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{{Short description|Genus of bacteria}}
{{Automatic taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
| image =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| taxon = Kocuria
| taxon = Kocuria
| authority = Stackebrandt et al. 1995<ref>Stackebrandt, E., Koch, C., Gvozdiak, O., and Schumann, P. "Taxonomic dissection of the genus ''Micrococcus'': ''Kocuria'' gen. nov., ''Nesterenkonia'' gen. nov., ''Kytococcus'' gen. nov., ''Dermacoccus'' gen. nov., and ''Micrococcus'' Cohn 1872 gen. emend." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1995) 45:682-692</ref>
| authority = Stackebrandt ''et al''. 1995<ref>Stackebrandt, E., Koch, C., Gvozdiak, O., and Schumann, P. "Taxonomic dissection of the genus ''Micrococcus'': ''Kocuria'' gen. nov., ''Nesterenkonia'' gen. nov., ''Kytococcus'' gen. nov., ''Dermacoccus'' gen. nov., and ''Micrococcus'' Cohn 1872 gen. emend." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1995) 45:682-692</ref>
⚫
| type_species = ''[[Kocuria rosea]]''
| synonyms =
| type_species_authority = ([[Carl Flügge|Flügge]] 1886) Stackebrandt et al. 1995
⚫
| synonyms_ref =
| subdivision_ranks = Species<ref name="LPSN">{{cite web | vauthors = Euzéby JP, Parte AC | url = https://lpsn.dsmz.de/genus/kocuria | title = ''Kocuria'' | access-date = June 14, 2022 | publisher = [[List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]] (LPSN)}}</ref>
⚫
| type_species =
| type_species_authority =
| subdivision_ranks = Species<ref>{{cite web|author1=<!-- not stated -->|title=''Kocuria''|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?name=Kocuria|website=NCBI taxonomy|publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information|accessdate=16 May 2019|location=Bethesda, MD|language=English}}</ref>
| subdivision =
| subdivision =
*''[[Kocuria aegyptia]]'' <small></small>
* ''[[Kocuria aegyptia|K. aegyptia]]'' <small>Li et al. 2006</small>
*''[[Kocuria arsenatis]]'' <small></small>
* ''[[Kocuria arsenatis|K. arsenatis]]'' <small>Román-Ponce et al. 2016</small>
*''[[Kocuria assamensis]]'' <small></small>
* ''[[Kocuria assamensis|"K. assamensis"]]'' <small>Kaur et al. 2011</small>
*''[[Kocuria atrinae]]'' <small></small>
* ''[[Kocuria atrinae|K. atrinae]]'' <small>Park et al. 2010</small>
*''[[Kocuria carniphila]]'' <small></small>
* ''[[Kocuria carniphila|K. carniphila]]'' <small>Tvrzová et al. 2005</small>
*''[[Kocuria dechangensis]]'' <small></small>
* ''[[Kocuria coralli|K. coralli]]'' <small>Li and Zhang 2020</small>
*''[[Kocuria flava]]'' <small></small>
* ''[[Kocuria dechangensis|K. dechangensis]]'' <small>Wang et al. 2015</small>
<!-- Kocuria erythromyxa was reclassified as Kocuria rosea. -->
⚫
*''[[Kocuria gwangalliensis]]'' <small></small>
*''[[Kocuria halotolerans]]'' <small></small>
* ''[[Kocuria flava|K. flava]]'' <small>Zhou et al. 2008</small>
*''[[Kocuria himachalensis]]'' <small></small>
* ''[[Kocuria gwangalliensis|K. gwangalliensis]]'' <small>Seo et al. 2009</small>
<!-- Kocuria halotolerans was reclassified as Rothia halotolerans. -->
⚫
*''[[Kocuria indica]]'' <small></small>
*''[[Kocuria koreensis]]'' <small></small>
* ''[[Kocuria himachalensis|K. himachalensis]]'' <small>Mayilraj et al. 2006</small>
*''[[Kocuria marina]]'' <small></small>
* ''[[Kocuria indica|K. indica]]'' <small>Dastager et al. 2014</small>
<!-- Kocuria koreensis was reclassified as Rothia koreensis. -->
⚫
*''[[Kocuria oceani]]'' <small></small>
<!-- Kocuria kristinae was reclassified as Rothia kristinae. -->
⚫
*''[[Kocuria ocularis]]'' <small></small>
*''[[Kocuria palustris]]'' <small></small>
* ''[[Kocuria marina|K. marina]]'' <small>Kim et al. 2004</small>
*''[[Kocuria pelophila]]'' <small></small>
* ''[[Kocuria massiliensis|"K. massiliensis"]]'' <small>Edouard et al. 2018</small>
*''[[Kocuria polaris]]'' <small></small>
* ''[[Kocuria oceani|K. oceani]]'' <small>Zhang et al. 2017</small>
*''[[Kocuria rhizophila]]'' <small></small>
* ''[[Kocuria ocularis|"K. ocularis"]]'' <small>Domont et al. 2014</small>
*''[[Kocuria rosea]]'' <small></small>
* ''[[Kocuria palustris|K. palustris]]'' <small>Kovács et al. 1999</small>
*''[[Kocuria salina]]'' <small></small>
* ''[[Kocuria pelophila|K. pelophila]]'' <small>Hamada et al. 2016</small>
*''[[Kocuria salsicia]]'' <small></small>
* ''[[Kocuria polaris|K. polaris]]'' <small>Reddy et al. 2003</small>
*''[[Kocuria sediminis]]'' <small></small>
* ''[[Kocuria rhizophila|K. rhizophila]]'' <small>Kovács et al. 1999</small>
*''[[Kocuria subflava]]'' <small></small>
* ''[[Kocuria rosea|K. rosea]]'' <small>(Flügge 1886) Stackebrandt et al. 1995</small>
*''[[Kocuria turfanensis]]'' <small></small>
* ''[[Kocuria salina|K. salina]]'' <small>Camacho et al. 2017</small>
*''[[Kocuria tytonicola]]'' <small></small>
* ''[[Kocuria salsicia|K. salsicia]]'' <small>Yun et al. 2011</small>
*''[[Kocuria uropygialis]]'' <small></small>
* ''[[Kocuria sediminis|"K. sediminis"]]'' <small>Bala et al. 2012</small>
*''[[Kocuria uropygioeca]]'' <small></small>
* ''[[Kocuria soli|K. soli]]'' <small>Tuo et al. 2019</small>
*''[[Kocuria varians]]'' <small></small>
* ''[[Kocuria subflava|K. subflava]]'' <small>Jiang et al. 2016</small>
⚫
* ''[[Kocuria turfanensis|K. turfanensis]]'' <small>Zhou et al. 2008</small>
⚫
* ''[[Kocuria tytonicola|"K. tytonicola"]]'' <small>Braun et al. 2019</small>
⚫
* ''[[Kocuria tytonis|K. tytonis]]'' <small>Braun et al. 2019</small>
⚫
* ''[[Kocuria uropygialis|K. uropygialis]]'' <small>Braun et al. 2018</small>
* ''[[Kocuria uropygioeca|K. uropygioeca]]'' <small>Braun et al. 2018</small>
* ''[[Kocuria varians|K. varians]]'' <small>(Migula 1900) Stackebrandt et al. 1995</small>
| synonyms = * ''Pelczaria'' <small>Poston 1994</small>
⚫
| synonyms_ref = <ref name="LPSN"/>
}}
}}


