Template talk:Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present) and Afforestation: Difference between pages
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[[Image:Poster36.jpg|thumb|"We will defeat the [[drought]], too!". A late-1940s Soviet poster showing Marshal [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]] over a map of the national afforestation program. The map shows [[windbreak|forest strips]] to be planted in the [[steppe]]s of southern Russia.]] |
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{{Calm talk}} |
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'''Afforestation''' is the process of establishing a forest on land that is not a forest, or has not been a forest for a long time by planting trees or their seeds. The term may also be applied to the legal conversion of land into the status of [[royal forest]]. |
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The term [[reforestation]] generally reffers to the reestablishment of the forest after its removal,or planting more trees for example from a [[logging|timber harvest]]. Since the [[industrial revolution]] many countries have experienced centuries of [[deforestation]], and some governments and non-governmental organisations directly engage in programs of ''afforestation'' to restore forests and assist in preservation of [[biodiversity]]. |
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*Why is PKK a target?, Isn't Turkey also a target for the PKK?--[[User:TheFEARgod|<font color="#003399">The'''FE'''</font><font color="red">'''AR'''god</font>]] ([[User talk:TheFEARgod|'''Ч''']]) 14:17, 9 October 2008 (UTC) |
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: I'd rename it to "others"/"other parties"/"non-government" or similar. "Target" is POV. [[User:Debate|<font color="550000">Debate</font>]] [[User talk:Debate|<font color="8b9b74">'''木'''</font>]] 21:54, 9 October 2008 (UTC) |
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The [[United States]] and northwestern [[Europe]] have more forest cover than at the beginning of the twentieth century.<ref>G.W. Heil, 2007</ref> However, significant deforestation in South and Central America and in South Asia still continues. |
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*The 2008 bombing perpetrator is disputed--[[User:TheFEARgod|<font color="#003399">The'''FE'''</font><font color="red">'''AR'''god</font>]] ([[User talk:TheFEARgod|'''Ч''']]) 14:17, 9 October 2008 (UTC) |
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: Remove it then, it has no place in a template. [[User:Debate|<font color="550000">Debate</font>]] [[User talk:Debate|<font color="8b9b74">'''木'''</font>]] 21:54, 9 October 2008 (UTC) |
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==Afforestation in areas of degraded soil== |
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The PKK and its fronts are targets as far as this campaign is concerned. They do not launch operations within the WoT, they are merely targets within it. This is accepted terminology. For the "disputed" terrorist acts, as long as it is not claimed by another organization or dispute resolved by any other method, they are part of the conflict. Specially in the case of PKK. PKK has established history of creating front organizations to keep it's name clean. The article itself should include the "disputed" template, not the navigational box. Hope I have been helpful. --[[User:InRe.Po|InRe.Po]] ([[User talk:InRe.Po|talk]]) 03:26, 10 October 2008 (UTC) |
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In various [[arid]], [[tropical]], or sensitive areas, forests cannot re-establish themselves without assistance due to a variety of [[natural environment|environmental]] factors. One of these factors is that, once forest cover is destroyed in arid zones, the land quickly dries out and becomes inhospitable to new tree growth. Other critical factors include [[overgrazing]] by [[livestock]], especially animals such as [[goat]]s, and over-harvesting of forest resources. Together these may lead to [[desertification]] and the loss of [[topsoil]]; without soil, forests cannot grow until the very long process of soil creation has been completed - if [[erosion]] allows this. In some tropical areas, the removal of forest cover may result in a [[duricrust]] or [[duripan]] that effectively seal off the soil to water penetration and root growth. In many areas, reforestation is impossible above all because the land is in use by people. In these areas, reforestation requires the planting of tree seedlings, [[treeplanting]]. In other areas, mechanical breaking up of duripans or duricrusts is necessary, careful and continued watering may be essential, and special protection, such as fencing, may be required. |
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==World regions== |
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:The nav box should link to core articles on the conflict, not every random event, and certainly not disputed random events. The media outlets, specific bombings, etc. can all be linked from the main article pages. Calling the PKK exclusively the 'target' of the conflict ignores the fact that Turkey is also the 'target' of the PKK. [[User:Debate|<font color="550000">Debate</font>]] [[User talk:Debate|<font color="8b9b74">'''木'''</font>]] 03:54, 10 October 2008 (UTC) |
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===Brazil=== |
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Because of the extensive [[Amazon]] deforestation during the last several decades and ongoing,<ref name="Wilson">E.O. Wilson, 2002</ref> the small efforts of afforestation are insignificant on a national scale of the Amazon Rainforest.<ref>A.Cattaneo, 2002</ref> |
