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{{Infobox scientist
{{Infobox scientist
|name = Franklin Hiram King
|name = Franklin Hiram King
|image =Franklin Hiram King.jpg
|image = Franklin Hiram King.jpg
|image_size =200px
|image_size = 200px
|caption = Franklin Hiram King, from the frontispiece of ''Farmers of Forty Centuries'' (1911).
|caption = Franklin Hiram King, from the frontispiece of ''Farmers of Forty Centuries'' (1911).
| birth_date = {{birth date|1848|6|8}}
|birth_date = {{birth date|1848|6|8}}
| birth_place = La Grange,<br />near [[Whitewater, Wisconsin]], United States
|birth_place = La Grange,<br />near [[Whitewater, Wisconsin]], United States
|death_date = {{d-da|4 August 1911|8 June 1848}}
|death_date = {{d-da|4 August 1911|8 June 1848}}
|death_place = United States
|death_place = United States
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Carrie Baker King|Carrie Baker]]|1880}}
|spouse = {{marriage|[[Carrie Baker King|Carrie Baker]]|1880}}
| children = Anna<br />Max<br />Clarence<br />Hugh<br />Ralph<br />Howard
|children = Anna<br />Max<br />Clarence<br />Hugh<br />Ralph<br />Howard
|residence =
|residence =
|citizenship =
|citizenship =
|nationality = [[United States|American]]
|nationality = [[United States|American]]
|ethnicity =
|ethnicity =
|field =[[agricultural science|agricultural scientist]]
|field = [[agricultural science|agricultural scientist]]
|work_institutions = [[University of Wisconsin–Madison]]
|work_institutions = [[University of Wisconsin–Madison]]
|alma_mater =
|alma_mater =
|doctoral_advisor =
|doctoral_advisor =
Line 35: Line 35:
King left Wisconsin to become chief of the Division of Soil Management in the [[National Cooperative Soil Survey#History|USDA Bureau of Soils]] in [[Washington, D.C.]] in January 1902. His findings in the next two years, that the concentration of [[nutrient]]s in soil solution was correlated with crop yields, began to undermine beliefs held strongly by the chief of the bureau, [[Milton Whitney]], about the relations of soil [[chemistry]] to plant growth and soil fertility. King was forced to resign but privately published several additional papers from his research during this period.
King left Wisconsin to become chief of the Division of Soil Management in the [[National Cooperative Soil Survey#History|USDA Bureau of Soils]] in [[Washington, D.C.]] in January 1902. His findings in the next two years, that the concentration of [[nutrient]]s in soil solution was correlated with crop yields, began to undermine beliefs held strongly by the chief of the bureau, [[Milton Whitney]], about the relations of soil [[chemistry]] to plant growth and soil fertility. King was forced to resign but privately published several additional papers from his research during this period.