'''''Kocuria''''' is a genus of [[gram-positive bacteria]] in the phylum [[Actinobacteria]], class ''Actinobacteria'', order ''Actinomycetales'', sub order ''Micrococcinae'' and family ''Micrococcaceae''. ''Kocuria'' was discovered by Miroslav Kosur, a Slovakian microbiologist. It has been found in the [[milk]] of [[water deer]] and [[reindeer]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Zhipeng |last2=Wright |first2=André-Denis G. |last3=Yang |first3=Yifeng |last4=Si |first4=Huazhe |last5=Li |first5=Guangyu |date=2017-01-18 |title=Unique Bacteria Community Composition and Co-occurrence in the Milk of Different Ruminants |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=7 |pages=40950 |doi=10.1038/srep40950 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=5241872 |pmid=28098228|bibcode=2017NatSR...740950L }}</ref> Kocuria is a genus of coccus shaped bacteria that have morphology resembling Staphylococci and Micrococci; however, with the use of the automated identification system and methods such as 16s rRNA sequencing, Kocuria was identified in 1974. It can be found arranged in pairs, chains, tetrads, cubical arrangements of eight, and irregular clusters. They have rigid cell walls and are either aerobic or facultative anaerobic.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Venkataramana|first=Kandi|last2=Padmavali|first2=Palange|last3=Ritu|first3=Vaish|last4=Adnan|first4=Bashir Bhatti|last5=Vinod|first5=Kale|last6=Maheshwar|first6=Reddy Kandi|last7=Mohan|first7=Rao Bhoomagiri|date=August 2016|title=Emerging Bacterial Infection: Identification and Clinical Significance of Kocuria Species|journal=Cureus|volume=8|issue=8|pages=e731|doi=10.7759/cureus.731|pmid=27630804|pmc=5017880}}</ref>
'''''Kocuria''''' is a genus of [[gram-positive bacteria]]. ''Kocuria'' is named after Miloslav Kocur, a Czech microbiologist. It has been found in the [[milk]] of [[water deer]] and [[reindeer]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Zhipeng |last2=Wright |first2=André-Denis G. |last3=Yang |first3=Yifeng |last4=Si |first4=Huazhe |last5=Li |first5=Guangyu |date=2017-01-18 |title=Unique Bacteria Community Composition and Co-occurrence in the Milk of Different Ruminants |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=7 |pages=40950 |doi=10.1038/srep40950 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=5241872 |pmid=28098228|bibcode=2017NatSR...740950L }}</ref> Cells are coccoid, resembling ''[[Staphylococcus]]'' and ''[[Micrococcus]]'', and can group in pairs, chains, tetrads, cubical arrangements of eight, or irregular clusters. They have rigid cell walls and are either aerobic or facultative anaerobic.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Venkataramana|first1=Kandi|last2=Padmavali|first2=Palange|last3=Ritu|first3=Vaish|last4=Adnan|first4=Bashir Bhatti|last5=Vinod|first5=Kale|last6=Maheshwar|first6=Reddy Kandi|last7=Mohan|first7=Rao Bhoomagiri|date=August 2016|title=Emerging Bacterial Infection: Identification and Clinical Significance of ''Kocuria'' Species|journal=Cureus|volume=8|issue=8|pages=e731|doi=10.7759/cureus.731|doi-access=free |pmid=27630804|pmc=5017880}}</ref> ''Kocuria'' can usually survive in [[Mesophile|mesophilic]] temperatures.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Reimer |first1=Lorenz Christian |last2=Carbasse |first2=Joaquim Sardà |last3=Koblitz |first3=Julia |last4=Ebeling |first4=Christian |last5=Podstawka |first5=Adam |last6=Overmann |first6=Jörg |date=2022 |title=Kocuria rosea DSM 20447 is an aerobe, mesophilic bacterium of the family Micrococcaceae |url=https://bacdive.dsmz.de/strain/7641 |access-date=2022-11-07 |website=BacDive |language=en}}</ref>


