* [[Diamond]]
|-
* [[Ruby]]
! Name
* [[Sapphire]]
! Height<br /><small>ft / m</small>
! Floors
! Year*<br /><small>(est.)</small>
!class="unsortable"| Notes
|-
| [[World Needle]] || 1750 / 534 || 100 || 2010 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=38932}}</ref>
|-
| Microsoft World Headquarters || 1350 / 412 || 81 || 2010 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=49219}}</ref>
|-
|}

<nowiki>*</nowiki> Table entries without text indicate that information regarding one or more of building heights, floor counts, and dates of completion has not yet been released.


== Timeline of tallest buildings ==

[[Image:Seattle - Smith Tower 01.jpg|thumb|right|upright|The Smith Tower, which stood as the tallest building in Seattle for 55 years]]

This lists buildings and structures that once held the title of tallest building in Seattle.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name
! Street address
! Years as tallest
! Height<br /><small>ft / m</small>
! Floors
!class="unsortable"| Reference
|-
| [[Alaska Building]] || 618 Second Avenue || 1904&ndash;1906 || 203 / 62 || 14 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=7676|title=Alaska Building|accessdate=2007-10-28|publisher=SkyscraperPage.com}}</ref>
|-
| [[King Street Station (Seattle)|King Street Station Tower]] || 303 South Jackson Street || 1906&ndash;1914 || 246 / 75 || 8 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=7685|title=King Street Station Tower|accessdate=2007-10-28|publisher=SkyscraperPage.com}}</ref>
|-
| [[Smith Tower]] || 506 Second Avenue || 1914&ndash;1969 || 489 / 149 || 38 || <ref name="smith"/>
|-
| [[The Space Needle]] || || 1961&ndash;1969 || 605 / 184 || 5 ||
|-
| [[1001 Fourth Avenue Plaza]] || 1001 4th Avenue || 1969&ndash;1985 || 630 / 192 || 50 || <ref name="1001 4th Avenue Plaza"/>
|-
| [[Columbia Center]] || 701 5th Avenue || 1985&ndash;present || 937 / 285 || 76 || <ref name="Columbia Center"/>
|-
|}
{{clear}}

== See also ==

* [[List of buildings in Seattle]]


== Notes ==
== Notes ==

{{reflist|2}}
:'''A.''' {{note label|note01|A|^}}This excludes the Space Needle, as it is not a fully habitable building.
:'''B.''' {{note label|note02|B|^}}New York has 216&nbsp;existing and under construction buildings over 500&nbsp;feet (152&nbsp;m), Chicago has&nbsp;107, Miami has&nbsp;37, Houston has&nbsp;31, Los Angeles has&nbsp;22, Dallas has&nbsp;19, Atlanta has&nbsp;19, San Francisco has&nbsp;18, Las Vegas has&nbsp;17, Boston has&nbsp;16 and Seattle has&nbsp;14. Source of skyline ranking information: SkyscraperPage.com: [http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?cityID=8 New York], [http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?cityID=4 Chicago], [http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?cityID=134 Miami], [http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?cityID=28 Houston], [http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?cityID=26 Los Angeles], [http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?cityID=92 Dallas], [http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?cityID=36 Atlanta], [http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?cityID=114 San Francisco], [http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?cityID=163 Las Vegas], [http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?cityID=145 Boston], [http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?cityID=27 Seattle].
:'''C.''' {{note label|note03|C|^}}The Space Needle is not a habitable building, but is included in this list for comparative purposes. Per a ruling by the [[Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat]], freestanding observation towers are not considered to be buildings, as they are not fully habitable structures.


