Cabrini Medical Center: Difference between revisions

Coordinates: 40°44′11″N 73°59′02″W / 40.7363°N 73.9838°W / 40.7363; -73.9838
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| Name = Cabrini Medical Center
| Name = Cabrini Medical Center
| map_type = New York City
| map_type = New York City
| coordinates = {{coord|40.736296|-73.983768|region:US-NY|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates = {{coord|40.7363|-73.9838|region:US-NY|display=inline,title}}
| map_caption = Shown in New York City
| map_caption = Shown in New York City
| mapframe = no
| mapframe = no
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| Logo Size = 125px
| Logo Size = 125px
| Location = 227 East 19th Street
| Location = 227 East 19th Street
| Region = <br>New York
| Region =
| State = NY
| State = New York
| Country = US
| Country = US
| HealthCare = <!-- US: Medicare/Medicaid/Charity/Public. ELSE freetext, eg Private -->
| HealthCare = <!-- US: Medicare/Medicaid/Charity/Public. ELSE freetext, eg Private -->
Line 18: Line 18:
| Emergency = <!-- US: I/II/III for Trauma certification level -->
| Emergency = <!-- US: I/II/III for Trauma certification level -->
| Affiliation = <!-- 'None' or Medical School and University affiliations (medical or paramedical) -->
| Affiliation = <!-- 'None' or Medical School and University affiliations (medical or paramedical) -->
| Beds =
| Beds = 490 (in 1973)
| Founded = 1973
| Founded = 1973
| Closed = 2008
| Closed = 2008
| Website = {{URL|https://web.archive.org/web/20080305190446/http://www.cabrininy.org/|http://www.cabrininy.org (archived)}}
| Website = {{URL|https://web.archive.org/web/20080305190446/http://www.cabrininy.org/|http://www.cabrininy.org (archived)}}
| other_links = [[List of hospitals in Manhattan|Hospitals in Manhattan]]
| Wiki-Links = <!-- optional -->
|}}
|}}


Line 33: Line 33:
| date = January 29, 2010
| date = January 29, 2010
| accessdate = October 14, 2019
| accessdate = October 14, 2019
| url = https://observer.com/2010/01/sloankettering-drops-831-m-on-old-cabrini-buildings-stalking-horse-demchicks-3-m-payday/}}</ref> with plans to open an outpatient cancer facility;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://townvillagemhttan.blogspot.com/2010/02/cabrini-to-become-cancer-outpatient.html |title=Cabrini to become cancer outpatient facility |website=Town & Village |date=February 18, 2010 |first=Andrew |last=Park |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708070920/http://townvillagemhttan.blogspot.com/2010/02/cabrini-to-become-cancer-outpatient.html |archivedate=July 8, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> but in 2013 the buildings were sold to a developer to be converted into residences.<ref>{{cite news |last=Dailey |first=Jessica |url=http://ny.curbed.com/archives/2013/07/26/cabrini_medical_center_headed_for_residential_conversion.php |title=Cabrini Medical Center Headed for Residential Conversion |website=CurbedNY |date=July 26, 2013 |accessdate=October 29, 2019}}</ref>.</ref>
| url = https://observer.com/2010/01/sloankettering-drops-831-m-on-old-cabrini-buildings-stalking-horse-demchicks-3-m-payday/}}</ref> with plans to open an outpatient cancer facility;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://townvillagemhttan.blogspot.com/2010/02/cabrini-to-become-cancer-outpatient.html |title=Cabrini to become cancer outpatient facility |website=Town & Village |date=February 18, 2010 |first=Andrew |last=Park |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708070920/http://townvillagemhttan.blogspot.com/2010/02/cabrini-to-become-cancer-outpatient.html |archivedate=July 8, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> but in 2013 the buildings were sold to a developer to be converted into residences.<ref>{{cite news |last=Dailey |first=Jessica |url=http://ny.curbed.com/archives/2013/07/26/cabrini_medical_center_headed_for_residential_conversion.php |title=Cabrini Medical Center Headed for Residential Conversion |website=CurbedNY |date=July 26, 2013 |accessdate=October 29, 2019}}</ref>


