Cerdocyonina

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Cerdocyonina
Above left: Maned Wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus);  top right: forest dog (Speothos venaticus);  bottom left: Maikong (Cerdocyon thous);  bottom right: Andean jackal (Lycalopex culpaeus)

Above left: Maned Wolf ( Chrysocyon brachyurus ); top right: forest dog ( Speothos venaticus ); bottom left: Maikong ( Cerdocyon thous ); bottom right: Andean jackal ( Lycalopex culpaeus )

Systematics
Superordinate : Laurasiatheria
Order : Predators (Carnivora)
Subordination : Canine (Caniformia)
Family : Dogs (Canidae)
Tribe : Real dogs (Canini)
Sub tribus : Cerdocyonina
Scientific name
Cerdocyonina
Tedford , Wang & Taylor , 2009

The Cerdocyonina are a group ( subtribe ) to South America Limited Dogs (Canidae). Also known as South American dogs , they include the Maikong ( Cerdocyon thous ) and its immediate relatives. The Cerdocyonina belong to the tribe of real dogs (Canini). Its sister taxons are the Canina with, among others, the genus Canis (dogs and wolves).

The Cerdocyonina appeared at the latest about 4 million years ago (Ma) during the early Pliocene (direct fossil record, inter alia, of the genera Cerdocyon and Chrysocyon ), but probably already about 6 Ma in the recent Miocene in North America. After the formation of the Isthmus of Panama , representatives of the Cerdocyonina immigrated to South America about 3.1 Ma ago. All recent representatives of these subtribes emerged from the subsequent cladogenesis of these immigrants, while the North American line in the Pleistocene , about 1.4-1.3 Ma, died out.

Systematics and evolution

The following genera belong to the subtribe Cerdocyonina:

As part of the presentation of the genome sequence of the domestic dog , Lindblad-Toh et al. 2005 published a phylogenetic analysis of dogs (Canidae).

Systematics

Phylogenetic systematics of dogs
  Dogs  (Canidae)  
  Gray fox clade ( urocyon )  

 Gray fox  ( Urocyon cinereoargenteus )


   

 Island gray fox  ( Urocyon littoralis )



  Caninae  
  Red fox clade ( real foxes , vulpini)  


 Vulpes


   

 Raccoon dog ( Nyctereutes procyonoides )



   

 Scoop dog ( Otocyon megalotis )



  Real dogs (Canini)  
  Cerdocyonina  

 Short-eared fox ( Atelocynus microtis )Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XVI) .jpg


   


 Maikong ( Cerdocyon thous )Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XV) .jpg


   

 "Andean Foxes", "Battle Foxes" ( Lycalopex )Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XVIII) .jpg



   

 Maned Wolf ( Chrysocyon brachyurus )Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate VII) .jpg


   

 Forest dog ( Speothos venaticus )Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XLIII) .jpg





   

 Wolf clade ( Canina : Jackals , Canis , Cuon , Lycaon )





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Extinct representatives

As an extinct genus, the South American dogs are usually assigned to the genus Dusicyon with the Falkland fox ( Dusicyon australis , native to the Falkland Islands , extinct around 1876) and Dusicyon avus (on Tierra del Fuego , extinct around 3000 years ago). Dusicyon cultridens from the late Pliocene of Argentina was partially assigned to the genera Canis or Pseudalopex (syn. Lycalopex ).

Two other extinct South American genera are Theriodictis and Protocyon . The Theriodictis species T. platensis and T. tarijensis lived in the Pleistocene around 1.0 to 0.5 million years ago.

The Protocyon species P. orcesi , P. troglodytes and P. scagliarum inhabited the grasslands of South America in Ecuador , Brazil and Argentina until the end of the Pleistocene .

With regard to the species T. platensis , P. troglodytes and P. scagliarum , a study from 2010 suggests that they be assigned to the genus Speothos .

Individual evidence

  1. Richard H. Tedford, Xiaoming Wang, Beryl E. Taylor: Phylogenetic systematics of the North American fossil Caninae (Carnivora, Canidae) (PDF) , in: Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, No. 325.
  2. a b Kerstin Lindblad-Toh et al .: "Resolving canid phylogeny." Section in: Kerstin Lindblad-Toh et al .: Genome sequence, comparative analysis and haplotype structure of the domestic dog. Nature 438, December 2005; Page 803–819.
  3. ^ Francisco J. Prevosti, Fernando Santiago, Luciano Prates, Mónica Salemme: Constraining the time of extinction of the South American fox Dusicyon avus (Carnivora, Canidae) during the late Holocene. In: Quaternary International. 245, 2011, pp. 209-217, doi: 10.1016 / j.quaint.2011.02.010 .
  4. LH Soibelzon, MM Cenizo, FJ Prevosti, EY Soibelzon, VB Tartarini: Dos nuevos registros de Dusicyon Hamilton-Smith, 1839 (Canidae, Mammalia) en el Plioceno y Pleistoceno de la región Pampeana (Argentina). Aspectos sistemáticos, tafonómicos, y bioestratigráficos , Congreso Uruguayo de Geología, Montevideo 2007.
  5. Mariano Andres Ramirez, Francisco Juan Prevosti: Systematic revision of "Canis" ensenadensis Ameghino, 1888 (Carnivora, Canidae) and the description of a new specimen from the Pleistocene of Argentina , in: Ameghiniana 2014, Vol. 51 (1), p 37-51.
  6. Francisco Juan Prevosti, P. Plamqvist: Ecomorphological analysis of the hypercarnivore canid Theriodictis platensis mercerat based on new material from the Pleistocene of Argentina , in: Ameghiniana 38 (4), pp. 375-384, January 2001
  7. ^ FJ Prevosti, AE Zurita, AA Carlini: Biostratigraphy, systematics, and paleoecology of Protocyon Giebel, 1855 (Carnivora, Canidae) in South America , in: Journal of South American Earth Sciences Volume 20, Issues 1–2 (2005), Pages 5–12, doi: 10.1016 / j.jsames.2005.05.005
  8. Perini et al. 2010, Figure 3

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