== References ==
== References ==
*Cooper, J.C. (Ed.) (1992). ''Brewer's Myth and Legend''. New York: Cassell Publishers Ltd. ISBN 0-304-34084-7.
*Sinkankas, John (1994). ''Emerald & Other Beryls''. Geoscience Press. ISBN 0-8019-7114-4
*Hurlbut, Cornelius S.; Klein, Cornelis (1985). ''Manual of Mineralogy'' (20th ed.). New York: John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 0-471-80580-7
*Weinstein, Michael (1958). ''The World of Jewel Stones''. Sheriden House.
*Nassau, Kurt (1980). ''Gems made by man''. Gemological Institute of America. ISBN 0-87311-016-1
*Ali, Saleem H. (2006). The Emerald City: Emerald mining in Brazil (+Gemstone mining in other countries) http://www.uvm.edu/envnr/gemecology/brazil.html
*Wise, Richard W., ''Secrets of the Gem Trade, The Connoisseur's Guide To Precious Gemstones'' (2001), Brunswick House Press. ISBN: 0-9728223-8-0. Website: [http://www.secretsofthegemtrade.com]
*Ball, V., & Crooke, W., ''Travels In India by Jean-Baptiste Tavernier'', Oriental Reprint Corporation, New Delhi, India.


;General
==External links==
* [http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/ci/bu/sk/li/?id=101046&bt=2&ht=2&sro=1 Emporis.com - Seattle]
{{commonscat|Emeralds}}
;Specific
*[http://www.farlang.com/gemstones/emeralds Historical References of Emeralds] (full texts on) Famous Emeralds, and many of full text references used here.
{{reflist|2}}
*[http://www.gemstone.org/gem-by-gem/english/emerald.html ICA's Emerald Page] International Colored Stone Emerald Page

*[http://www.mindat.org/min-1375.html Mindat Emerald Page] Mindat on Emerald with locality information
== External links ==
*[http://webmineral.com/data/Beryl.shtml Webmineral Beryl Page] Webmineral with crystallographic and mineralogical information

* [http://skyscraperpage.com/diagrams/?c27 Diagram of Seattle skyscrapers] on SkyscraperPage


{{Seattle skyscrapers}}
{{US tallest buildings lists}}
{{TBSW}}


{{Jewellery Materials}}
{{featured list}}
[[Category:Lists of tallest buildings in the United States|Seattle]]
[[Category:Beryllium minerals]]
[[Category:Aluminium minerals]]
[[Category:Skyscrapers in Seattle|*]]
[[Category:Silicate minerals]]
[[Category:Gemstones]]


[[pl:Lista najwyższych budynków w Seattle]]
[[ar:زمرد]]
[[az:Zümrüd]]
[[bn:পান্না]]
[[bs:Smaragd]]
[[bg:Изумруд]]
[[ca:Maragda]]
[[cs:Smaragd]]
[[da:Smaragd]]
[[de:Smaragd]]
[[et:Smaragd]]
[[es:Esmeralda]]
[[eo:Smeraldo]]
[[eu:Esmeralda]]
[[fa:زمرد]]
[[fr:Émeraude]]
[[gl:Esmeralda]]
[[bpy:এসমেরআলডা]]
[[id:Zamrud]]
[[it:Smeraldo]]
[[he:ברקת]]
[[sw:Zumaridi]]
[[la:Smaragdus (lapis)]]
[[lv:Smaragds]]
[[lt:Smaragdas]]
[[nah:Quetzalitztli]]
[[nl:Smaragd]]
[[ja:エメラルド]]
[[no:Smaragd]]
[[pl:Szmaragd]]
[[pt:Esmeralda]]
[[ro:Smarald]]
[[qu:Q'umir umiña]]
[[ru:Изумруд]]
[[sco:Emerant]]
[[simple:Emerald]]
[[sk:Smaragd]]
[[sl:Smaragd]]
[[sr:Смарагд]]
[[fi:Smaragdi]]
[[sv:Smaragd]]
[[th:มรกต]]
[[vi:Ngọc lục bảo]]
[[tr:Zümrüt (maden)]]
[[uk:Смарагд]]
[[zh:祖母綠]]

Revision as of 22:15, 10 October 2008

Skyline of Seattle

This list of tallest buildings in Seattle ranks skyscrapers in the U.S. city of Seattle, Washington by height. The tallest building in Seattle is the 76-story Columbia Center, which rises 937 feet (286 m) and was completed in 1985.[1] It is currently the 19th-tallest building in the United States, and the tallest building in the state of Washington. The second-tallest skyscraper in the city and the state is the Washington Mutual Tower, which rises 772 feet (235 m).[2] Nineteen of the twenty tallest buildings in Washington are located in Seattle.[3]