King returned to Madison, where he devoted the last seven years of his life to summarizing earlier findings and conducting further research in agricultural physics, including the ventilation of [[farm]] buildings. Three of his seven books were written during that period, the best known of which is ''[[Farmers of Forty Centuries (book)|Farmers of Forty Centuries, or Permanent Agriculture in China, Korea, and Japan]]'', which recounted his investigations into what would now be called [[organic farming]] or [[sustainable agriculture]] during a nine-month tour of [[Asia]] in 1909.<ref name=KingForty>Paull, John (2011) [http://www.academia.edu/9148622/The_making_of_an_agricultural_classic_Farmers_of_Forty_Centuries_or_Permanent_Agriculture_in_China_Korea_and_Japan_1911-2011 "The making of an agricultural classic: Farmers of Forty Centuries or Permanent Agriculture in China, Korea and Japan, 1911–2011"] Agricultural Sciences, 2(3), 175–180</ref> The last chapter was completed after his death by his wife, Carrie Baker King. The book was published in 1911 and was described by [[Walter James, 4th Baron Northbourne|Lord Northbourne]] – the founder of organic agriculture – as a "classic" which "no student of farming or social science can afford to ignore".<ref>Northbourne, L., 1940, ''Look to the land'', J. M. Dent, London, p. 17, p. 55, ''apud'' Paull, John, [http://orgprints.org/10237/1/10237.pdf "Permanent Agriculture: Precursor to Organic Farming"], ''Elementals: Journal of Bio-Dynamics Tasmania'', no.83, pp.&nbsp;19–21, 2006.</ref>
King returned to Madison, where he devoted the last seven years of his life to summarizing earlier findings and conducting further research in agricultural physics, including the ventilation of [[farm]] buildings. Three of his seven books were written during that period, the best known of which is ''[[Farmers of Forty Centuries (book)|Farmers of Forty Centuries, or Permanent Agriculture in China, Korea, and Japan]]'', which recounted his investigations into what would now be called [[organic farming]] or [[sustainable agriculture]] during a nine-month tour of [[Asia]] in 1909.<ref name=KingForty>Paull, John (2011) [http://www.academia.edu/9148622/The_making_of_an_agricultural_classic_Farmers_of_Forty_Centuries_or_Permanent_Agriculture_in_China_Korea_and_Japan_1911-2011 "The making of an agricultural classic: Farmers of Forty Centuries or Permanent Agriculture in China, Korea and Japan, 1911–2011"] Agricultural Sciences, 2(3), 175–180</ref> The last chapter was completed after his death by his wife, Carrie Baker King. The book was published in 1911 and was described by [[Walter James, 4th Baron Northbourne|Lord Northbourne]]—the founder of organic agriculture—as a "classic" which "no student of farming or social science can afford to ignore".<ref>Northbourne, L., 1940, ''Look to the land'', J. M. Dent, London, p. 17, p. 55, ''apud'' Paull, John, [http://orgprints.org/10237/1/10237.pdf "Permanent Agriculture: Precursor to Organic Farming"], ''Elementals: Journal of Bio-Dynamics Tasmania'', no.83, pp.&nbsp;19–21, 2006.</ref>


He is most popularly known for designing the cylindrical [[storage silo]], which reduces the occurrence of moldy corners in the [[grain]].<ref name=King1891>{{cite journal
He is most popularly known for designing the cylindrical [[storage silo]], which reduces the occurrence of moldy corners in the [[grain]].{{citation needed|date=October 2012}} Some{{who|date=January 2012}} have speculated that [[Frank Lloyd Wright]]'s design of the [[Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum|Guggenheim Museum]] was influenced by King's designs. King is commemorated at the University of Wisconsin–Madison by King Hall, so renamed in 1934, which is the same Agricultural Physics Hall in which he worked during his tenure there and which now houses part of the Department of Soil Science (formed by the 1904 reorganization of King's original department into the 'Soils Department' and the 'Agricultural Engineering Department'), and by the F.H. King Students for Sustainable Agriculture, a student organization that grows various crops that are given away to community residents to raise awareness of sustainable farming and gardening.
|last=King |first=Franklin Hiram
|title=The Construction of Silos
|journal=Bulletin (University of Wisconsin. Agricultural Experiment Station)
|issue=28
|page=15
|year=1891
|publisher=University of Wisconsin
|url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=VD4nAQAAMAAJ
}}</ref><ref name=King1900>{{cite journal
|last=King |first=Franklin Hiram
|title=Silage, and the construction of modern silos
|journal=Bulletin (University of Wisconsin. Agricultural Experiment Station)
|issue=83
|year=1900
|publisher=University of Wisconsin
}}</ref> Some{{who|date=January 2012}} have speculated that [[Frank Lloyd Wright]]'s design of the [[Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum|Guggenheim Museum]] was influenced by King's designs. King is commemorated at the [[University of Wisconsin–Madison]] by King Hall, so renamed in 1934, which is the same Agricultural Physics Hall in which he worked during his tenure there and which now houses part of the Department of Soil Science (formed by the 1904 reorganization of King's original department into the 'Soils Department' and the 'Agricultural Engineering Department'), and by the F. H. King Students for Sustainable Agriculture, a student organization that grows various crops that are given away to community residents to raise awareness of sustainable farming and gardening.