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===China=== |
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::Yes, I hear you, regarding the word 'target'! I'm not claiming you do not have point. BUT The general accepted position regarding a conflict is: (a) Turkey is a state. Turkey has an established military (army, navy...). Turkish army is a signature to Geneva Military Convention. (b) PKK is an organization (illegal at best). PKK has militants (not soldiers). PKK militants are not internationally recognized (they are "illegal combatants"). In this context, PKK activities are classified as attacks, such that they are terrorist attacks or at best low level clashes. It is not enough to have a military looking formation to establish a target or a campaign. Turkey, using governmental mechanism, does 'target' the organization. This is an accepted terminology. --[[User:InRe.Po|InRe.Po]] ([[User talk:InRe.Po|talk]]) 04:36, 10 October 2008 (UTC) |
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China has deforested the majority of its historical wooded areas. Although it has set official goals for re-forestation, these goals were set for a 80 year time horizon and are not significantly met by 2008. China has reached the point where timber yields have declined far below historic levels, due to overharvesting of trees beyond [[sustainable]] yield.<ref>G.A.McBeath, 2006</ref> At present however, China is trying to erase its sins of the past by projects as the [[Green Wall of China]], which aims to replant a great deal of forests and halt the expansion of the [[Gobi desert]]. |
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===Europe=== |
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:::Whether or not the parties are/are not states or non-state actors is irrelevant. Wikipedia's policies on [[WP:NPOV|neutral point of view]] explicitly exclude the taking of sides, regardless of whether one is a signatory to the [[Geneva Convention]], a state, or whatever. We report facts, we do not interpret them. The fact is that the PKK and Turky are in conflict and that's all we need to say. Readers can draw their own conclusions by reading the articles. [[User:Debate|<font color="550000">Debate</font>]] [[User talk:Debate|<font color="8b9b74">'''木'''</font>]] 06:08, 10 October 2008 (UTC) |
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The [[European Union]] has paid farmers for afforestation since 1990, offering grants to turn farmland back into forest and payments for the management of forest. Between 1993 and 1997, EU afforestation policies made possible the re-forestation of over 5,000 square kilometres of land. A second program, running between 2000 and 2006, afforested in excess of 1000 square kilometres of land (precise statistics not yet available). A third such program began in 2007. |
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===Iran=== |
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::You are clearly wrong about the nav temp. The navigational templates collects all the "related articles" or "series of articles" under one structure. "PKK Media outlets", "PKK specific bombings", "PKK related peoples", can be included in the template. Hope I have been helpful.--[[User:InRe.Po|InRe.Po]] ([[User talk:InRe.Po|talk]]) 04:36, 10 October 2008 (UTC) |
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Iran is considered a low forest cover region of the world with present cover approximating seven percent of the land area. This is a value reduced by an estimated six million [[hectares]] of virgin forest, which species include [[oak]], [[almond]] and [[pistacio]].<ref name="Stanturf">J.A.Stanturf, 2004</ref> Due to the challenges of soil substrates that exist in Iran, it is difficult to achieve afforestation on a large scale compared to other temperate areas endowed with more fertile and less rocky and arid soil conditions.<ref name="Stanturf">J.A.Stanturf, 2004</ref> Consequently, most of the afforestation is conducted with non-native species,<ref name="Stanturf">J.A.Stanturf, 2004</ref> which practise is a form of [[habitat destruction]] for native [[flora]] and [[fauna]], resulting in accelerating loss of biodiversity.<ref name="Wilson">E.O. Wilson, 2002</ref> |
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::: I'm not sure if you're deliberately trying to come across as patronising, but as you are a user of about two weeks standing and a couple of dozen edits I'm going to [[WP:AGF|assume good faith]] since you're still clearly still finding your way around the place. In accordance with [[Wikipedia:Navbox#Properties]], "the goal is not to cram as many related articles as possible into one space" ... "they should be kept small in size as a large template has limited navigation value". Hope I have been helpful. [[User:Debate|<font color="550000">Debate</font>]] [[User talk:Debate|<font color="8b9b74">'''木'''</font>]] 05:43, 10 October 2008 (UTC) |
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* [[Forestry]] |
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* [[Deforestation]] |
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* [[Reforestation]] |
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==Line notes== |
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Good information! I support your position. We will deal with size issues, when it becomes craming. There is a good show on T.V. see you later. [[User:InRe.Po|InRe.Po]] ([[User talk:InRe.Po|talk]]) 06:04, 10 October 2008 (UTC) |
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{{reflist}} |
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== |
==References== |