The history of skyscrapers in Seattle began with the 1904 completion of the Alaska Building, which is often regarded as the first steel-framed skyscraper in the city;[4] it rises 14 floors and 203 feet (62 m) in height.[5] Seattle went through a large construction boom in the late 1970s and 1980s, resulting in the construction of 15 of the city's 20 tallest buildings, including Columbia Center and the Washington Mutual Tower. Seattle entered into another high-rise construction boom in 2000, and has since seen the completion of two buildings that stand at least 500 feet (152 m) in height. Based on 12 skyscrapers[A] at least 500 feet (152 m) tall, and two more under construction, Seattle's skyline is ranked first in the Northwestern United States, third on the West Coast (after Los Angeles and San Francisco) and eleventh in the United States.[B]

As of May 2008, there are 204 completed high-rises in the city, and 63 high-rise buildings under construction, approved for construction, and proposed for construction,[6] including 22 buildings over 400 feet (122 m). The tallest building under construction in the city is the Fifth and Columbia Tower. The building, set to be completed by 2011, would rise 43 floors and 660 feet (201 m) in height.[7]

Skyline of Seattle

Tallest buildings

Columbia Center, Seattle's tallest building
Washington Mutual Tower, the 2nd-tallest building in Seattle
One and Two Union Square, the 17th- and 3rd-tallest buildings in the city
1001 Fourth Avenue Plaza is the 5th-talltest building in Seattle.
The Space Needle is the tallest non-building structure in Seattle.

This list ranks Seattle skyscrapers that stand at least 400 feet (122 m) tall, based on standard height measurement. This includes spires and architectural details but does not include antenna masts. Existing structures are included for ranking purposes based on present height. Freestanding observation towers, while not habitable buildings, are included for comparison purposes; however, they are not ranked.

Rank Name Height
ft / m 		Floors Year Notes
01.01 Columbia Center 937 / 285 76 1985 52nd-tallest building in the world, 19th-tallest in the United States. Has been the tallest building in Seattle and the state of Washington since 1985. Tallest building on the West Coast when completed, now the second-tallest. Has more floors than any other building west of the Mississippi River. Highest observation deck in the state is located on the building's 73rd floor. Tallest building constructed in Seattle in the 1980s.[1][8]
02.02 Washington Mutual Tower 772 / 235 55 1988 191st-tallest building in the world, 55th-tallest in the United States.[2][9]
03.03 Two Union Square 740 / 226 56 1989 79th-tallest building in the United States.[10][11]
04.04 Seattle Municipal Tower 722 / 220 62 1990 94th-tallest building in the United States. Tallest building constructed in Seattle in the 1990s.[12][13]
05.05 1001 Fourth Avenue Plaza 630 / 192 50 1969 Tallest building constructed in Seattle in the 1960s.[14][15]
06.0 Space Needle[C] 605 / 184 5 1962 Tallest observation tower in Washington, 3rd-tallest in the United States.[16][17]
07.06 WaMu Center 598 / 182 42 2006 Most recently completed skyscraper in the city.[18][19]
08.07 US Bank Centre 580 / 177 44 1989 [20][21]
09.08 Wells Fargo Center 573 / 175 47 1983 [22][23]
10.09 Bank of America Fifth Avenue Plaza 543 / 166 42 1981 [24][25]
11.010 Union Bank of California Center 536 / 163 41 1973 Tallest building constructed in Seattle in the 1970s.[26][27]
12.011 Rainier Tower 514 / 157 31 1977 [28][29]
13.012 Fourth and Madison Building 512 / 156 40 2002 [30][31]
14.013 1000 Second Avenue 493 / 150 43 1987 [32][33]
15.014 Henry M. Jackson Federal Building 487 / 148 37 1974 [34][35]
16.015 Smith Tower 489 / 149 36 1914 Tallest building constructed in Seattle in the 1910s.[36][37]
17.016 Qwest Plaza 479 / 146 33 1976 [38][39]
18.017 One Union Square 456 / 139 36 1981 [40][41]
19.018 1111 Third Avenue 454 / 138 34 1980 [42][43]
20.019 Westin Seattle North Tower 449 / 137 47 1982 Tallest all-hotel building in the city.[44][45]
21.020 Westin Building 409 / 125 34 1981 [46][47]

Tallest under construction, approved and proposed

Template:Future building

Under construction

This lists skyscrapers that are under construction in Seattle that are expected to rise over 400 feet (122 m), but are not yet completed structures.