==Partial bibliography of books by F. H. King==
==Partial bibliography==
* {{cite journal
* ''The Soil'' (1895)
|last=King |first=Franklin Hiram
* ''Irrigation and Drainage'' (1899)
|title=The Construction of Silos
* ''Ventilation for Dwellings, Rural Schools, and Stables'' (1908)
|journal=Bulletin (University of Wisconsin. Agricultural Experiment Station)
* ''Farmers of Forty Centuries, or Permanent Agriculture in China, Korea and Japan'' (1911)
|issue=28
|year=1891
|publisher=University of Wisconsin
|location=Madison, Wis.
|url=https://books.google.com/?id=oNJRNT26mMEC&
}}
* {{cite journal
|last=King |first=Franklin Hiram
|title=Destructive Effects of Winds on Sandy Soils and Light Sandy Loams: With Methods of Protection
|journal=Bulletin (University of Wisconsin. Agricultural Experiment Station)
|issue=42
|year=1894
|publisher=University of Wisconsin
|location=Madison, Wis.
|url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=Jz8nAQAAMAAJ
}}
* {{cite book
|last=King |first=Franklin Hiram
|title=The Soil, Its Nature, Relations, and Fundamental Principles of Management
|year=1895
|publisher=Macmillan & Co.
|url=https://books.google.com/?id=oNJRNT26mMEC&pg=PA1
}}
* {{cite book
|last=King |first=Franklin Hiram
|title=Irrigation and Drainage
|year=1899
|publisher=Macmillan & Co.
|url=https://play.google.com/store/books/details/Franklin_Hiram_King_Irrigation_and_Drainage?id=xS0wAAAAYAAJ
}}
* {{cite journal
|last=King |first=Franklin Hiram
|title=Silage, and the construction of modern silos
|journal=Bulletin (University of Wisconsin. Agricultural Experiment Station)
|issue=83
|year=1900
|publisher=University of Wisconsin
|location=Madison, Wis.
}}
* {{cite encyclopedia
|last=King |first=Franklin Hiram
|title=Tillage, Its Philosophy and Practice
|encyclopedia=Cyclopedia of American Agriculture
|year=1907
}}
* {{cite encyclopedia
|last=King |first=Franklin Hiram
|title=The Necessity and Practice of Drainage
|encyclopedia=Cyclopedia of American Agriculture
|year=1907
}}
* {{cite encyclopedia
|last=King |first=Franklin Hiram
|title=Drainage
|encyclopedia=The Standard Cyclopedia of Modern Agriculture (British)
|year=1908
}}
* {{cite encyclopedia
|last=King |first=Franklin Hiram
|title=Irrigation
|encyclopedia=The Standard Cyclopedia of Modern Agriculture (British)
|year=1908
}}
* {{cite book
|last=King |first=Franklin Hiram
|title=A Text Book of the Physics of Agriculture
|url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=YFc-AQAAMAAJ
|pages=604
|year=1901
|publisher=Mrs. F. H. King
|location=Madison, Wis.
}} 176 illustrations.
* {{cite book
|last=King |first=Franklin Hiram
|title=Ventilation for Dwellings, Rural Schools, and Stables
|url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=TUo1AAAAMAAJ
|pages=128
|year=1908
|publisher=F. H. King
|location=Madison, Wis.
}} 63 illustrations.
* {{cite book
|last=King |first=Franklin Hiram
|title=Farmers of Forty Centuries, or Permanent Agriculture in China, Korea and Japan
|pages=441
|year=1911
|publisher=Mrs. F. H. King
|location=Madison, Wis.
|url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=bRkoAAAAYAAJ
}} 246 illustrations, introduction by Dr. L. H. Bailey.
* {{cite book
|last=King |first=Franklin Hiram
|title=Soil Management
|pages=311
|year=1914
|editor=Carrie H. Baker King
|publisher=Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner
|location=
|url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=_VADAAAAYAAJ
}}


