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==History==
==History==
In 1983, the [[Association of American Publishers]] (AAP), a coalition of book and journal publishers in North America, launched the Electronic Manuscript Project, the first effort ever to develop a commercial SGML application.<ref name="cave" /> The project sought to create a standard for document interchange that would allow the publishing industry to reap the benefits of descriptive markup, which was seen as “the most effective means of establishing a consistent method for preparing electronic manuscripts which can feed the publishing process.”<ref> {{cite news |last1=Association of American Publishers| first1=.|title= Electronic Manuscript Project: Task I Report | publisher=Aspen Systems |place=Rockville, MD| date= 1984| page=7}}</ref>. Key participants in the project included organizations such as the [[US Library of Congress]], the American Society of Indexers, the [[IEEE]], the [[American Chemical Society]], the [[American Institute of Physics]], and the [[American Mathematical Society]].<ref name="cave">{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1108/10650750310698766| issn = 1065-075X| volume = 19| issue = 4| pages = 144–148| last = Cave| first = Francis| title = Article Metadata Standards: An Historical Review| journal = OCLC Systems & Services: International Digital Library Perspectives| accessdate = 2017-08-27| date = 2003-12-01| url = http://www.emeraldinsight.com.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/doi/full/10.1108/10650750310698766}}</ref>
In 1983, the [[Association of American Publishers]] (AAP), a coalition of book and journal publishers in North America, launched the Electronic Manuscript Project, the first effort ever to develop a commercial SGML application.<ref name="cave" /> The project sought to create a standard for document interchange that would allow the publishing industry to reap the benefits of [[Markup language#Types| descriptive markup]], which was seen as “the most effective means of establishing a consistent method for preparing electronic manuscripts which can feed the publishing process.”<ref> {{cite news |last1=Association of American Publishers| first1=.|title= Electronic Manuscript Project: Task I Report | publisher=Aspen Systems |place=Rockville, MD| date= 1984| page=7}}</ref>. Key participants in the project included organizations such as the [[US Library of Congress]], the American Society of Indexers, the [[IEEE]], the [[American Chemical Society]], the [[American Institute of Physics]], and the [[American Mathematical Society]].<ref name="cave">{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1108/10650750310698766| issn = 1065-075X| volume = 19| issue = 4| pages = 144–148| last = Cave| first = Francis| title = Article Metadata Standards: An Historical Review| journal = OCLC Systems & Services: International Digital Library Perspectives| accessdate = 2017-08-27| date = 2003-12-01| url = http://www.emeraldinsight.com.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/doi/full/10.1108/10650750310698766}}</ref>


In 1983, Aspen Systems Corporation was hired to conduct the work over a two-year period. Two preliminary works with restricted distribution were produced in 1985, the draft AAP DTD<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = AAP| title = Association of American Publishers' Standard for Electronic Manuscript Preparation and Exchange.| location = Washington| date = 1985}}</ref> and author guidelines.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = AAP| title = Author Guidelines for the Preparation, Creation and Exchange of Electronic Manuscripts| location = Washington| date = 1985}}</ref><ref name=Smith>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1093/comjnl/29.3.193| volume = 29| issue = 3| pages = 193–200| last = Smith| first = Joan M.| title = The Implications of SGML for the Preparation of Scientific Publications| journal = The Computer Journal| date = 1986-03-01}}</ref>
In 1983, Aspen Systems Corporation was hired to conduct the work over a two-year period. Two preliminary works with restricted distribution were produced in 1985, the draft AAP DTD<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = AAP| title = Association of American Publishers' Standard for Electronic Manuscript Preparation and Exchange.| location = Washington| date = 1985}}</ref> and author guidelines.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = AAP| title = Author Guidelines for the Preparation, Creation and Exchange of Electronic Manuscripts| location = Washington| date = 1985}}</ref><ref name=Smith>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1093/comjnl/29.3.193| volume = 29| issue = 3| pages = 193–200| last = Smith| first = Joan M.| title = The Implications of SGML for the Preparation of Scientific Publications| journal = The Computer Journal| date = 1986-03-01}}</ref>

Revision as of 15:05, 1 September 2017

ISO 12083 (informally known as "AAP markup"[1]) is an international SGML standard for document interchange between authors and publishers, featuring separate DTDs for books, serials, articles, and math.

