Aelurodon: Difference between revisions

Aelurodon; Temporal range: Barstovian-Hemphillian; ~15.97–5.3 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
	Skull of Aelurodon taxoides
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Carnivora
Family:	Canidae
Subfamily:	†Borophaginae
Tribe:	†Borophagini
Subtribe:	†Aelurodontina
Genus:	†Aelurodon; Leidy, 1858
Type species
	†Aelurodon ferox;
Species
	†A. asthenostylus; †A. ferox; †A. mcgrewi; †A. montanensis; †A. stirtoni; †A. taxoides;
Synonyms
	Prohyaena Schlosser, 1890; Strobodon Webb, 1969;

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Aelurodon is an extinct canid genus of the subfamily Borophaginae which lived from the Barstovian land mammal age (16 mya) of the middle Miocene to the late Miocene epoch (5.332 mya).^[2]^[3] Aelurodon existed for approximately 10.7 million years.

Description[edit]

Aelurodon are a part of a clade of canids loosely known as "bone-crushing" or "hyena-like" dogs, that apparently descended from the earlier genera Protomarctus and Tomarctus.^[2] Several species are known from fossils found in the central and western U.S., suggesting a wide geographic range during their peak in the Miocene epoch.^[4]^[2] Large species of Aelurodon (A. ferox and A. taxoides) may have hunted in packs like modern wolves.^[5]

The evolution of Aelurodon is characterized by the progressive development of teeth adapted to a more hypercarnivorous diet, a trend consistent with other borophagines.^[2] The earliest occurrence of the genus is A. asthenostylus dating from 16–14 Ma. This species then gives rise to two different anagenetic clades around 15 Ma. One comprises the species A. montaneis, A. mcgrewi and A. stirtoni, going extinct around 12 Ma. The other clade persists until 5.3 Ma and includes A. ferox and A. taxoides. A. taxoides is the most derived and largest species in Aelurodon.^[1]^[2]

References[edit]

^ ^a ^b Wang, Xiaoming; Richard Tedford; Beryl Taylor (1999-11-17). "Phylogenetic systematics of the Borophaginae" (PDF). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 243: 1–391. hdl:2246/1588. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 20, 2007. Retrieved 2007-07-08.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Wang, Xiaoming; Benjamin Wideman; Ralph Nichols; Debra Hanneman (June 2004). "A new species of Aelurodon (Carnivora, Canidae) from the Barstovian of Montana" (PDF). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 24 (2): 445–452. doi:10.1671/2493. S2CID 21694500. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 16, 2008. Retrieved 2015-04-14.
^ Aelurodon, Age Range and Collections, PaleoBiology Database yu
^ "Vertebrates; Mammalia; Carnivora; Canidae; Aelurodon". Archived from the original on 2011-07-18. Retrieved 2006-04-12. List of Aelurodon specimens from the Berkeley Natural History Museum. (Accessed 4/11/06)
^ Van Valkenburgh, B.; Sacco, T.; Wang, X. (2003). "Pack hunting in Miocene borophagine dogs: evidence from craniodental morphology and body size" (PDF). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 279: 147–162. doi:10.1206/0003-0090(2003)279<0147:C>2.0.CO;2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-09-20. Retrieved 2008-05-02.