==References==
==References==
Line 51: Line 167:
* {{Gutenberg author |id=King,+F.+H.+(Franklin+Hiram) | name=Franklin Hiram King}}
* {{Gutenberg author |id=King,+F.+H.+(Franklin+Hiram) | name=Franklin Hiram King}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Franklin Hiram King}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Franklin Hiram King}}
* {{cite journal
* Tanner, C.B. and Simonson, R.W. "Franklin Hiram King – Pioneer Scientist", ''Soil Science Society of America Journal'': Volume 57, no. 1, January–February 1993. ([http://soils.wisc.edu/people/history/f-h-king/ Reprinted at U. of Wisconsin])
|last1=Tanner |first1=C.B.
* {{cite book
|last2=Simonson |first2=R.W.
|title=The Soil, Its Nature, Relations, and Fundamental Principles of Management
|author=Franklin Hiram King
|title=Franklin Hiram King—Pioneer Scientist
|volume=57
|year=1895
|issue=1
|publisher=Macmillan & co., ltd.
|date=January 1993
|url=https://books.google.com/?id=oNJRNT26mMEC&pg=PA1
|pages=286–292
}}
|doi=10.2136/sssaj1993.03615995005700010049x
|journal=Soil Science Society of America Journal
|url=https://dl.sciencesocieties.org/publications/sssaj/abstracts/57/1/SS0570010286
}} ([http://soils.wisc.edu/people/history/f-h-king/ Reprinted at University of Wisconsin])
* [http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/wilson/v045n02/p0066-p0069.pdf Taylor, Mrs. H. J. "Franklin Hiram King", ''The Wilson Bulletin'', June 1933]
* [http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/wilson/v045n02/p0066-p0069.pdf Taylor, Mrs. H. J. "Franklin Hiram King", ''The Wilson Bulletin'', June 1933]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051219111537/http://www.library.wisc.edu/guides/EastAsia/fhking.html F. H. King documents from East Asia at Univ of Wisconsin–Madison]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051219111537/http://www.library.wisc.edu/guides/EastAsia/fhking.html F. H. King documents from East Asia at Univ of Wisconsin–Madison]

Revision as of 07:37, 2 December 2017

Franklin Hiram King
Franklin Hiram King, from the frontispiece of Farmers of Forty Centuries (1911).
Born(1848-06-08)June 8, 1848
La Grange,
near Whitewater, Wisconsin, United States
Died4 August 1911 (1911-08-05) (aged 63)
United States
NationalityAmerican
Known forstorage silo
Spouse
​
(m. 1880)​
ChildrenAnna
Max
Clarence
Hugh
Ralph
Howard
Scientific career
Fieldsagricultural scientist
InstitutionsUniversity of Wisconsin–Madison

Franklin Hiram King (8 June 1848 – 4 August 1911) was an American agricultural scientist who was born on a farm near Whitewater, Wisconsin, attended country schools, and received his professional training first at Whitewater State Normal School and then at Cornell University. King is now best remembered for his first-hand account of traditional agricultural practices in Asia, now regarded as an organic farming classic text.[1]

King served as a professor of agricultural physics at the University of Wisconsin–Madison from 1888 until 1902. Interested in a wide range of subjects throughout his career, King made major contributions during these years in research and teaching that dealt with applications of physics to agriculture. Most attention was given to soil physics, for example, water-holding capacities of soils, moisture requirements of plants, aeration, movement of water in soils, movement of groundwater, the drafts of plows, and the lifting power of windmills; he also began studies of soil fertility. The impact of his career was greatest in the field of soil science. He has been called the father of soil physics in the United States.

King left Wisconsin to become chief of the Division of Soil Management in the USDA Bureau of Soils in Washington, D.C. in January 1902. His findings in the next two years, that the concentration of nutrients in soil solution was correlated with crop yields, began to undermine beliefs held strongly by the chief of the bureau, Milton Whitney, about the relations of soil chemistry to plant growth and soil fertility. King was forced to resign but privately published several additional papers from his research during this period.