Name Height
ft / m 		Floors Year
(est.) 		Notes
Fifth and Columbia Tower 660 / 201 43 2010 [7][48][49]
1918 Eighth Avenue 500 / 152 36 2009 [50]
Olive 8 455 / 139 39 2008 [51][52]
Fifteen Twenty-One Second Avenue 440 / 134 38 2009 [53][54]
Seventh at Westlake Tower 426 / 130 32 2008 Construction is on hold.[55]
Aspira 400 / 122 37 2009 [56]

Approved

This lists skyscrapers that are approved for construction in Seattle that are expected to rise over 400 feet (122 m), but are not yet completed structures.

Name Height
ft / m 		Floors Year*
(est.) 		Notes
505 Madison 560 / 171 40 2010 [57][58]
2000 Third Avenue 450 / 137 43 2009 [59]
AVA 445 / 136 39 2010 [60]
Candela Hotel & Residences 410 / 125 36 [61]
Insignia I 400 / 122 41 2009 [62]
Insignia II 400 / 122 41 2010 [63]

* Table entries without text indicate that information regarding one or more of building heights, floor counts, and dates of completion has not yet been released.

Proposed

This lists skyscrapers that are proposed for construction in Seattle that are expected to rise over 400 feet (122 m), but are not yet completed structures.

Name Height
ft / m 		Floors Year*
(est.) 		Notes
Heron Tower 550 / 168 46 2010 [64][65]
Pagoda Tower 550 / 168 40 2010 [66]
Seattle Civic Square 520 / 159 40 2011 [67][68]
811 Stewart Hotel 500 / 152 51 2013 [69]
Kinetcs 440 / 134 40 2011 [70]
2015 2nd Avenue 440 / 134 38 2010 [71]
1931 2nd Avenue 440 / 134 38 2010 [72]
Stewart / Minor 440 / 134 32 [73]
901 Lenora 400 / 122 40 [74]
8th and Stewart Condominiums 400 / 122 38 2009 [75]

* Table entries without text indicate that information regarding one or more of building heights, floor counts, and dates of completion has not yet been released.

Fanticized

This lists skyscrapers that are fanticized for construction in Seattle that would rise above 400 feet (122 m), but are not yet accepted structures.

Name Height
ft / m 		Floors Year*
(est.) 		Notes
World Needle 1750 / 534 100 2010 [76]
Microsoft World Headquarters 1350 / 412 81 2010 [77]

* Table entries without text indicate that information regarding one or more of building heights, floor counts, and dates of completion has not yet been released.


Timeline of tallest buildings

The Smith Tower, which stood as the tallest building in Seattle for 55 years

This lists buildings and structures that once held the title of tallest building in Seattle.

Name Street address Years as tallest Height
ft / m 		Floors Reference
Alaska Building 618 Second Avenue 1904–1906 203 / 62 14 [78]
King Street Station Tower 303 South Jackson Street 1906–1914 246 / 75 8 [79]
Smith Tower 506 Second Avenue 1914–1969 489 / 149 38 [37]
The Space Needle 1961–1969 605 / 184 5
1001 Fourth Avenue Plaza 1001 4th Avenue 1969–1985 630 / 192 50 [15]
Columbia Center 701 5th Avenue 1985–present 937 / 285 76 [8]

See also

Notes

A. ^ This excludes the Space Needle, as it is not a fully habitable building.
B. ^ New York has 216 existing and under construction buildings over 500 feet (152 m), Chicago has 107, Miami has 37, Houston has 31, Los Angeles has 22, Dallas has 19, Atlanta has 19, San Francisco has 18, Las Vegas has 17, Boston has 16 and Seattle has 14. Source of skyline ranking information: SkyscraperPage.com: New York, Chicago, Miami, Houston, Los Angeles, Dallas, Atlanta, San Francisco, Las Vegas, Boston, Seattle.
C. ^ The Space Needle is not a habitable building, but is included in this list for comparative purposes. Per a ruling by the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat, freestanding observation towers are not considered to be buildings, as they are not fully habitable structures.