History

In 1983, the Association of American Publishers (AAP), a coalition of book and journal publishers in North America, launched the Electronic Manuscript Project, the first effort ever to develop a commercial SGML application.[2] The project sought to create a standard for document interchange that would allow the publishing industry to reap the benefits of descriptive markup, which was seen as “the most effective means of establishing a consistent method for preparing electronic manuscripts which can feed the publishing process.”[3]. Key participants in the project included organizations such as the US Library of Congress, the American Society of Indexers, the IEEE, the American Chemical Society, the American Institute of Physics, and the American Mathematical Society.[2]

In 1983, Aspen Systems Corporation was hired to conduct the work over a two-year period. Two preliminary works with restricted distribution were produced in 1985, the draft AAP DTD[4] and author guidelines.[5][6]

In 1986, the Electronic Publishing Special Interest Group (EPSIG), a consortium sponsored by the Online Computer Library Center (OCLC), recommended the DTDs developed by the Electronic Manuscript Project be used as an American Standard.[2] With the support of the AAP and the Graphic Communications Association (GCA), the recommendations were accepted and, in 1988, the AAP DTD became the American National Standards Institute's Electronic Manuscript Preparation and Markup (ANSI/NISO Z39.59) standard. Being based on the ASCII character encoding standard, it includes a large set of entity definitions for special characters.[7]

The AAP and EPSIG continued their collaboration and published a revised version of the specification in 1989,[8][9][10][11] identifying three document types in the field of pubishing: Book, Serial Publication, and Article, for each of which the revised specification offers a DTD.[12]

The AAP and the European Physical Society (EPS) further collaborated on a standard method for marking up tables and mathematical notation in scientific documents.[13] Buikding on this work, Eric van Herwijnen, then head of the text processing section at CERN,[14] edited the specification for adoption by the International Organization for Standardization as ISO 12083, first published in 1993,[7] revised in 1994[15] and last reconfirmed in 2016.[16] ISO 12083 features four DTDs: Article, Book, Serial, and Math.

Usage

In practice, ISO 12083 is seldom used in its pure form, yet it is the basis of many DTDs in common use.[17]

References

  1. ^ McCallum, Sally (1996). "What Makes a Standard?". Cataloging and Classification Standards and Rules. New York: The Haworth Press. pp. 5–16. ISBN 978-1-136-58921-8. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |editors= ignored (|editor= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ a b c Cave, Francis (2003-12-01). "Article Metadata Standards: An Historical Review". OCLC Systems & Services: International Digital Library Perspectives. 19 (4): 144–148. doi:10.1108/10650750310698766. ISSN 1065-075X. Retrieved 2017-08-27.
  3. ^ Association of American Publishers, . (1984). "Electronic Manuscript Project: Task I Report". Rockville, MD: Aspen Systems. p. 7. {{cite news}}: |first1= has numeric name (help)
  4. ^ Association of American Publishers' Standard for Electronic Manuscript Preparation and Exchange. Washington: AAP. 1985.
  5. ^ Author Guidelines for the Preparation, Creation and Exchange of Electronic Manuscripts. Washington: AAP. 1985.
  6. ^ Smith, Joan M. (1986-03-01). "The Implications of SGML for the Preparation of Scientific Publications". The Computer Journal. 29 (3): 193–200. doi:10.1093/comjnl/29.3.193.
  7. ^ a b Van Herwijnen, Eric (1994). Practical SGML. Springer. p. 111. ISBN 9780792394341.
  8. ^ Reference Manual on Electronic Manuscript Preparation and Markup (Version 2. Dublin, OH, USA: Association of American Publishers, EPSIG. 1989.
  9. ^ Author’s Guide to Electronic Manuscript Preparation and Markup (Version 2). Dublin, OH, USA: Association of American Publishers, EPSIG. 1989.
  10. ^ Markup of tabular material (Version 2). Dublin, OH, USA: Association of American Publishers, EPSIG. 1989.
  11. ^ Markup of mathematical formulas (Version 2). Dublin, OH, USA: Association of American Publishers, EPSIG. 1989.
  12. ^ Goossens, Michel; Saarela, Janne (November 1995). "A practical introduction to SGML". TUGboat. 16 (2): 103–145. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  13. ^ Goossens, Michel; Saarela, Janne (November 1995). "A practical introduction to SGML". TUGboat. 16 (2): 103–145.
  14. ^ van Ess-Dkema, Carol (March 1991). "Review of "Practical SGML" by Eric Van Herwijnen. Kluwer Academic Publishers 1990". Computational Linguistics. 17 (1): 110–116. ISSN 0891-2017.
  15. ^ "ISO 12083:1994 - Information and documentation -- Electronic manuscript preparation and markup". International Organization for Standardization. October 1994. Retrieved 2017-08-27.
  16. ^ ISO Update, Supplement to ISO Focus (PDF), International Organization for Standardization, February 2016
  17. ^ Kasdorf, William E. (2003). "Markup: XML & Related Technologies". The Columbia Guide to Digital Publishing. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 65–154. ISBN 978-0-231-12499-7. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |editors= ignored (|editor= suggested) (help)

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