== Clinical significance ==
== Clinical significance ==
''Kocuria'' has been found to live on human skin and oral cavity.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Grice|first=Elizabeth|last2=Kong|first2=Heidi|last3=Renaud|first3=Gabriel|last4=Young|first4=Alice|last5=Bouffard|first5=Gerard|last6=Blakesly|first6=Robert|last7=Wolfsberg|first7=Tyra|last8=Turner|first8=Maria|last9=Segre|first9=Julia|date=July 2018|title=A diversity profile of the human skin microbiota|url=|journal=Genome Research|volume=18|issue=7|pages=1043–1050|doi=10.1101/gr.075549.107|pmid=18502944|pmc=2493393}}</ref> It is generally considered non-pathogenic but can be found in some infections. Specific infection associated with ''Kocuria'' are urinary tract infections, cholecystitis<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ma|first=Edmond SK|last2=Wong|first2=Chris LP|last3=Lai|first3=Kristi TW|last4=Chan|first4=Edmond CH|last5=Yam|first5=WC|last6=Chan|first6=Angus CW|date=2005-07-19|title=Kocuria kristinae infection associated with acute cholecystitis|journal=BMC Infectious Diseases|volume=5|issue=1|pages=60|doi=10.1186/1471-2334-5-60|pmid=16029488|pmc=1181815|issn=1471-2334}}</ref>, catheter-associated bacteremia<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dotis|first=John|last2=Printza|first2=Nikoleta|last3=Stabouli|first3=Stella|last4=Papachristou|first4=Fotios|date=Jan-Feb 2015|title=Kocuria Species Peritonitis: Although Rare, We Have To Care|journal=Peritoneal Dialysis International|volume=35|issue=1|pages=26–30|doi=10.3747/pdi.2013.00138|pmid=24584591|pmc=4335924}}</ref>, dacryocystitis<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Domont|first=Fanny|last2=Le Flèche‐Matéos|first2=Anne|last3=Brémond‐Gignac|first3=Dominique|last4=Hamdad|first4=Farida|date=2014-06-01|title=Kocuria dacryocystitis infection, caused by kocuria ocularis sp. Nov.|journal=JMM Case Reports|volume=1|issue=2|doi=10.1099/jmmcr.0.002022|issn=2053-3721}}</ref>, canaliculitis, keratitis<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mattern|first=R.M.|last2=Ding|first2=Jiaxi|date=2014-02-27|title=Keratitis with '''''Kocuria palustris''''' and '''''Rothia mucilaginosa''''' in Vitamin A Deficiency|journal=Case Reports in Ophthalmology|volume=5|issue=1|pages=72–77|doi=10.1159/000360391|pmid=24707276|pmc=3975196|issn=1663-2699}}</ref>, native valve endocarditis<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Moreira|first=Jorge Salomão|last2=Riccetto|first2=Adriana Gut Lopes|last3=da Silva|first3=Marcos Tadeu Nolasco|last4=Vilela|first4=Maria Marluce dos Santos|date=January 2015|title=Endocarditis by Kocuria rosea in an immunocompetent child|journal=The Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases|volume=19|issue=1|pages=82–84|doi=10.1016/j.bjid.2014.09.007|pmid=25523077|issn=1413-8670}}</ref>, peritonitis<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sohn|first=Kyung Mok|last2=Baek|first2=Jin-Yang|last3=Kim|first3=So Hyun|last4=Cheon|first4=Shinhye|last5=Kim|first5=Yeon-Sook|date=April 2015|title=Catheter-related bacteremia caused by Kocuria salsicia: The first case|journal=Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy|volume=21|issue=4|pages=305–307|doi=10.1016/j.jiac.2014.11.005|pmid=25497673|issn=1341-321X}}</ref>, descending necrotizing mediastinitis<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lee|first=Mi Kyung|last2=Choi|first2=Soon Ho|last3=Ryu|first3=Dae Woong|date=2013-10-11|title=Descending necrotizing Mediastinitis caused by Kocuria rosea: a case report|journal=BMC Infectious Diseases|volume=13|issue=1|doi=10.1186/1471-2334-13-475|pmid=24112281|issn=1471-2334}}</ref>, brain abscess<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tsai|first=Cheng-Yu|last2=Su|first2=Shou-hsin|last3=Cheng|first3=Yu-Hsin|last4=Chou|first4=Yu-lin|last5=Tsai|first5=Tai-Hsin|last6=Lieu|first6=Ann-Shung|date=2010-04-27|title=Kocuria varians infection associated with brain abscess: A case report|journal=BMC Infectious Diseases|volume=10|issue=1|doi=10.1186/1471-2334-10-102|pmid=20423506|issn=1471-2334}}</ref> and meningitis. ''[[Kocuria rosea]]'' is known to cause infection in immunocompromised patients, causing oropharyngeal and deep cervical infections. However, as having low pathagenicity and being very susceptible to antibiotics, with immediate surgical drainage, debridement, and administration of broad range antibiotics showed great results.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lee|first=Mi Kyung|last2=Choi|first2=Soon Ho|last3=Ryu|first3=Dae Woong|date=2013-10-11|title=Descending necrotizing Mediastinitis caused by Kocuria rosea: a case report|journal=BMC Infectious Diseases|volume=13|issue=1|doi=10.1186/1471-2334-13-475|pmid=24112281|issn=1471-2334}}</ref>