References

General
Specific
  1. ^ a b "Columbia Center". Emporis.com. Retrieved 2007-10-27.
  2. ^ a b "Washington Mutual Tower". Emporis.com. Retrieved 2007-10-27.
  3. ^ "Diagram of Washington skyscrapers". Skyscraperpage.com. Retrieved 2008-04-02.
  4. ^ "Alaska Building, Seattle's first steel-framed skyscraper, is completed in 1904". HistoryLink.org. Retrieved 2008-05-02.
  5. ^ "Alaska Building". Emporis.com. Retrieved 2008-05-02.
  6. ^ "High Rise Buildings of Seattle". Emporis.com. Retrieved 2008-04-01.
  7. ^ a b "Fifth and Columbia Tower". Emporis.com. Retrieved 2008-02-15.
  8. ^ a b "Columbia Center". SkyscraperPage.com. Retrieved 2007-10-28.
  9. ^ "Washington Mutual Tower". SkyscraperPage.com. Retrieved 2007-10-28.
  10. ^ "Two Union Square". Emporis.com. Retrieved 2007-10-27.
  11. ^ "Two Union Square". SkyscraperPage.com. Retrieved 2007-10-28.
  12. ^ "Seattle Municipal Tower". Emporis.com. Retrieved 2007-10-27.
  13. ^ "Seattle Municipal Tower". SkyscraperPage.com. Retrieved 2007-10-28.
  14. ^ "1001 Fourth Avenue Plaza". Emporis.com. Retrieved 2007-10-27.
  15. ^ a b "1001 Fourth Avenue Plaza". SkyscraperPage.com. Retrieved 2007-10-28.
  16. ^ "Space Needle". Emporis.com. Retrieved 2007-10-28.
  17. ^ "Space Needle". SkyscraperPage.com. Retrieved 2007-10-28.
  18. ^ "WaMu Center". Emporis.com. Retrieved 2007-10-27.
  19. ^ "WaMu Center". SkyscraperPage.com. Retrieved 2007-10-28.
  20. ^ "City Centre". Emporis.com. Retrieved 2007-10-27.
  21. ^ "U.S. Bank Centre". SkyscraperPage.com. Retrieved 2007-10-28.
  22. ^ "Wells Fargo Center". Emporis.com. Retrieved 2007-10-27.
  23. ^ "Wells Fargo Center". SkyscraperPage.com. Retrieved 2007-10-28.
  24. ^ "Bank of America Fifth Avenue Plaza". Emporis.com. Retrieved 2007-10-27.
  25. ^ "Bank of America Fifth Avenue Plaza". SkyscraperPage.com. Retrieved 2007-10-28.
  26. ^ "Union Bank of California Center". Emporis.com. Retrieved 2007-10-27.
  27. ^ "Union Bank of California Center". SkyscraperPage.com. Retrieved 2007-10-28.
  28. ^ "Rainier Tower". Emporis.com. Retrieved 2007-10-27.
  29. ^ "Rainier Tower". SkyscraperPage.com. Retrieved 2007-10-28.
  30. ^ "IDX Tower". Emporis.com. Retrieved 2007-10-27.
  31. ^ "IDX Tower". SkyscraperPage.com. Retrieved 2007-10-28.
  32. ^ "1000 Second Avenue". Emporis.com. Retrieved 2007-10-27.
  33. ^ "1000 Second Avenue". SkyscraperPage.com. Retrieved 2007-10-28.
  34. ^ "Henry M. Jackson Federal Building". Emporis.com. Retrieved 2007-10-27.
  35. ^ "Henry M. Jackson Federal Building". SkyscraperPage.com. Retrieved 2007-10-28.
  36. ^ "Smith Tower". Emporis.com. Retrieved 2007-10-27.
  37. ^ a b "Smith Tower". SkyscraperPage.com. Retrieved 2007-10-28.
  38. ^ "Qwest Plaza". Emporis.com. Retrieved 2007-10-27.
  39. ^ "Qwest Plaza". SkyscraperPage.com. Retrieved 2007-10-28.