== Columbus Hospital ==
== Columbus Hospital ==
Columbus Hospital was founded in 1892 (the 400th anniversary of Columbus's voyage), incorporated in 1895, and formally opened on March 18, 1896, by the [[Missionary Sisters of the Sacred Heart of Jesus]], to address the needs of Italian immigrants. The founding group included the now-canonized [[Mother Cabrini|Mother Frances Xavier Cabrini]], and among the first physicians of the hospital was [[George Frederick Shrady Sr.]]<ref name=walsh/><ref name=closing/><ref>{{Cite journal
Columbus Hospital was founded in 1892,<ref name="NYCMedDir1886">{{Cite document
| title = Medical Directory of the City of New York, 1886
| publisher = [[New York County Medical Society|Medical Society of the County of New York]]
| year = 1886
| location = New York
| pages = 326–327
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Gc814MLVQx4C&printsec=frontcover#PPA326,M1
| oclc = 8665366
}}</ref> incorporated in 1895,<ref name="NYCMedDir1886"/> and officially opened on March 18, 1896,<ref name="MedicalRecord">{{Cite journal
| first = George Frederick |last = Shrady
| first = George Frederick |last = Shrady
| authorlink = George Frederick Shrady Sr.
| authorlink = George Frederick Shrady Sr.
Line 51: Line 43:
| date = March 28, 1896
| date = March 28, 1896
| volume = 49
| volume = 49
| pages = 451
| issn = 0363-0803
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=0h4CAAAAYAAJ&printsec=titlepage#PPA451,M1
| issue = 13
| issue = 13
| page = 451
}}</ref> by the [[Missionary Sisters of the Sacred Heart of Jesus]], to address the needs of Italian immigrants.
| issn = 0363-0803
The founding group included the (now canonized) [[Mother Cabrini|Mother Frances Xavier Cabrini]],<ref name=closing/> and among the first physicians of the hospital was [[George Frederick Shrady Sr.]]<ref name="MedicalRecord"/>
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=0h4CAAAAYAAJ
}}</ref>


The original address of the hospital was 226–228 East 20th Street, which had a capacity of 125 beds in 1886.<ref name="NYCMedDir1886"/> In 1913 it was moved to larger quarters vacated by the New York Polyclinic Hospital at 214–218 East 34th Street.<ref>{{Cite news
The hospital was originally located in a former residence at 41 East 12th Street. In 1895 it moved to 226–228 East 20th Street, which had an approximate capacity of 100 beds.<ref name=walsh>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fQsJAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA786 |title=History of Medicine in New York: Three Centuries of Medical Progress, Volume 3 |first=James Joseph |last=Walsh |publisher=National Americana Society |year=1919 |pages=786–787}}</ref> In 1913 it expanded again, acquiring "annex" facilities vacated by the New York Polyclinic Hospital at 214–218 East 34th Street.<ref>{{Cite news
| title = Columbus Hospital; Seeks to Increase Accommodations for Italian Poor
| title = Columbus Hospital; Seeks to Increase Accommodations for Italian Poor
| newspaper = [[The New York Times]]
| newspaper = [[The New York Times]]
Line 66: Line 57:


== Italian Hospital and merger ==
== Italian Hospital and merger ==
Italian Hospital was founded in 1937 by the Italian Hospital Society, with the assets of and at the West 110th Street location of the defunct Parkway Hospital.<ref name="italhospsoc">{{cite web
Italian Hospital was founded in 1937 by the Italian Hospital Society, with the assets and the West 110th Street location of the defunct Parkway Hospital.<ref name="italhospsoc">{{cite web
| title = About Us
| title = About Us
| publisher = Italian Hospital Society
| publisher = Italian Hospital Society
| url = http://www.italianhospitalsociety.com/
| url = http://www.italianhospitalsociety.com/Pages/about%20us.htm
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060426235236/http://www.italianhospitalsociety.com/
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060427055547/http://www.italianhospitalsociety.com/Pages/about%20us.htm
| archivedate = April 26, 2006}}</ref>
| archivedate = April 27, 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref>