''Kocuria'' has been found to live on human skin and oral cavity.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Grice|first1=Elizabeth|last2=Kong|first2=Heidi|last3=Renaud|first3=Gabriel|last4=Young|first4=Alice|last5=Bouffard|first5=Gerard|last6=Blakesly|first6=Robert|last7=Wolfsberg|first7=Tyra|last8=Turner|first8=Maria|last9=Segre|first9=Julia|author-link7=Tyra Wolfsberg|date=July 2018|title=A diversity profile of the human skin microbiota|journal=Genome Research|volume=18|issue=7|pages=1043–1050|doi=10.1101/gr.075549.107|pmid=18502944|pmc=2493393}}</ref> It is generally considered non-pathogenic but can be found in some infections. Specific infection associated with ''Kocuria'' are urinary tract infections, cholecystitis,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ma|first1=Edmond SK|last2=Wong|first2=Chris LP|last3=Lai|first3=Kristi TW|last4=Chan|first4=Edmond CH|last5=Yam|first5=WC|last6=Chan|first6=Angus CW|date=2005-07-19|title=''Kocuria kristinae'' infection associated with acute cholecystitis|journal=BMC Infectious Diseases|volume=5|issue=1|pages=60|doi=10.1186/1471-2334-5-60|pmid=16029488|pmc=1181815|issn=1471-2334 |doi-access=free }}</ref> catheter-associated bacteremia,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Dotis|first1=John|last2=Printza|first2=Nikoleta|last3=Stabouli|first3=Stella|last4=Papachristou|first4=Fotios|date=Jan–Feb 2015|title=Kocuria Species Peritonitis: Although Rare, We Have To Care|journal=Peritoneal Dialysis International|volume=35|issue=1|pages=26–30|doi=10.3747/pdi.2013.00138|pmid=24584591|pmc=4335924}}</ref> dacryocystitis,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Domont|first1=Fanny|last2=Le Flèche-Matéos|first2=Anne|last3=Brémond-Gignac|first3=Dominique|last4=Hamdad|first4=Farida|date=2014-06-01|title=''Kocuria dacryocystitis'' infection, caused by ''Kocuria ocularis'' sp. nov.|journal=JMM Case Reports|volume=1|issue=2|doi=10.1099/jmmcr.0.002022|issn=2053-3721|doi-access=free}}</ref> canaliculitis, keratitis,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mattern|first1=R.M.|last2=Ding|first2=Jiaxi|date=2014-02-27|title=Keratitis with ''Kocuria palustris'' and ''Rothia mucilaginosa'' in Vitamin A Deficiency|journal=Case Reports in Ophthalmology|volume=5|issue=1|pages=72–77|doi=10.1159/000360391|pmid=24707276|pmc=3975196|issn=1663-2699}}</ref> native valve endocarditis,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Moreira|first1=Jorge Salomão|last2=Riccetto|first2=Adriana Gut Lopes|last3=da Silva|first3=Marcos Tadeu Nolasco|last4=Vilela|first4=Maria Marluce dos Santos|date=January 2015|title=Endocarditis by ''Kocuria rosea'' in an immunocompetent child|journal=The Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases|volume=19|issue=1|pages=82–84|doi=10.1016/j.bjid.2014.09.007|pmid=25523077|pmc=9425231 |issn=1413-8670|doi-access=free}}</ref> peritonitis,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sohn|first1=Kyung Mok|last2=Baek|first2=Jin-Yang|last3=Kim|first3=So Hyun|last4=Cheon|first4=Shinhye|last5=Kim|first5=Yeon-Sook|date=April 2015|title=Catheter-related bacteremia caused by ''Kocuria salsicia'': The first case|journal=Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy|volume=21|issue=4|pages=305–307|doi=10.1016/j.jiac.2014.11.005|pmid=25497673|issn=1341-321X}}</ref> descending necrotizing mediastinitis,<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal|last1=Lee|first1=Mi Kyung|last2=Choi|first2=Soon Ho|last3=Ryu|first3=Dae Woong|date=2013-10-11|title=Descending necrotizing Mediastinitis caused by ''Kocuria rosea'': A case report|journal=BMC Infectious Diseases|volume=13|issue=1|page=475|doi=10.1186/1471-2334-13-475|pmid=24112281|pmc=3852562|issn=1471-2334|doi-access=free}}</ref> brain abscess<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Tsai|first1=Cheng-Yu|last2=Su|first2=Shou-hsin|last3=Cheng|first3=Yu-Hsin|last4=Chou|first4=Yu-lin|last5=Tsai|first5=Tai-Hsin|last6=Lieu|first6=Ann-Shung|date=2010-04-27|title=''Kocuria varians'' infection associated with brain abscess: A case report|journal=BMC Infectious Diseases|volume=10|issue=1|page=102|doi=10.1186/1471-2334-10-102|pmid=20423506|pmc=2875226|issn=1471-2334|doi-access=free}}</ref> and meningitis. It is also occasionally isolated in the microbiome of pilonidal sinuses <ref>Banerjee T, Singh A, Anurag, Pal S, Basu S. Emergence of Unusual Microorganisms in Microflora of Pilonidal Sinuses: A Multiple Case Series. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs. 2023 Jan-Feb 01;50(1):26-30. doi: 10.1097/WON.0000000000000945. PMID: 36668986.</ref> ''[[Kocuria rosea]]'' is known to cause infection in immunocompromised patients, causing oropharyngeal and deep cervical infections. However, as having low pathogenicity and being very susceptible to antibiotics, with immediate surgical drainage, debridement, and administration of broad range antibiotics showed great results.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>