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Extinct genus of carnivores}}
-{{Italic title}}{{Taxobox
+{{Automatic taxobox
-|fossil_range = {{Fossil range|Middle Miocene|Early Pliocene}}
+|fossil_range = [[Barstovian]]-[[Hemphillian]]<br>~{{Fossil range|15.97|5.3}}
 |image = Aelurodon taxoides.JPG
 |image_caption = Skull of ''Aelurodon taxoides''
+|display_parents = 3
-|regnum = [[Animal]]ia
+|taxon = Aelurodon
-|phylum = [[Chordata]]
+|authority = [[Joseph Leidy|Leidy]], 1858
-|classis = [[Mammalia]]
+|type_species = †'''''Aelurodon ferox'''''
-|ordo = [[Carnivora]]
+|subdivision_ranks = Species
-|familia = [[Canidae]]
+|subdivision_ref = <ref name=Wangetal>{{cite journal|last=Wang |first=Xiaoming |author2=Richard Tedford |author3=Beryl Taylor |title=Phylogenetic systematics of the Borophaginae |journal=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History |volume=243 |pages=1–391 |date=1999-11-17 |url=http://www.nhm.org/expeditions/rrc/wang/documents/Wangetal1999borophaginemonographpart1.pdf |access-date=2007-07-08 |hdl=2246/1588 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070320023028/http://www.nhm.org/expeditions/rrc/wang/documents/Wangetal1999borophaginemonographpart1.pdf |archive-date=March 20, 2007 }}</ref><ref name="two">{{cite journal|last=Wang |first=Xiaoming |author2=Benjamin Wideman |author3=Ralph Nichols |author4=Debra Hanneman |title=A new species of ''Aelurodon'' (Carnivora, Canidae) from the Barstovian of Montana |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=445–452 |date=June 2004 |url=http://www.nhm.org/expeditions/rrc/wang/documents/Wangetal2004MontanaAelurodon.pdf |access-date=2015-04-14 |doi=10.1671/2493 |s2cid=21694500 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216211915/http://www.nhm.org/expeditions/rrc/wang/documents/Wangetal2004MontanaAelurodon.pdf |archive-date=December 16, 2008 }}</ref>
-|subfamilia = †[[Borophaginae]]
-|genus = †'''''Aelurodon'''''
-|genus_authority = [[Joseph Leidy|Leidy]], 1858
-|type_species = †''Aelurodon ferox''
-| range_map=Aelurodontina range.png
-| range_map_caption=Range of Aelurodontina based on fossil distribution
-|subdivision_ranks = Species<ref name=Wangetal>{{cite journal| last = Wang| first = Xiaoming| coauthors = Richard Tedford, Beryl Taylor| title = Phylogenetic systematics of the Borophaginae| journal = Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History| volume = 243 | pages = 1–391| date = 1999-11-17| url = http://www.nhm.org/expeditions/rrc/wang/documents/Wangetal1999borophaginemonographpart1.pdf| accessdate = 2007-07-08 |format=PDF| id={{hdl|2246/1588}} }}</ref><ref name="two">{{cite journal| last = Wang| first = Xiaoming| coauthors = Benjamin Wideman, Ralph Nichols, Debra Hanneman| title = A new species of ''Aelurodon'' (Carnivora, Canidae) from the Barstovian of Montana| journal = Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology| volume = 24 | issue = 2 | pages = 445–452| month = June | year = 2004| url = http://www.nhm.org/expeditions/rrc/wang/documents/Wangetal2004MontanaAelurodon.pdf| accessdate = 2007-07-08| doi = 10.1671/2493 |format=PDF}}</ref>
 |subdivision =
 * †''A. asthenostylus''
@@ Line 25: / Line 20: @@
 * '''''Prohyaena''''' <small>Schlosser, 1890</small>
 * '''''Strobodon''''' <small>Webb, 1969</small>
 }}
-'''''Aelurodon''''' is an extinct [[Canidae|canine]] [[genus]] of the subfamily [[Borophaginae]] which lived from the [[Barstovian]] land mammal age (16 [[Mya (unit)|Mya]]) of the middle [[Miocene]] to the [[Clarendonian]] age of the [[late Miocene]] (9 Mya).<ref name="two"/> <ref>[http://paleodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?action=checkTaxonInfo&taxon_no=41190&is_real_user=1 Aelurodon, Age Range and Collections, PaleoBiology Database]</ref> ''Aelurodon'' existed for approximately {{Mya|16-9|million years}}.