In July 1973, Columbus Hospital and Italian Hospital merged. The combined organization took the name Cabrini Health Care Center, after [[Mother Cabrini]], and became a 490-bed facility<ref name="italhospsoc"/> located at 227 East 19th Street, between Second and Third Avenues near [[Gramercy Park]].<ref name=closing/> By 1976, it was using the name Cabrini Medical Center.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archives.med.nyu.edu/islandora/object/nyumed%3A16212/datastream/OBJ/download/HJD__Hospital_for_Joint_Diseases_Annual_Report__1975.pdf |title=69th Annual Report – for the Year 1975 |publisher=Hospital for Joint Diseases and Medical Center |date=May 1976 |page=29 |quote=Lectures... Cabrini Medical Center, New York City}}</ref> In the 1980s, it was one of the earliest hospitals to develop expertise for the [[AIDS]] epidemic that became a leading cause of death in its neighborhood.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gDAnrFozKAoC&pg=PA101 |title=Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Select Revenue Measures of the Committee on Ways and Means, House of Representatives |first=Jeffrey |last=Frerichs |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |date=November 9, 1993 |pages=101–103|isbn=9780160440991 }}</ref>
In July 1973 Columbus Hospital and Italian Hospital merged.<ref name="italhospsoc"/> The combined organization took the name Cabrini Medical Center, after [[Mother Cabrini]], and was located at East 19th Street between Second and Third Avenues near [[Gramercy Park]].<ref name=closing/>


== Financial difficulties and discontinuation of services ==
== Financial difficulties and closure ==
[[File:Cabrini Medical Center.jpg|thumb|right|275px|The main entrance in April 2010, two years after the hospital closed.]]
[[File:Cabrini Medical Center.jpg|thumb|right|275px|The main entrance in April 2010, two years after the hospital closed.]]


The Cabrini Medical Center website reported: "As of March 14, 2008, many of the services at Cabrini Medical Center are no longer available. ... The Emergency Department, acute inpatient units and most outpatient services are closed." The center closed permanently on March 16, 2008, due to financial difficulties that resulted in patients and staff seeking other health care and employment.<ref name=closing>{{cite news |url=https://www.crainsnewyork.com/article/20080314/FREE/205936952/cabrini-medical-center-preparing-to-close|title=Cabrini Medical Center preparing to close |first=Gail |last=Scott |newspaper=Crain's New York Business |date=March 14, 2008 |accessdate=October 14, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/cabrini-medical-center-closing-doors-article-1.288056 |title=Cabrini Medical Center closing doors |last=Schapiro |first=Rich |date=March 15, 2008 |work=[[Daily News (New York)|Daily News]] |accessdate=October 29, 2019}}</ref>
The Cabrini Medical Center website reported: "As of March 14, 2008, many of the services at Cabrini Medical Center are no longer available. ... The Emergency Department, acute inpatient units and most outpatient services are closed."<ref>{{cite web |title=Cabrini Medical Center |url=http://www.cabrininy.org |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080405113610/http://www.cabrininy.org/ |archivedate=April 5, 2008 |url-status=unfit}}</ref> The center closed permanently on March 16, 2008, due to financial difficulties that resulted in patients and staff seeking other health care and employment.<ref name=closing>{{cite news |url=https://www.crainsnewyork.com/article/20080314/FREE/205936952/cabrini-medical-center-preparing-to-close|title=Cabrini Medical Center preparing to close |first=Gail |last=Scott |newspaper=Crain's New York Business |date=March 14, 2008 |accessdate=October 14, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/cabrini-medical-center-closing-doors-article-1.288056 |title=Cabrini Medical Center closing doors |last=Schapiro |first=Rich |date=March 15, 2008 |work=[[Daily News (New York)|Daily News]] |accessdate=October 29, 2019}}</ref>


