Standard Generalized Markup Language

Standard Generalized Markup Language
File extension :	no
MIME type :	application / sgml, text / sgml
Type:	Metalanguage
Container for:	HTML
Extended by:	GML
Expanded to:	XML , HTML5
Standard (s) :	ISO 8879

The Standardized Generalized Markup Language ( English Standard Generalized Markup Language ), abbreviated SGML , one is meta-language that enables you different markup languages ( English markup languages ) for documents may define. SGML is an ISO standard : ISO 8879: 1986 Information Processing - Text and Office Systems - Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML) .

History and topicality

• 1986-10: ISO 8879
  information processing; Text and office systems; Standardized Generalized Markup Language (SGML)
• 1988-07: ISO 8879 AMD 1 (German ISO 8879 Amendment 1 )
  information processing; Text and office systems; Standardized Generalized Markup Language (SGML); Change 1
• 1996-12: ISO 8879 Technical Corrigendum 1 (German ISO 8879 Technical Corrigendum 1 )
  Information technology - Text and office systems - Standardized generalized markup language (SGML); Technical correction 1
• 1999-11: ISO 8879 Technical Corrigendum 2 (German ISO 8879 Technical Correction 2 )
  Information technology - Text and office systems - Standardized generalized markup language (SGML); Technical correction 2

Standardization status: current .

DIN version

The ISO standard SGML ISO 8879 was adopted unchanged in the European standard EN 28879 in 1990 (addendum EN for European standard and prefixing the number 2 as an indicator for an adoption of an ISO standard). This version already contains the standard change ISO 8879 AMD 1: 1988-07.

The European standard was adopted in the German version DIN EN 28879 in 1991 ( DIN added to the European standard). The German version was never translated into German.

DIN sells the standards through Beuth-Verlag, which offers the ISO 8879 standard (original, English) as well as the German standard DIN EN 28879 (English). The German version (DIN EN 28879) was withdrawn on September 1, 2007. The international standard ISO 8879 is still a currently valid standard.

DIN indicator, September 2007:

Z DIN EN 28879 : 1991-03
Informationsverarbeitung; Textverarbeitung und -kommunikation; Genormte Verallgemeinerte Auszeichnungssprache (SGML) (ISO 8879:1986 + A1:1988); EN 28879:1990

Zurückgezogen; dafür sollen ISO 8879:1986 und ISO 8879 AMD 1.1988 angewendet werden.

Content and presentation

A valid ( English valid to be described) in SGML document, has a document type definition are (DTD), which describes the structural design of the document. SGML describes the structure of a document, whereby the layout is not taken into account. Due to the strict separation of structure and layout, SGML data form the basis for media-neutral data.

The structure is indicated in the document by elements . For example, a heading in SGML is marked with an element, the presentation (layout) of this element is left to the layout program.

<Titel>Das ist eine &Uuml;berschrift</Titel>

SGML documents are read or checked with parsers . A parser first reads in the SGML declaration (rules of syntax), then the DTD (rules of structure) and then the actual document data (content, technical instance = derivation of the definitions). The parser checks whether the document conforms to the specified rules. Such a parser is e.g. B. nsgmls by James Clark ; this parser is being further developed as part of the OpenSP project.

A valid document is a document that conforms to all specified rules. Every SGML document is - quality first - a valid document. Only valid documents can be further processed by parsers.

For example, the free language Document Style Semantics and Specification Language (DSSSL) can be used to transform or reproduce a document for a specific output medium .

Demarcation

The best known SGML-based language developments are HTML and XML . HTML was the main application ( English application ) of SGML. XML is seen as the successor to SGML. XML is essentially defined by a specific subset of SGML. In practice, XML has now replaced SGML in many areas.