+'''''Aelurodon''''' is an extinct [[Canidae|canid]] [[genus]] of the subfamily [[Borophaginae]] which lived from the [[Barstovian]] land mammal age ({{val|16|ul=mya}}) of the middle [[Miocene]] to the [[late Miocene]] [[epoch]] ({{val|5.332|u=mya}}).<ref name="two"/><ref>[http://paleodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?action=checkTaxonInfo&taxon_no=41190&is_real_user=1 Aelurodon, Age Range and Collections, PaleoBiology Database] yu</ref> ''Aelurodon'' existed for approximately {{Mya|16-5.3|million years}}.
-==Origin==
-[[Image:Aelurodon stirtoni.jpg|thumb|left|''Aelurodon stirtoni'']]
-''Aelurodon'' are a part of a [[clade]] of [[canids]] loosely known as "bone-crushing" or "hyena-like" dogs, that apparently descended from the earlier genera ''[[Protomarctus]]'' and ''[[Tomarctus]]''.<ref name="two"/> Several species are known from fossils found in the central and western U.S., suggesting a wide geographic range during their peak in the [[Miocene]] epoch.<ref name=Berkeley>[http://bnhm.berkeley.edu/browse/vertebrates_Mammalia_Carnivora_Canidae_Aelurodon_all.php] List of ''Aelurodon'' specimens from the Berkeley Natural History Museum.  (Accessed 4/11/06)</ref><ref name="two"/> Large species of ''Aelurodon'' (''A. ferox'' and ''A. taxoides'') may have hunted in packs like modern [[wolf|wolves]].<ref name=Van2003>{{cite journal | author = Van Valkenburgh, B. | coauthors = Sacco, T.; Wang, X. | year = 2003 | title = Pack hunting in Miocene borophagine dogs: evidence from craniodental morphology and body size | journal = Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History | volume = 279 | pages = 147–162| url =http://www.nhm.org/expeditions/rrc/wang/documents/VanValkenburghetal2003packhunting.pdf | accessdate = 2008-05-02|format=PDF | doi = 10.1206/0003-0090(2003)279<0147:C>2.0.CO;2}}</ref>
+==Description==
-==Canid competitors==
+''Aelurodon'' are a part of a [[clade]] of [[canids]] loosely known as "bone-crushing" or "hyena-like" dogs, that apparently descended from the earlier genera ''[[Protomarctus]]'' and ''[[Tomarctus]]''.<ref name="two"/> Several species are known from fossils found in the central and western U.S., suggesting a wide geographic range during their peak in the [[Miocene]] epoch.<ref name=Berkeley>{{cite web|url=http://bnhm.berkeley.edu/browse/vertebrates_Mammalia_Carnivora_Canidae_Aelurodon_all.php |title= Vertebrates; Mammalia; Carnivora; Canidae; Aelurodon |access-date=2006-04-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718011855/http://bnhm.berkeley.edu/browse/vertebrates_Mammalia_Carnivora_Canidae_Aelurodon_all.php |archive-date=2011-07-18 }} List of ''Aelurodon'' specimens from the Berkeley Natural History Museum.  (Accessed 4/11/06)</ref><ref name="two"/> Large species of ''Aelurodon'' (''A.&nbsp;ferox'' and ''A.&nbsp;taxoides'') may have hunted in packs like modern [[wolf|wolves]].<ref name=Van2003>{{cite journal|author=Van Valkenburgh, B. |author2=Sacco, T. |author3=Wang, X. |year=2003 |title=Pack hunting in Miocene borophagine dogs: evidence from craniodental morphology and body size |journal=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History |volume=279 |pages=147–162 |url=http://www.nhm.org/expeditions/rrc/wang/documents/VanValkenburghetal2003packhunting.pdf |access-date=2008-05-02 |doi=10.1206/0003-0090(2003)279<0147:C>2.0.CO;2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920184249/http://www.nhm.org/expeditions/rrc/wang/documents/VanValkenburghetal2003packhunting.pdf |archive-date=2008-09-20 }}</ref>
-''Aelurodon'' lived during a period with other canidae, specifically [[Borophaginae]] such as ''[[Epicyon]]'' (20.6—5.330 Ma), ''[[Paratomarctus]]'' (16.3—5.3 Ma), ''[[Borophagus]]'' (23.3—3.6 Ma), ''[[Carpocyon]]'' (20.4—3.9 Ma), and the first emerging wolf, ''[[Canis lepophagus]]'' (10.3—1.8 Ma).