On July 10, 2009, Cabrini Medical Center filed for [[Chapter 11 bankruptcy]], citing assets of $46 million and liabilities of $167 million. The top five secured creditors were the mortgage holder [[Sun Life Financial|Sun Life Assurance Company]] of Canada ($35.1 million); [[Missionary Sisters of the Sacred Heart of Jesus]] in Chicago ($33 million); the New York branch of the Missionary Sisters ($18.7 million); [[Service Employees International Union]] National Benefits Fund ($5.1 million); and an affiliate of [[Saint Vincent's Catholic Medical Center]] ($4 million). The largest unsecured creditors were [[Consolidated Edison]] ($4.2 million); St. Vincent's ($3.2 million); [[Dormitory Authority of the State of New York]] ($2.6 million). Cabrini owed a $828,000 health facility assessment tax to New York State, $418,000 in fees to the [[New York State Department of Health]], $412,000 in dues to the Healthcare Association of New York State, and $308,000 to [[Mount Sinai Hospital, New York|Mount Sinai Hospital]].<ref name=bankrupt>{{cite news |first=Barbara |last=Benson |title=Absent a deal, Cabrini files for bankruptcy |newspaper=[[Crain's New York Business]] |date=July 10, 2009}}</ref>
On July 10, 2009, Cabrini Medical Center filed for [[Chapter 11 bankruptcy]], citing assets of $46 million and liabilities of $167 million. The top five secured creditors were the mortgage holder [[Sun Life Financial|Sun Life Assurance Company]] of Canada ($35.1 million), [[Missionary Sisters of the Sacred Heart of Jesus]] in Chicago ($33 million), the New York branch of the Missionary Sisters ($18.7 million), [[Service Employees International Union]] National Benefits Fund ($5.1 million), and an affiliate of [[Saint Vincent's Catholic Medical Center]] ($4 million). The largest unsecured creditors were [[Consolidated Edison]] ($4.2 million), St. Vincent's ($3.2 million), and the [[Dormitory Authority of the State of New York]] ($2.6 million). Cabrini owed a $828,000 health facility assessment tax to New York State, $418,000 in fees to the [[New York State Department of Health]], $412,000 in dues to the Healthcare Association of New York State, and $308,000 to [[Mount Sinai Hospital, New York|Mount Sinai Hospital]].<ref name=bankrupt>{{cite news |first=Barbara |last=Benson |title=Absent a deal, Cabrini files for bankruptcy |newspaper=[[Crain's New York Business]] |date=July 10, 2009}}</ref>


Medical staff residency training records and verification have become available through the Federation Credentials Verification Service.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fsmb.org/fcvs.html |title=Federation Credentials Verification Service |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528073121/http://www.fsmb.org/fcvs.html |archivedate=May 28, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fsmb.org/fcvs_closedprograms.html |title=Closed Residency Programs |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202235253/http://www.fsmb.org/fcvs_closedprograms.html |archivedate=December 2, 2013}}</ref>
Medical staff residency training records and verification have become available through the Federation Credentials Verification Service.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fsmb.org/fcvs.html |title=Federation Credentials Verification Service |publisher=Federation of State Medical Boards |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528073121/http://www.fsmb.org/fcvs.html |archivedate=May 28, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fsmb.org/fcvs_closedprograms.html |title=Closed Residency Programs |publisher=Federation of State Medical Boards |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202235253/http://www.fsmb.org/fcvs_closedprograms.html |archivedate=December 2, 2013}}</ref>