== Microbiology ==
== Microbiology ==
''Kocuria'' can be grown on sheep blood agar and other simple media plates. They grow best in neutral pH environments.<ref name=":0" /> Depending on the species, they appear in a range of color such as: orange, pink, red, yellow or cream. They are shown to lack hemolytic ability on a blood agar plate. However, they have shown to react differently to normal laboratory identification techniques. These test include: catalase, urease, oxidase, amylase, gelatins, phosphatase, beta-galactosidase activities, and carbon source and citrate utilization<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Savini|first=V.|last2=Catavitello|first2=C.|last3=Masciarelli|first3=G.|last4=Astolfi|first4=D.|last5=Balbinot|first5=A.|last6=Bianco|first6=A.|last7=Febbo|first7=F.|last8=D'Amario|first8=C.|last9=D'Antonio|first9=D.|date=2010-09-30|title=Drug sensitivity and clinical impact of members of the genus Kocuria|journal=Journal of Medical Microbiology|volume=59|issue=12|pages=1395–1402|doi=10.1099/jmm.0.021709-0|pmid=20884772|issn=0022-2615}}</ref>. ''Kocuria'' is susceptibility towards bacitracin and lysozyme and resistance to nitrofurantoin, furazolidone and lysostaphin.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
''Kocuria'' can be grown on sheep blood agar and other simple media plates. They grow best in neutral pH environments.<ref name=":0" /> Depending on the species, they appear in a range of color such as: orange, pink, red, yellow or cream. They are shown to lack hemolytic ability on a blood agar plate. However, they have shown to react differently to normal laboratory identification techniques. These test include: catalase, urease, oxidase, amylase, gelatins, phosphatase, beta-galactosidase activities, and carbon source and citrate utilization.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Savini|first1=V.|last2=Catavitello|first2=C.|last3=Masciarelli|first3=G.|last4=Astolfi|first4=D.|last5=Balbinot|first5=A.|last6=Bianco|first6=A.|last7=Febbo|first7=F.|last8=D'Amario|first8=C.|last9=D'Antonio|first9=D.|date=2010-09-30|title=Drug sensitivity and clinical impact of members of the genus ''Kocuria''|journal=Journal of Medical Microbiology|volume=59|issue=12|pages=1395–1402|doi=10.1099/jmm.0.021709-0|pmid=20884772|issn=0022-2615|doi-access=free}}</ref> ''Kocuria'' is susceptible towards bacitracin and lysozyme and resistant to nitrofurantoin, furazolidone and lysostaphin.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />


