Canina (taxon)

Canina
Wolf (above), red dog (below, left) and African wild dog (below, right)
Systematics
Superordinate : Laurasiatheria Order : Predators (Carnivora) Subordination : Canine (Caniformia) Family : Dogs (Canidae) Tribe : Real dogs (Canini) Sub tribus : Canina
Scientific name
Canina
Fischer de Waldheim , 1817

The Canina are a group ( subtribe ) of dog-like predators ( Canidae ), which in particular includes the genus Canis with wolf , domestic dog and dingo , as well as the fossil genus Eucyon . It is the sister group of the Cerdocyonina , which includes today's South American canids.

The members of these subtribes are characterized by two characteristics that the last common ancestor of this group acquired ( synapomorphies ):

• a zygomatic arch that is clearly curved ( dorsoventral ) from back to front , and
• there is usually a second rear (posterior) bumps on the fourth (p4) lower Vormahlzähnen (molars premolars ) connected between the first rear protuberance and the cincture (protruding bead of enamel) is positioned.

All members of the group have more or less the same general shape: prominent canines, a lithe body with relatively long limbs, all adaptations for hunting prey. The tail is bushy, length and hairiness can vary according to the season. With the exception of the African Wild Dog, there are five toes on the front legs, but the thumb is reduced so that it does not touch the ground. The hind legs have four toes, but some domestic dogs may have an extra stunted toe.

The animals of the species summarized here tend to socialize ( pack formation ). Since the puppies are relatively small and mature slowly after birth, it is useful to have several helpers available. A consequence of this organization in the larger groups is the ability to hunt down large prey. Reproduction is usually monopolized by a dominant female.

Systematics and evolution

External system

Within the Canidae family, the Hesperocyoninae subfamily split off from the line that should lead to today's gray wolves about 40–46 million years ago , and then the Borophaginae subfamily, also only fossilized, about 33–34 million years ago (with genus Borophagus ). The splitting off of the ancestors of the gray foxes from the tribe Canina (with all other dogs today) probably took place around 16.5 million years ago. The gray foxes are therefore the earliest branching off group (i.e. 'basal') within the recent (modern) Canidae.

Relationships of recent dogs ...
Dogs  (Canidae)   Gray fox clade  ( urocyon )  Gray fox  ( Urocyon cinereoargenteus )      Island gray fox  ( Urocyon littoralis )   Caninae   Red fox clade ( real foxes , vulpini)  Vulpes (red fox and closest relatives)     Raccoon dog ( Nyctereutes procyonoides )     Scoop dog ( Otocyon megalotis )  Real dogs (Canini)  South American Clade ( Cerdocyonina )     Wolf clade ( Canina )
... determined from comparisons of sequences of the nuclear DNA ('nuclear' DNA from the cell nucleus ) (after Lindblad-Toh et al. 2005)

Internal system

Traditionally, the subtribe canina comprises the following genera:

• Canis (wolf and jackal species)
• Cuon (red dog)
• Lycaon (African wild dog)
• † Eucyon
• † Xenocyon

Here be Schabracken- and strip Schakal as a species of the genus Canis performed. Recent molecular genetic studies have shown that these two species (in contrast to the golden jackal ) are only largely related to the gray wolf , in particular more extensive than the African wild dog and the red dog (which were traditionally listed as separate genera Lycaon and Cuon ). A solution to the problem is still being discussed:

• For striped and black-backed jackals, as cautious systematists have been doing for a long time, the genus Thos Oken , reactivated in 1816, or the monotypic genera established by Zrzavý and Řičánková in 2004 (with the species Schaeffia adusta and Lupulella mesomelas ) could be generally recognized.
• One of Wang et al. (2008) and Tedford et al. (2009) presented hypothesis, the previous genera Lycaon and Cuon could be downgraded to the rank of a subgenus and placed in the genus Canis . Similar proposals have been made for the fossil Xenocyon . Striped and black-backed jackal could then remain in the genus Canis , for example as a subgenus Thos .
• A combination of both proposals would also be possible.

Relationships of the recent Canina, ...
Canina  3.5   3.0   2.7   1.9   1.6   1.3  Domestic dog ( Canis lupus familiaris )     Gray wolf ( Canis lupus lupus )     Himalayan Wolf ( Canis lupus filchneri )     Coyote ( Canis latrans )     African gold wolf ( Canis anthus )     Ethiopian wolf ( Canis simensis )     Golden jackal ( Canis aureus )     Red dog ( Cuon alpinus )     African wild dog ( Lycaon pictus )  2.6  Striped Jackal ( Canis adustus )     Black-backed jackal ( Canis mesomelas )
... determined by comparing the sequences of the nuclear DNA ('nuclear' DNA from the cell nucleus ; except for the Himalayan wolf) and the mitochondrial DNA . The numbers at the nodes relate to the time separation (divergence) of the respective lines of development (mean values, in millions of years before today) determined by means of the “ molecular clock ”.