Language elements

• Document type definitions (DTDs)
• Document type declarations , e.g. B.<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML 4.0//DE">
• Tags
  • Start day: <dokument> <p> <b>
  • End day: </dokument> </p> </b>
• elements
  • Content blocks, identified by start day and end day: <p>content</p>
  • Elements without content, marked only with a start tag:<img src="bild.jpg">
  • Elements without content according to the syntax ISO 8879 Technical Corrigendum 2 (Web SGML) from 1999:<img src="bild.jpg" />
• Attributes , properties within tags:src="bild.jpg"
• Character entities
  • named entities: < & ä
  • numeric entities: é é
  • System entities: &#TAB; &#SPACE;
• CDATA Sections: <![CDATA[Contents]]>
• Processing<? instructions : instruction>
• Comments
  • Comments in tags and declarations: --Comment--
  • Comment declarations: <!--Comment-->

Many of SGML's language elements live on today in HTML and XML .

history

One of the fathers of SGML is Charles Goldfarb , who defined the foundations for IBM's Document Composition Facility Generalized Markup Language ( IBM GML or DCF GML) . The aim of the GML was to describe documents in such a way that the result did not depend on a specific platform or a specific application. It was all about the logical structure such as B. the division of a book into headings, chapters, sections and not about the appearance of a document. This essential idea, the concept of generic coding , originated in the late 1960s and goes back to William W. Tunnicliffe . Over the years, GML was further developed and finally established itself in 1986 as the international standard ISO 8879: 1986 Standard Generalized Markup Language - SGML.

Authorities, companies, educational institutions and institutions began to store their data in SGML. However, SGML only made its big breakthrough on a broad front with the ability to automatically generate data for HTML and XML-based applications.

Applications

• HTML , standard for structuring websites
• DocBook , standard for creating (technical) documentation
• TEI , document format for coding and exchanging texts
• EAD , standard for describing finding aids and other aids Find in archives
• AECMA DTDs, specification for creating technical documentation for aviation
• ATA DTDs, specification for creating technical documentation for aviation
• MIL DTDs, technical documentation in the military

Most of the applications listed are now being further developed on the basis of XML .

See also

• element
• attribute
• DTD
• entity
• Processing instruction

literature

• Charles F. Goldfarb: The SGML Handbook . Oxford University Press, 1991, ISBN 0-19-853737-9
• Matthias Braune / Thorsten Sajonz: Regulations in Aircraft Construction - Search Strategies for Optimized Demand for Information with SGML , Deutsche Aerospace Airbus Bremen, 1993
• Maler / El Andaloussi: Developing SGML Document Type Definitions . Prentice Hall, 1995, ISBN 978-0-13-309881-5
• Wolfgang Rieger: SGML for practice - approach and use of ISO 8879 . Springer, 1995, ISBN 978-3-642-78703-4
• Horst Szillat: SGML: An introduction . International Thompson Publishing, 1995, ISBN 3-929821-75-3
• Brian E. Travis: The SGML Implementation Guide: A Blueprint for SGML Migration . Springer, 1995, ISBN 3-540-57730-0
• Colby / Jackson / DeRose: Using SGML . Que, 1996, ISBN 978-0-7897-0414-6
• Truly Donovan: Industrial-Strength Sgml: An Introduction to Enterprise Publishing . Pearson Education Limited, 1996, ISBN 978-0-13-216243-2
• William R. Stanek: HTML, CGI, SGML, VRML, Java, Web Publishing Unleashed . Sams Net, 1996, ISBN 978-1-57521-051-3
• Neil Bradley: The Concise SGML Companion . Addison-Wesley, 1997, ISBN 978-0-201-41999-3
• Martin Bryan: Sgml and Html Explained . Addison-Wesley, 2nd edition, 1997, ISBN 978-0-201-40394-7
• SJ DeRose: The SGML FAQ Book: Understanding the Foundation of HTML and XML . Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1997, ISBN 978-0-7923-9943-8
• Chet Ensign: SGML: The Billion Dollar Secret . Prentice Hall, 1997, ISBN 978-0-13-226705-2
• Peter Flynn: The SGML Power Tools Book with CDROM (Internet / Intranet Tools) . International Thomson Publishing, 1997, ISBN 978-1-85032-328-0
• Rubinsky / Maloney: Sgml on the Web: Small Steps Beyond HTML . Prentice-Hall, 1997, ISBN 978-0-13-519984-8
• Martin Bryan: Sgml: An Author's Guide to the Standard Generalized Markup Language . Addison-Wesley, 1988, ISBN 978-0-201-17535-6
• Charles Goldfarb: SGML Buyer's Guide: A Unique Guide to Determining Your Requirements and Choosing the Right SGML and XML Products and Services . Prentice Hall PTR, 1998, ISBN 978-0-13-681511-2 * Bill Von Hagen: Sgml for Dummies . Hungry Minds Inc., 1998, ISBN 978-0-7645-0175-3
• Rick Jelliffe: The Xml & Sgml Cookbook: Recipes for Structured Information . Pearson Education Ltd., 1998, ISBN 978-0-13-614223-2
• Norman E. Smith: Practical Guide to Sgml / Xml Filters . Wordware Publishing Inc., 1998, ISBN 978-1-55622-587-1
• Danny R. Vint: Sgml at Work . Prentice-Hall, 1998, ISBN 978-0-13-636572-3
• Möhr / Schmidt (Ed.): SGML and XML: Applications and Perspectives . Springer-Verlag, 1999, ISBN 978-3-540-65543-5
• Henning Lobin: Information modeling in XML and SGML . Springer, 2001, ISBN 978-3-540-65356-1
• Eric van Herwijnen: Practical SGML . Springer, 2nd edition, 2013, ISBN 978-0-7923-9434-1