==Notable deaths==
*[[Giuseppe De Luca]] (1876–1950)<ref>{{cite news |title=Giuseppe De Luca, Noted Singer, Dies. Baritone, Star at Metropolitan Two Decades, Mastered 100 Roles in Half-Century Career |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1950/08/28/archives/giuseppe-de-luca-noted-singer-dies-baritone-star-at-metropolitan.html |quote=Giuseppe De Luca ... died Saturday night in Columbus Hospital at the age of 74 [sic]. |newspaper=The New York Times |date=August 28, 1950 |accessdate=January 27, 2015}}</ref>
*[[Lord Buckley]] (1906–1960)
*[[Candy Darling]] (1944–1974)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/03/22/archives/candy-darling-dies-warhol-superstar.html|title=Candy Darling Dies; Warhol 'Superstar' |newspaper=The New York Times |date=March 22, 1974 |access-date=September 8, 2018}}</ref>
*[[James Coco]] (1930–1987)
*[[Peter Hujar]] (1934–1987)
*[[Jean-Michel Basquiat]] (1960–1988)<ref>{{cite web | title=Basquiat and Blake | website=The Allen Ginsberg Project | date=August 12, 2017 | url=https://allenginsberg.org/2017/08/sat-aug-12-basquiat-blake/ | access-date=September 29, 2019}}</ref>
<!-- Please keep in order of death date. -->


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


==Further reading==
[[Category:Hospital buildings completed in 1896]]
* {{cite thesis |degree=M.A. |title=Corrigan, Cabrini and Columbus: The Foundation of Cabrini Medical Center, New York City |first=John P. |last=DeLora |publisher=[[St. Joseph's Seminary, Dunwoodie]] |date=1994}}
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in New York (state)]]

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Defunct hospitals in Manhattan]]
[[Category:Defunct hospitals in Manhattan]]
[[Category:Hospital buildings completed in 1895]]
[[Category:Hospitals established in 1973]]
[[Category:Hospitals established in 1973]]
[[Category:Hospitals disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:Hospitals disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:1973 establishments in New York City]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in New York (state)]]
[[Category:Catholic hospitals in the United States]]

Latest revision as of 05:33, 21 April 2024

Cabrini Medical Center
Cabrini Medical Center is located in New York City
Cabrini Medical Center
Shown in New York City
Geography
Location227 East 19th Street, New York, United States
Coordinates40°44′11″N 73°59′02″W / 40.7363°N 73.9838°W / 40.7363; -73.9838
Services
Beds490 (in 1973)
History
Opened1973
Closed2008
Links
Websitehttp://www.cabrininy.org (archived)
ListsHospitals in New York State
Other linksHospitals in Manhattan

Cabrini Medical Center of New York City was created in 1973 by a merger of two Manhattan hospitals. It closed in 2008 due to financial difficulties cited by the Berger Commission,[1] followed by a bankruptcy filing.[2]

In January 2010, the five buildings formerly housing the medical center were purchased by Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center for $83.1 million,[3] with plans to open an outpatient cancer facility;[4] but in 2013 the buildings were sold to a developer to be converted into residences.[5]

Columbus Hospital[edit]

Columbus Hospital was founded in 1892 (the 400th anniversary of Columbus's voyage), incorporated in 1895, and formally opened on March 18, 1896, by the Missionary Sisters of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, to address the needs of Italian immigrants. The founding group included the now-canonized Mother Frances Xavier Cabrini, and among the first physicians of the hospital was George Frederick Shrady Sr.[6][7][8]

The hospital was originally located in a former residence at 41 East 12th Street. In 1895 it moved to 226–228 East 20th Street, which had an approximate capacity of 100 beds.[6] In 1913 it expanded again, acquiring "annex" facilities vacated by the New York Polyclinic Hospital at 214–218 East 34th Street.[9]

Italian Hospital and merger[edit]

Italian Hospital was founded in 1937 by the Italian Hospital Society, with the assets and the West 110th Street location of the defunct Parkway Hospital.[10]

In July 1973, Columbus Hospital and Italian Hospital merged. The combined organization took the name Cabrini Health Care Center, after Mother Cabrini, and became a 490-bed facility[10] located at 227 East 19th Street, between Second and Third Avenues near Gramercy Park.[7] By 1976, it was using the name Cabrini Medical Center.[11] In the 1980s, it was one of the earliest hospitals to develop expertise for the AIDS epidemic that became a leading cause of death in its neighborhood.[12]

Financial difficulties and closure[edit]

The main entrance in April 2010, two years after the hospital closed.