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* Andrea Cattaneo (2002) ''Balancing Agricultural Development and Deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon'', Int Food Policy Res Inst IFPRI, 146 pages ISBN:0896291308 |
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In accordance with the approach taken on the main article, [[Turkey–Kurdistan Workers Party conflict]], for consistency and to avoid [[WP:NPOV|POV]] concerns, I propose replacing the "Participants" category with "Belligerents". The category would simply list [[Republic of Turkey]] and [[Kurdistan Workers Party]]. The "list of countries" would be removed, since simply recognising the PKK as a terrorist group does not make one a participant/belligerent in the conflict. [[User:Debate|<font color="550000">Debate</font>]] [[User talk:Debate|<font color="8b9b74">'''木'''</font>]] 06:26, 10 October 2008 (UTC) |
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* Gerrit W. Heil, Bart Muys and Karin Hansen (2007) ''Environmental Effects of Afforestation in North-Western Europe'', Springer, 320 pages ISBN:1402045670 |
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:right. I implemented the needed changes with a slight addition.--[[User:TheFEARgod|<font color="#003399">The'''FE'''</font><font color="red">'''AR'''god</font>]] ([[User talk:TheFEARgod|'''Ч''']]) 11:28, 10 October 2008 (UTC) |
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* Gerald A. McBeath and Tse-Kang Leng (2006) ''Governance of Biodiversity Conservation in China and Taiwan'', Edward Elgar Publishing, 242 pages ISBN:1843768100 |
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::Much better. [[User:Debate|<font color="550000">Debate</font>]] [[User talk:Debate|<font color="8b9b74">'''木'''</font>]] 12:39, 10 October 2008 (UTC) |
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* John A. Stanturf and Palle Madsen (2004) ''Restoration of Boreal and Temperate Forests'', CRC Press, 569 pages ISBN:1566706351 |
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* E. O. Wilson (2002) ''The Future of Life'', Vintage ISBN 0-679-76811-4 |
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The "participants" have different level of involvement in this conflict. Not all of them "belligerents." The activities against PKK is not only limited with the "hot armed conflicts". The support of other countries: "actionable intelligence," "deportation of shady personalities," and most commonly freezing of assets. Iran went as far as hanging a group of PKK militants. The word participant is neutral than Belligerents. --[[User:InRe.Po|InRe.Po]] ([[User talk:InRe.Po|talk]]) 13:10, 10 October 2008 (UTC) |
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[[Category:Deforestation]] |
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The fight against PKK is achieved with many levels in the Republic of Turkey. Just yesterday 551 deputies accepted sending troops to destroy training camps. If you are listing leaders of the groups, deputies are the leaders. Some of these deputies voted for the first resolution, which makes them involved more than the current chief of staff. Along the same line, why not list the Chief of Police, or head of intelligence .... who fight against terrorist activities. --[[User:InRe.Po|InRe.Po]] ([[User talk:InRe.Po|talk]]) 13:10, 10 October 2008 (UTC) |
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[[Category:Forestry]] |
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[[de:Aufforstung]] |
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==Removing PKK's Media outlets== |
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[[bs:Pošumljavanje]] |
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[[es:Forestación]] |
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The "Seealso" category, recently added, contain only media outlets which are marginally related to the Turkey-PKK conflict. I propose removing the category per [[Wikipedia:Navbox#Properties]]. [[User:Debate|<font color="550000">Debate</font>]] [[User talk:Debate|<font color="8b9b74">'''木'''</font>]] 13:14, 10 October 2008 (UTC) |
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[[hr:Pošumljavanje]] |
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[[nl:Bebossing]] |
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:The marginal is a point of view. The most important activity is the propagation of propaganda of every terrorist organization. Terrorist organizations do not aim to win the conflicts (terrorize by killing civilians), but use the sensation to bring the attention for their arguments. Media outlets are most important parts of this conflict. By the way it is not a category, as listed in the template is the original articles. --[[User:InRe.Po|InRe.Po]] ([[User talk:InRe.Po|talk]]) 13:23, 10 October 2008 (UTC) |
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[[ja:植林活動]] |
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==Kurds in Turkey== |
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Although many Kurds are not supporters of the PKK the conflict has strong roots in ethnic tensions. Consequently, I propose adding a link to [[Kurds in Turkey]] as a good quality, core article that discusses some of the roots of this conflict in detail. [[User:Debate|<font color="550000">Debate</font>]] [[User talk:Debate|<font color="8b9b74">'''木'''</font>]] 13:14, 10 October 2008 (UTC) |
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Revision as of 13:23, 10 October 2008
Afforestation is the process of establishing a forest on land that is not a forest, or has not been a forest for a long time by planting trees or their seeds. The term may also be applied to the legal conversion of land into the status of royal forest.