== Environment ==
== Environment ==
In a study done by Louisiana State University, 75 strains of bacteria from the Atacama Desert were tested for its ability to grow in Mars-like climates. The environment tested contained high concentrations of perchlorate salts, a similar condition found on Mars surface. In this environment, ''Kocuria'' was found to grow in one of the highest concentrations compared to the other strains.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses/3601/|title=Investigation of the Growth and Survival of Bacteria from Mars Analog Environments When Exposed to Mars-like Conditions|last=Vallalar|first=Bharathi|date=2012|journal=Lsu Master's Theses|url-status=live}}</ref>
In a study done by Louisiana State University, 75 strains of bacteria from the Atacama Desert were tested for its ability to grow in Mars-like climates. The environment tested contained high concentrations of perchlorate salts, a similar condition found on Mars surface. In this environment, ''Kocuria'' was found to grow in one of the highest concentrations compared to the other strains.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses/3601/|title=Investigation of the Growth and Survival of Bacteria from Mars Analog Environments When Exposed to Mars-like Conditions|last=Vallalar|first=Bharathi|date=2012|journal=Lsu Master's Theses}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Further reading ==
* Gustavo Luis de Paiva Anciens Ramos, Hilana Ceotto Vigoder, Janaína dos Santos Nascimento (2021). [https://journals.sbmu.ac.ir/afb/issue/view/2081 "''Kocuria'' spp. in Foods: Biotechnological Uses and Risks for Food Safety"] . ''Applied Food Biotechnology'', Vol. 8 No. 2 (2021), 16 March 2021, Page 79–88. [[doi:10.22037/afb.v8i2.30748|doi.org/10.22037/afb.v8i2.30748]]