Web links

• Overview of SGML Resources (English)
• Charles Goldfarb: The Roots of SGML (English)
• Comparison of SGML and XML (English)

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ISO 8879: 1986-10. In: din.de. Retrieved November 9, 2016 . 
2. ↑ ISO 8879: 1986-10. In: archive.org. November 10, 2016. Retrieved November 19, 2017 . 
3. ↑ ISO 8879 AMD 1: 1988-07. In: din.de. Retrieved November 9, 2016 . 
4. ↑ ISO 8879 AMD 1: 1988-07. In: archive.org. November 10, 2016. Retrieved November 19, 2017 . 
5. ↑ ISO 8879 Technical Corrigendum 1: 1996-12. In: din.de. Retrieved November 9, 2016 . 
6. ↑ ISO 8879 Technical Corrigendum 1: 1996-12. In: archive.org. November 10, 2016. Retrieved November 19, 2017 . 
7. ↑ ISO 8879 Technical Corrigendum 2: 1999-11. In: din.de. Retrieved November 9, 2016 . 
8. ↑ ISO 8879 Technical Corrigendum 2: 1999-11. In: archive.org. November 10, 2016. Retrieved November 19, 2017 . 
9. ↑ ISO 8879-1986 Information processing; Text and office systems; Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML) - International Organization for Standardization (ISO). In: archive.org. Retrieved September 11, 2019 . 
10. ↑ ISO 8879: 1986 - Information processing - Text and office systems - Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML). In: ISO. Retrieved November 16, 2019 . 
11. ↑ ISO 8879: 1986-10. In: beuth.de. Retrieved November 16, 2019 . 
12. ↑ DIN EN 28879: 1991-03. In: beuth.de. Retrieved November 16, 2019 . 
13. ↑ DIN EN 28879 Information Processing - Text And Office Systems - Standard Generalized Markup Language (sgml) - German Institute for Standardization (DIN). In: archive.org. Retrieved September 11, 2019 . 
14. ↑ message from R. Grahle, Standards Committee Information and Documentation (NID), DIN German Institute for Standardization. V.
15. ↑ nsgmls. In: jclark.com. Retrieved November 13, 2016 . 
16. ↑ OpenSP. In: openjade.sourceforge.net. Retrieved November 13, 2016 .