King returned to Madison, where he devoted the last seven years of his life to summarizing earlier findings and conducting further research in agricultural physics, including the ventilation of farm buildings. Three of his seven books were written during that period, the best known of which is Farmers of Forty Centuries, or Permanent Agriculture in China, Korea, and Japan, which recounted his investigations into what would now be called organic farming or sustainable agriculture during a nine-month tour of Asia in 1909.[1] The last chapter was completed after his death by his wife, Carrie Baker King. The book was published in 1911 and was described by Lord Northbourne—the founder of organic agriculture—as a "classic" which "no student of farming or social science can afford to ignore".[2]

He is most popularly known for designing the cylindrical storage silo, which reduces the occurrence of moldy corners in the grain.[3][4] Some[who?] have speculated that Frank Lloyd Wright's design of the Guggenheim Museum was influenced by King's designs. King is commemorated at the University of Wisconsin–Madison by King Hall, so renamed in 1934, which is the same Agricultural Physics Hall in which he worked during his tenure there and which now houses part of the Department of Soil Science (formed by the 1904 reorganization of King's original department into the 'Soils Department' and the 'Agricultural Engineering Department'), and by the F. H. King Students for Sustainable Agriculture, a student organization that grows various crops that are given away to community residents to raise awareness of sustainable farming and gardening.

Partial bibliography

  • King, Franklin Hiram (1891). "The Construction of Silos". Bulletin (University of Wisconsin. Agricultural Experiment Station) (28). Madison, Wis.: University of Wisconsin.
  • King, Franklin Hiram (1894). "Destructive Effects of Winds on Sandy Soils and Light Sandy Loams: With Methods of Protection". Bulletin (University of Wisconsin. Agricultural Experiment Station) (42). Madison, Wis.: University of Wisconsin.
  • King, Franklin Hiram (1895). The Soil, Its Nature, Relations, and Fundamental Principles of Management. Macmillan & Co.
  • King, Franklin Hiram (1899). Irrigation and Drainage. Macmillan & Co.
  • King, Franklin Hiram (1900). "Silage, and the construction of modern silos". Bulletin (University of Wisconsin. Agricultural Experiment Station) (83). Madison, Wis.: University of Wisconsin.
  • King, Franklin Hiram (1907). "Tillage, Its Philosophy and Practice". Cyclopedia of American Agriculture.
  • King, Franklin Hiram (1907). "The Necessity and Practice of Drainage". Cyclopedia of American Agriculture.
  • King, Franklin Hiram (1908). "Drainage". The Standard Cyclopedia of Modern Agriculture (British).
  • King, Franklin Hiram (1908). "Irrigation". The Standard Cyclopedia of Modern Agriculture (British).
  • King, Franklin Hiram (1901). A Text Book of the Physics of Agriculture. Madison, Wis.: Mrs. F. H. King. p. 604. 176 illustrations.
  • King, Franklin Hiram (1908). Ventilation for Dwellings, Rural Schools, and Stables. Madison, Wis.: F. H. King. p. 128. 63 illustrations.
  • King, Franklin Hiram (1911). Farmers of Forty Centuries, or Permanent Agriculture in China, Korea and Japan. Madison, Wis.: Mrs. F. H. King. p. 441. 246 illustrations, introduction by Dr. L. H. Bailey.
  • King, Franklin Hiram (1914). Carrie H. Baker King (ed.). Soil Management. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner. p. 311.

References

  1. ^ a b Paull, John (2011) "The making of an agricultural classic: Farmers of Forty Centuries or Permanent Agriculture in China, Korea and Japan, 1911–2011" Agricultural Sciences, 2(3), 175–180
  2. ^ Northbourne, L., 1940, Look to the land, J. M. Dent, London, p. 17, p. 55, apud Paull, John, "Permanent Agriculture: Precursor to Organic Farming", Elementals: Journal of Bio-Dynamics Tasmania, no.83, pp. 19–21, 2006.
  3. ^ King, Franklin Hiram (1891). "The Construction of Silos". Bulletin (University of Wisconsin. Agricultural Experiment Station) (28). University of Wisconsin: 15.
  4. ^ King, Franklin Hiram (1900). "Silage, and the construction of modern silos". Bulletin (University of Wisconsin. Agricultural Experiment Station) (83). University of Wisconsin.

External links

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