The term reforestation generally reffers to the reestablishment of the forest after its removal,or planting more trees for example from a timber harvest. Since the industrial revolution many countries have experienced centuries of deforestation, and some governments and non-governmental organisations directly engage in programs of afforestation to restore forests and assist in preservation of biodiversity.
The United States and northwestern Europe have more forest cover than at the beginning of the twentieth century.[1] However, significant deforestation in South and Central America and in South Asia still continues.
Afforestation in areas of degraded soil
In various arid, tropical, or sensitive areas, forests cannot re-establish themselves without assistance due to a variety of environmental factors. One of these factors is that, once forest cover is destroyed in arid zones, the land quickly dries out and becomes inhospitable to new tree growth. Other critical factors include overgrazing by livestock, especially animals such as goats, and over-harvesting of forest resources. Together these may lead to desertification and the loss of topsoil; without soil, forests cannot grow until the very long process of soil creation has been completed - if erosion allows this. In some tropical areas, the removal of forest cover may result in a duricrust or duripan that effectively seal off the soil to water penetration and root growth. In many areas, reforestation is impossible above all because the land is in use by people. In these areas, reforestation requires the planting of tree seedlings, treeplanting. In other areas, mechanical breaking up of duripans or duricrusts is necessary, careful and continued watering may be essential, and special protection, such as fencing, may be required.
World regions
Brazil
Because of the extensive Amazon deforestation during the last several decades and ongoing,[2] the small efforts of afforestation are insignificant on a national scale of the Amazon Rainforest.[3]
China
China has deforested the majority of its historical wooded areas. Although it has set official goals for re-forestation, these goals were set for a 80 year time horizon and are not significantly met by 2008. China has reached the point where timber yields have declined far below historic levels, due to overharvesting of trees beyond sustainable yield.[4] At present however, China is trying to erase its sins of the past by projects as the Green Wall of China, which aims to replant a great deal of forests and halt the expansion of the Gobi desert.
Europe
The European Union has paid farmers for afforestation since 1990, offering grants to turn farmland back into forest and payments for the management of forest. Between 1993 and 1997, EU afforestation policies made possible the re-forestation of over 5,000 square kilometres of land. A second program, running between 2000 and 2006, afforested in excess of 1000 square kilometres of land (precise statistics not yet available). A third such program began in 2007.
Iran
Iran is considered a low forest cover region of the world with present cover approximating seven percent of the land area. This is a value reduced by an estimated six million hectares of virgin forest, which species include oak, almond and pistacio.[5] Due to the challenges of soil substrates that exist in Iran, it is difficult to achieve afforestation on a large scale compared to other temperate areas endowed with more fertile and less rocky and arid soil conditions.[5] Consequently, most of the afforestation is conducted with non-native species,[5] which practise is a form of habitat destruction for native flora and fauna, resulting in accelerating loss of biodiversity.[2]
See also
Line notes
References
- Andrea Cattaneo (2002) Balancing Agricultural Development and Deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon, Int Food Policy Res Inst IFPRI, 146 pages ISBN:0896291308
- Gerrit W. Heil, Bart Muys and Karin Hansen (2007) Environmental Effects of Afforestation in North-Western Europe, Springer, 320 pages ISBN:1402045670
- Gerald A. McBeath and Tse-Kang Leng (2006) Governance of Biodiversity Conservation in China and Taiwan, Edward Elgar Publishing, 242 pages ISBN:1843768100
- John A. Stanturf and Palle Madsen (2004) Restoration of Boreal and Temperate Forests, CRC Press, 569 pages ISBN:1566706351
- E. O. Wilson (2002) The Future of Life, Vintage ISBN 0-679-76811-4