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[[Category:Micrococcineae]]
[[Category:Micrococcaceae]]
[[Category:Bacteria genera]]
[[Category:Bacteria genera]]


Latest revision as of 21:01, 6 January 2024

Kocuria
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: Actinomycetota
Class: Actinomycetia
Order: Micrococcales
Family: Micrococcaceae
Genus: Kocuria
Stackebrandt et al. 1995[1]
Type species
Kocuria rosea
(Flügge 1886) Stackebrandt et al. 1995
Species[2]
Synonyms[2]
  • Pelczaria Poston 1994

Kocuria is a genus of gram-positive bacteria. Kocuria is named after Miloslav Kocur, a Czech microbiologist. It has been found in the milk of water deer and reindeer.[3] Cells are coccoid, resembling Staphylococcus and Micrococcus, and can group in pairs, chains, tetrads, cubical arrangements of eight, or irregular clusters. They have rigid cell walls and are either aerobic or facultative anaerobic.[4] Kocuria can usually survive in mesophilic temperatures.[5]

Clinical significance[edit]

Kocuria has been found to live on human skin and oral cavity.[6] It is generally considered non-pathogenic but can be found in some infections. Specific infection associated with Kocuria are urinary tract infections, cholecystitis,[7] catheter-associated bacteremia,[8] dacryocystitis,[9] canaliculitis, keratitis,[10] native valve endocarditis,[11] peritonitis,[12] descending necrotizing mediastinitis,[13] brain abscess[14] and meningitis. It is also occasionally isolated in the microbiome of pilonidal sinuses [15] Kocuria rosea is known to cause infection in immunocompromised patients, causing oropharyngeal and deep cervical infections. However, as having low pathogenicity and being very susceptible to antibiotics, with immediate surgical drainage, debridement, and administration of broad range antibiotics showed great results.[13]

Microbiology[edit]

Kocuria can be grown on sheep blood agar and other simple media plates. They grow best in neutral pH environments.[4] Depending on the species, they appear in a range of color such as: orange, pink, red, yellow or cream. They are shown to lack hemolytic ability on a blood agar plate. However, they have shown to react differently to normal laboratory identification techniques. These test include: catalase, urease, oxidase, amylase, gelatins, phosphatase, beta-galactosidase activities, and carbon source and citrate utilization.[16] Kocuria is susceptible towards bacitracin and lysozyme and resistant to nitrofurantoin, furazolidone and lysostaphin.[4][16]

Environment[edit]