+The evolution of ''Aelurodon'' is characterized by the progressive development of teeth adapted to a more [[hypercarnivore|hypercarnivorous]] diet, a trend consistent with other borophagines.<ref name="two"/> The earliest occurrence of the genus is ''A.&nbsp;asthenostylus'' dating from 16{{ndash}}{{val|14|ul=Ma}}. This species then gives rise to two different [[anagenetic]] clades around 15&nbsp;Ma. One comprises the species ''A.&nbsp;montaneis'', ''A.&nbsp;mcgrewi'' and ''A.&nbsp;stirtoni'', going extinct around 12&nbsp;Ma. The other clade persists until {{val|5.3|u=Ma}} and includes ''A.&nbsp;ferox'' and ''A.&nbsp;taxoides''. ''A.&nbsp;taxoides'' is the most derived and largest species in ''Aelurodon''.<ref name=Wangetal/><ref name="two"/>
-== Species ==
-Six species of ''Aelurodon'' are recognized.<ref name=Wangetal/><ref name="two"/>
-'''''Aelurodon asthenostylus''''' existed from 20your mom.6—13.6 Mya ({{Mya|20.6-13.6|million years}}). It was named by Wang et al. in 1999. Fossils of ''A. asthenostylus'' have been uncovered in western Nebraska, northern Colorado, Nevada and south central California. Two specimens had an estimated body mass of 33.0 kg (73.5 lbs) and 29.4 kg (64.8 lbs).<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1080/08912968809386468 | title = Correlation of carnassial tooth size and body weight in recent carnivores (mammalia) | year = 1988 | last1 = Legendre | first1 = Serge | last2 = Roth | first2 = Claudia | journal = Historical Biology | volume = 1 | pages = 85 }}</ref>
-'''''Aelurodon ferox''''' existed from 16.3—10.3 Mya ({{Mya|16.3-10.3|million years}}) and was named by Leidy in 1858. Specimens have been found in western Nebraska, New Mexico, to the Texas gulf coast and to southern Montana. Two specimens had an estimated body mass of 45.6 kg (100.5 lbs) and 39.9 kg (88 lbs).
-'''''Aelurodon mcgrewi''''' existed from 16.3—13.6 Mya ({{Mya|16.3-13.3|million years}}) with fossils known from western Nebraska. Two specimens had an estimated body mass of 30.6 kg (67.4 lbs) and 34.7 kg (76.5 lbs).
-'''''Aelurodon montaneis''''' existed from 16.3—13.6 Mya ({{Mya|16.3-13.3|million years}}).
-'''''Aelurodon stirtoni''''' existed from 16.3—10.3 Ma ({{Mya|16.3-10.3|million years}}).  Fossil specimens were uncovered in western Nebraska and New Mexico. Two specimens had an estimated body mass of 33.9 kg (74.7 lbs) and 29.3 kg (64.5 lbs).
-'''''Aelurodon taxoides''''' existed from 13.6—5.330 Mya ({{Mya|13.6-5.33|million years}}).  Fossil specimens were uncovered in Florida, south and north Texas, New Mexico, Kansas, and the bay area of California. Two specimens had an estimated body mass of 56.3 kg (124 lbs) and 48.8 kg (107.5 lbs).
-The name ''Aelurodon'' was given by [[Joseph Leidy]] in 1858.  The smaller ''Aelurodon'' lineage evolved teeth adapted to a more purely carnivorous ([[hypercarnivore|hypercarnivorous]]) diet, a trend consistent with other borophagines.<ref name="two"/> Some specimens of the largest species, ''Aelurodon taxoides'', reached the size of a [[tiger]].<ref name=Wangetal/>
-== References ==
+==References==
-{{reflist}}
+{{Reflist}}
-==Additional Reading==
+==Further reading==
-*Xiaoming Wang, Richard H. Tedford, Mauricio Antón, ''Dogs: Their Fossil Relatives and Evolutionary History'', New York : Columbia University Press, 2008; ISBN 978-0-231-13528-3
+* Xiaoming Wang, Richard H. Tedford, Mauricio Antón, ''Dogs: Their Fossil Relatives and Evolutionary History'', New York : Columbia University Press, 2008; {{ISBN|978-0-231-13528-3}}
 {{Canidae extinct nav}}
+{{Taxonbar|from=Q2060602}}
 [[Category:Borophagines]]
-[[Category:Miocene mammals]]
+[[Category:Miocene canids]]
+[[Category:Prehistoric carnivoran genera]]
+[[Category:Miocene mammals of North America]]
-{{portal|Paleontology}}
+[[Category:Barstovian]]
+[[Category:Clarendonian]]
-[[es:Aelurodon]]
-[[it:Aelurodon]]
+[[Category:Hemphillian]]
+[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 1858]]
-[[jv:Aelurodon]]

Latest revision as of 09:53, 3 June 2023

Description[edit]

References[edit]

Further reading[edit]