Phylogeny (based on morphological features) and fossil record of the Canina (from Tedford et al., 2009).

References and comments

1. ↑ For some authors, Eucyon is a sub-genus of Canis .
2. ↑ ^{a b c} Richard H. Tedford, Xiaoming Wang, Beryl E. Taylor: Phylogenetic Systematics of the North American Fossil Caninae (Carnivora: Canidae) , in: Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History , AMNH , New York 2009, Vol. 325, pp. 1-218, PDF , doi: 10.1206 / 574.1
3. ↑ Xiaoming Wang, RH Tedford, B. Van Valkenburgh, RK Wayne: Phylogeny, Classification, and Evolutionary Ecology of the Canidae , in C. Sillero-Zubiri, M. Hoffman, & DW MacDonald: Canids: Foxes, Wolves, Jackals and Dogs - 2004 Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan, 8–20. IUCN / SSC Canid Specialist Group, ISBN 2-8317-0786-2 .
4. ↑ ^{a b} J. R. Castelló, Canids of the World , Princeton, 2018, p. 74, ISBN 978-0-691-17685-7
5. ^ R. Estes, The behavior guide to African mammals: including hoofed mammals, carnivores, primates , University of California Press, 1992, pp. 384-392, ISBN 0-520-08085-8
6. ↑ Hesperocyoninae , on: Encyclopedia of Life
7. ↑ Borophaginae - Bone-crushing Dog , on: Encyclopedia of Life
8. ↑ Katrin Nyakatura, Olaf RP Bininda-Emonds: Updating the evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia): a new species-level supertree complete with divergence time estimates. BMC Biology 10, 2012. doi: 10.1186 / 1741-7007-10-12
9. ↑ ^{a b c} Kerstin Lindblad-Toh et al .: "Resolving canid phylogeny." Section in: Kerstin Lindblad-Toh et al .: Genome sequence, comparative analysis and haplotype structure of the domestic dog. Nature 438, December 2005; Page 803–819.
10. ↑ Eberhard Trumler : My wild friends. The wild dog species in the world. Munich, Piper Verlag, 1981. ISBN 3-492-02483-1 . P. 68 f. - For an overview of the Thos / Canis debate see: Holger Homann: Thos vs. Canis. 2004 (English). ( Memento from November 13, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Originally in: holgerhomann.us .
11. ↑ Jan Zrzavý, Věra Řičánková: Phylogeny of Recent Canidae (Mammalia, Carnivora): Relative Reliability and Utility of Morphological and Molecular Datasets , in: Zoologica Scripta Volume 33, No. 4, July 2004, pp. 311–333, doi: 10.1111 /j.0300-3256.2004.00152.x .
12. ↑ Xiaoming Wang, Richard H. Tedford, "Dogs: Their Fossil Relatives and Evolutionary History." Columbia University Press, New York 2008. Book , PDF
13. ↑ Lorenzo Rook: The Plio-Pleistocene Old World Canis (Xenocyon) ex gr. Falconeri , in: Bolletino della Società Paleontologica Italiana 33, 1994 (via Research Gate online since December 28, 2015), pp. 71-82.
14. ↑ ^{a b c} Klaus-Peter Koepfli, John Pollinger, Raquel Godinho, Jacqueline Robinson, Amanda Lea, Sarah Hendricks, Rena M. Schweizer, Olaf Thalmann, Pedro Silva, Zhenxin Fan, Andrey A. Yurchenko, Pavel. Dobrynin, Alexey Makunin, James A. Cahill, Beth Shapiro, Francisco. Álvares, José C. Brito, Eli Geffen, Jennifer A. Leonard, Kristofer M. Helgen, Warren E. Johnson, Stephen J. O'Brien, Blaire Van Valkenburgh, Robert K. Wayne: Genome-wide Evidence Reveals that African and Eurasian Golden Jackals Are Distinct Species . In: Current Biology . 25, No. 16, August 17, 2015, pp. 2158-2165. doi : 10.1016 / j.cub.2015.06.060 . PMID 26234211 .
15. ↑ Geraldine Werhahn, Helen Senn, Jennifer Kaden, Jyoti Joshi, Susmita Bhattarai, Naresh Kusi, Claudio Sillero-Zubiri, David W. MacDonald: Phylogenetic evidence for the ancient Himalayan wolf: Towards a clarification of its taxonomic status based on genetic sampling from western Nepal . In: Royal Society Open Science . 4, No. 6, 2017, p. 170186. bibcode : 2017RSOS .... 470186W . doi : 10.1098 / rsos.170186 . PMID 28680672 . PMC 5493914 (free full text).