In a study done by Louisiana State University, 75 strains of bacteria from the Atacama Desert were tested for its ability to grow in Mars-like climates. The environment tested contained high concentrations of perchlorate salts, a similar condition found on Mars surface. In this environment, Kocuria was found to grow in one of the highest concentrations compared to the other strains.[17]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Stackebrandt, E., Koch, C., Gvozdiak, O., and Schumann, P. "Taxonomic dissection of the genus Micrococcus: Kocuria gen. nov., Nesterenkonia gen. nov., Kytococcus gen. nov., Dermacoccus gen. nov., and Micrococcus Cohn 1872 gen. emend." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1995) 45:682-692
  2. ^ a b Euzéby JP, Parte AC. "Kocuria". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Retrieved June 14, 2022.
  3. ^ Li, Zhipeng; Wright, André-Denis G.; Yang, Yifeng; Si, Huazhe; Li, Guangyu (2017-01-18). "Unique Bacteria Community Composition and Co-occurrence in the Milk of Different Ruminants". Scientific Reports. 7: 40950. Bibcode:2017NatSR...740950L. doi:10.1038/srep40950. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5241872. PMID 28098228.
  4. ^ a b c Venkataramana, Kandi; Padmavali, Palange; Ritu, Vaish; Adnan, Bashir Bhatti; Vinod, Kale; Maheshwar, Reddy Kandi; Mohan, Rao Bhoomagiri (August 2016). "Emerging Bacterial Infection: Identification and Clinical Significance of Kocuria Species". Cureus. 8 (8): e731. doi:10.7759/cureus.731. PMC 5017880. PMID 27630804.
  5. ^ Reimer, Lorenz Christian; Carbasse, Joaquim Sardà; Koblitz, Julia; Ebeling, Christian; Podstawka, Adam; Overmann, Jörg (2022). "Kocuria rosea DSM 20447 is an aerobe, mesophilic bacterium of the family Micrococcaceae". BacDive. Retrieved 2022-11-07.
  6. ^ Grice, Elizabeth; Kong, Heidi; Renaud, Gabriel; Young, Alice; Bouffard, Gerard; Blakesly, Robert; Wolfsberg, Tyra; Turner, Maria; Segre, Julia (July 2018). "A diversity profile of the human skin microbiota". Genome Research. 18 (7): 1043–1050. doi:10.1101/gr.075549.107. PMC 2493393. PMID 18502944.
  7. ^ Ma, Edmond SK; Wong, Chris LP; Lai, Kristi TW; Chan, Edmond CH; Yam, WC; Chan, Angus CW (2005-07-19). "Kocuria kristinae infection associated with acute cholecystitis". BMC Infectious Diseases. 5 (1): 60. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-5-60. ISSN 1471-2334. PMC 1181815. PMID 16029488.
  8. ^ Dotis, John; Printza, Nikoleta; Stabouli, Stella; Papachristou, Fotios (Jan–Feb 2015). "Kocuria Species Peritonitis: Although Rare, We Have To Care". Peritoneal Dialysis International. 35 (1): 26–30. doi:10.3747/pdi.2013.00138. PMC 4335924. PMID 24584591.
  9. ^ Domont, Fanny; Le Flèche-Matéos, Anne; Brémond-Gignac, Dominique; Hamdad, Farida (2014-06-01). "Kocuria dacryocystitis infection, caused by Kocuria ocularis sp. nov". JMM Case Reports. 1 (2). doi:10.1099/jmmcr.0.002022. ISSN 2053-3721.
  10. ^ Mattern, R.M.; Ding, Jiaxi (2014-02-27). "Keratitis with Kocuria palustris and Rothia mucilaginosa in Vitamin A Deficiency". Case Reports in Ophthalmology. 5 (1): 72–77. doi:10.1159/000360391. ISSN 1663-2699. PMC 3975196. PMID 24707276.
  11. ^ Moreira, Jorge Salomão; Riccetto, Adriana Gut Lopes; da Silva, Marcos Tadeu Nolasco; Vilela, Maria Marluce dos Santos (January 2015). "Endocarditis by Kocuria rosea in an immunocompetent child". The Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 19 (1): 82–84. doi:10.1016/j.bjid.2014.09.007. ISSN 1413-8670. PMC 9425231. PMID 25523077.
  12. ^ Sohn, Kyung Mok; Baek, Jin-Yang; Kim, So Hyun; Cheon, Shinhye; Kim, Yeon-Sook (April 2015). "Catheter-related bacteremia caused by Kocuria salsicia: The first case". Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy. 21 (4): 305–307. doi:10.1016/j.jiac.2014.11.005. ISSN 1341-321X. PMID 25497673.
  13. ^ a b Lee, Mi Kyung; Choi, Soon Ho; Ryu, Dae Woong (2013-10-11). "Descending necrotizing Mediastinitis caused by Kocuria rosea: A case report". BMC Infectious Diseases. 13 (1): 475. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-13-475. ISSN 1471-2334. PMC 3852562. PMID 24112281.
  14. ^ Tsai, Cheng-Yu; Su, Shou-hsin; Cheng, Yu-Hsin; Chou, Yu-lin; Tsai, Tai-Hsin; Lieu, Ann-Shung (2010-04-27). "Kocuria varians infection associated with brain abscess: A case report". BMC Infectious Diseases. 10 (1): 102. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-10-102. ISSN 1471-2334. PMC 2875226. PMID 20423506.
  15. ^ Banerjee T, Singh A, Anurag, Pal S, Basu S. Emergence of Unusual Microorganisms in Microflora of Pilonidal Sinuses: A Multiple Case Series. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs. 2023 Jan-Feb 01;50(1):26-30. doi: 10.1097/WON.0000000000000945. PMID: 36668986.
  16. ^ a b Savini, V.; Catavitello, C.; Masciarelli, G.; Astolfi, D.; Balbinot, A.; Bianco, A.; Febbo, F.; D'Amario, C.; D'Antonio, D. (2010-09-30). "Drug sensitivity and clinical impact of members of the genus Kocuria". Journal of Medical Microbiology. 59 (12): 1395–1402. doi:10.1099/jmm.0.021709-0. ISSN 0022-2615. PMID 20884772.
  17. ^ Vallalar, Bharathi (2012). "Investigation of the Growth and Survival of Bacteria from Mars Analog Environments When Exposed to Mars-like Conditions". Lsu Master's Theses.

Further reading[edit]


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