The Cabrini Medical Center website reported: "As of March 14, 2008, many of the services at Cabrini Medical Center are no longer available. ... The Emergency Department, acute inpatient units and most outpatient services are closed."[13] The center closed permanently on March 16, 2008, due to financial difficulties that resulted in patients and staff seeking other health care and employment.[7][14]

On July 10, 2009, Cabrini Medical Center filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy, citing assets of $46 million and liabilities of $167 million. The top five secured creditors were the mortgage holder Sun Life Assurance Company of Canada ($35.1 million), Missionary Sisters of the Sacred Heart of Jesus in Chicago ($33 million), the New York branch of the Missionary Sisters ($18.7 million), Service Employees International Union National Benefits Fund ($5.1 million), and an affiliate of Saint Vincent's Catholic Medical Center ($4 million). The largest unsecured creditors were Consolidated Edison ($4.2 million), St. Vincent's ($3.2 million), and the Dormitory Authority of the State of New York ($2.6 million). Cabrini owed a $828,000 health facility assessment tax to New York State, $418,000 in fees to the New York State Department of Health, $412,000 in dues to the Healthcare Association of New York State, and $308,000 to Mount Sinai Hospital.[2]

Medical staff residency training records and verification have become available through the Federation Credentials Verification Service.[15][16]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Ouellette, Alicia; Pratt, David (December 19, 2006). "The Berger Commission Proposes Big Changes for New York Hospitals". The Hastings Center. Archived from the original on April 23, 2019.
  2. ^ a b Benson, Barbara (July 10, 2009). "Absent a deal, Cabrini files for bankruptcy". Crain's New York Business.
  3. ^ Rubinstein, Dana (January 29, 2010). "Sloan-Kettering Drops $83.1 M. on Old Cabrini Buildings; Stalking Horse Demchick's $3 M. Payday". The New York Observer. Retrieved October 14, 2019.
  4. ^ Park, Andrew (February 18, 2010). "Cabrini to become cancer outpatient facility". Town & Village. Archived from the original on July 8, 2011.
  5. ^ Dailey, Jessica (July 26, 2013). "Cabrini Medical Center Headed for Residential Conversion". CurbedNY. Retrieved October 29, 2019.
  6. ^ a b Walsh, James Joseph (1919). History of Medicine in New York: Three Centuries of Medical Progress, Volume 3. National Americana Society. pp. 786–787.
  7. ^ a b c Scott, Gail (March 14, 2008). "Cabrini Medical Center preparing to close". Crain's New York Business. Retrieved October 14, 2019.
  8. ^ Shrady, George Frederick (March 28, 1896). "Opening of the Columbus Hospital, New York". Medical Record. 49 (13): 451. ISSN 0363-0803.
  9. ^ "Columbus Hospital; Seeks to Increase Accommodations for Italian Poor". The New York Times. April 6, 1913.
  10. ^ a b "About Us". Italian Hospital Society. Archived from the original on April 27, 2006.
  11. ^ 69th Annual Report – for the Year 1975 (PDF). Hospital for Joint Diseases and Medical Center. May 1976. p. 29. Lectures... Cabrini Medical Center, New York City
  12. ^ Frerichs, Jeffrey (November 9, 1993). Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Select Revenue Measures of the Committee on Ways and Means, House of Representatives. U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 101–103. ISBN 9780160440991.
  13. ^ "Cabrini Medical Center". Archived from the original on April 5, 2008.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  14. ^ Schapiro, Rich (March 15, 2008). "Cabrini Medical Center closing doors". Daily News. Retrieved October 29, 2019.
  15. ^ "Federation Credentials Verification Service". Federation of State Medical Boards. Archived from the original on May 28, 2014.
  16. ^ "Closed Residency Programs". Federation of State Medical Boards. Archived from the original on December 2, 2013.

Further reading[edit]

  • DeLora, John P. (1994). Corrigan, Cabrini and Columbus: The Foundation of Cabrini Medical Center, New York City (M.A. thesis). St. Joseph's Seminary, Dunwoodie.