  40. ^ "One Union Square". Emporis.com. Retrieved 2007-10-27.
  41. ^ "One Union Square". SkyscraperPage.com. Retrieved 2007-10-28.
  42. ^ "1111 Third Avenue". Emporis.com. Retrieved 2007-10-27.
  43. ^ "1111 Third Avenue". SkyscraperPage.com. Retrieved 2007-10-28.
  44. ^ "Westin Seattle North Tower". Emporis.com. Retrieved 2007-10-27.
  45. ^ "Westin Seattle North Tower". SkyscraperPage.com. Retrieved 2007-10-28.
  46. ^ "Westin Building". Emporis.com. Retrieved 2007-10-27.
  47. ^ "Westin Building". SkyscraperPage.com. Retrieved 2007-10-28.
  48. ^ "Fifth and Columbia". SkyscraperPage.com. Retrieved 2008-02-15.
  49. ^ "A new angle on Seattle's skyline". The Seattle Times. 2008-02-11. Retrieved 2008-02-15. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  50. ^ "1918 Eighth Avenue". Emporis.com. Retrieved 2007-10-28.
  51. ^ "Olive 8". Emporis.com. Retrieved 2007-10-28.
  52. ^ "Olive 8". SkyscraperPage.com. Retrieved 2007-10-28.
  53. ^ "Fifteen Twenty-One Second Avenue". Emporis.com. Retrieved 2007-10-28.
  54. ^ "1521 Second". SkyscraperPage.com. Retrieved 2007-10-28.
  55. ^ "Seventh at Westlake Tower". Emporis.com. Retrieved 2008-02-15.
  56. ^ "Aspira". Emporis.com. Retrieved 2008-02-15.
  57. ^ "505 Madison". Emporis.com. Retrieved 2008-04-19.
  58. ^ "Design Proposal" (PDF). seattle.gov. Retrieved 2008-04-10.
  59. ^ "2000 Third Avenue". Emporis.com. Retrieved 2007-10-28.
  60. ^ "AVA". Emporis.com. Retrieved 2007-10-28.
  61. ^ "Candela Hotel & Residences". Emporis.com. Retrieved 2008-02-15.
  62. ^ "Insignia I". Emporis.com. Retrieved 2008-02-15.
  63. ^ "Insignia II". Emporis.com. Retrieved 2008-02-15.
  64. ^ "Heron Tower". Emporis.com. Retrieved 2008-02-15.
  65. ^ "Heron Tower". SkyscraperPage.com. Retrieved 2007-10-28.
  66. ^ "Pagoda Tower". Emporis.com. Retrieved 2008-02-15.
  67. ^ "Seattle Civic Square". Emporis.com. Retrieved 2008-04-17.
  68. ^ "Seattle Civic Square". Thestranger.com. Retrieved 2008-04-17.
  69. ^ "811 Stewart Hotel". Emporis.com. Retrieved 2008-02-15.
  70. ^ "Kinetcs". Emporis.com. Retrieved 2008-02-15.
  71. ^ "2015 2nd Avenue". Emporis.com. Retrieved 2008-02-15.
  72. ^ "1931 2nd Avenue". Emporis.com. Retrieved 2008-02-15.
  73. ^ "Stewart / Minor". Emporis.com. Retrieved 2008-02-15.
  74. ^ "901 Lenora". Emporis.com. Retrieved 2007-10-28.
  75. ^ "8th and Stewart Condominiums". Emporis.com. Retrieved 2007-10-28.
  76. ^ http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=38932. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  77. ^ http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=49219. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  78. ^ "Alaska Building". SkyscraperPage.com. Retrieved 2007-10-28.
  79. ^ "King Street Station Tower". SkyscraperPage.com. Retrieved 2007-10-28.

External links


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