Micrococcaceae

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Micrococcaceae
Micrococcus luteus, light microscopic picture after Gram staining.

Micrococcus luteus , light microscopic picture after Gram staining .

Systematics
Domain : Bacteria (bacteria)
Department : Actinobacteria
Class : Actinobacteria
Order : Micrococcales
Family : Micrococcaceae
Scientific name
Micrococcaceae
Pribram 1929
emend. Zhi et al. 2009

The Micrococcaceae are a family of bacteria. The German name Mikrokokken (Germanized plural from the Latinized singular Micrococcus , which is made up of the two ancient Greek components ancient Greek μικρός mikros , German 'small' and ancient Greek κόκκος kókkos , German 'core, grain' ) represents the common name of several species of gram-positive , immobile aerobic , usually non- pathogenic cocci (spherical bacteria). They were originally assigned to the genus Micrococcus , but some now belong to other, related genera, which is why the term micrococci is also used for the family of Micrococcaceae. For many members of the family, the generic name already shows that they are cocci, e.g. B. Citricoccus . Bacteria whose cells are rod-shaped or which develop from a cocci shape to rods in their life cycle also belong to the family, for example species of the genus Arthrobacter and related genera.

Features and occurrences

They are not actively motile bacteria with aerobic metabolism . The gram-positive cocci - shaped cells are arranged in clusters, clusters, in pairs or in short chains. Their high GC content in the genome is typical . Many “micrococci” inhabit soil, sludge and surface water. Representatives of some species are often found on the skin and mucous membranes of humans and animals. Some types can be found in (especially fermented) foods and contribute to the development of taste. In immune-weakened persons and in connection with implanted foreign bodies , infections in humans have been described for some representatives, such as species of the genera Kocuria and Kytococcus .

Members of the genus Arthrobacter are typical soil dwellers. They have a pleomorphic shape and are particularly resistant to lack of nutrition and dehydration. In 2016, many Arthrobacter species were placed in newly described genera.

Systematics

Historical development

The current family Micrococcaceae no longer corresponds in its composition to the earlier family of the same name. This included u. a. also the genus Staphylococcus , which, however, is not closely related to the "micrococci". To the family Micrococcaceae u. a. counted the genera Kocuria , Micrococcus and Nesterenkonia , which emerged in 1995 from the original genus Micrococcus . The genera Dermacoccus and Kytococcus were previously assigned to the genus Micrococcus , but are now part of the family Dermacoccaceae. Both families belonged to the suborder Micrococcineae in the order Actinomycetales (status 2009). Further phylogenetic studies of the 16S rRNA led to a new systematics of Actinobacteria , which was presented in 2012 in the 2nd edition of Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology . The subclasses were raised to classes and the subordinates to orders. Thus, the family Micrococcaceae now belongs to the order Micrococcales (as of 2018).

As part of the discovery of several new bacterial species at the beginning of the 21st century, these were initially in a new, independent family Yaniaceae fam. nov. (2005) which later became Yaniellaceae fam. nov. (2008) was renamed. However, these two taxa are only synonyms for the family Micrococcaceae and the newly discovered bacteria of the genus Yaniella have belonged to the family Micrococcaceae since 2011.

At the end of 2012, the Micrococcaceae family was expanded to include a new genus Enteractinococcus gen. Nov. expanded. Enteractinococcus coprophilus sp. nov. is the name of the corresponding bacterial species that was isolated from the feces of a South China tiger ( Panthera tigris amoyensis ). The examined bacterial strain shows differences in the morphological and chemotaxonomic characteristics to the previously described genera, so that it was classified as a new species in a new genus. As a result of these investigations, the bacterial species Yaniella fodinae described in 2011 has now also been assigned to this new genus as Enteractinococcus fodinae .

In 2016, the genus Arthrobacter was reviewed for chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic traits. As a result, more than 30 species were transferred to other, newly described genera, which were designated as Glutamicibacter , Paeniglutamicibacter , Pseudoglutamicibacter , Paenarthrobacter and Pseudarthrobacter .

Current system

The phylum of the "Actinobacteria" currently (as of 2018) contains the class of the same name with several orders, u. a. the Actinomycetales and the Micrococcales. There are several families in the order Micrococcales, the Dermacoccaceae , Intrasporangiaceae , Microbacteriaceae and Micrococcaceae each containing more than 10 genera. The following genera belong to the family Micrococcaceae (as of 2018). The specification of species is limited to a selection, whereby the type species of the genus is mentioned in each case .

Class Actinobacteria

  • Family Micrococcaceae
  • Genus Citricoccus Altenburger et al. 2002 emend. Nielsen et al. 2011
  • Genus Kocuria Stackebrandt et al. 1995
  • Genus Micrococcus Cohn 1872 (Approved Lists 1980) emend. Wieser et al. 2002
  • Genus Nesterenkonia Stackebrandt et al. 1995 emend. Li et al. 2005
  • Genus Rothia Georg & Brown 1967
  • Genus Sinomonas Zhou et al. 2009 emend. Zhou et al. 2012

swell

literature

  • Martin Dworkin, Stanley Falkow, Eugene Rosenberg, Karl-Heinz Schleifer, Erko Stackebrandt (eds.): The Prokaryotes , 3rd edition, Vol. 3: Archaea. Bacteria: Firmicutes, Actinomycetes . Springer Verlag, New York 2006, ISBN 978-0-387-25493-7 (print), ISBN 978-0-387-30743-5 (online)
  • Karsten Becker: "Micrococci" - microbiology and meaning . The Microbiologist 2011 21 (2): 43-51

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Jean Euzéby, Aidan C. Part: Familia Micrococcaceae. In: List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature ( LPSN ). Retrieved April 7, 2018 .
  2. ^ Wilhelm Gemoll : Greek-German school and hand dictionary. Munich / Vienna 1965.
  3. ↑ a b c Taxonomy Browser Micrococcaceae (family). In: National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) website . Retrieved April 7, 2018 .
  4. ↑ a b Hans-Jürgen Busse: Review of the taxonomy of the genus Arthrobacter, emendation of the genus Arthrobacter sensu lato, proposal to reclassify selected species of the genus Arthrobacter in the novel genera Glutamicibacter gen. Nov., Paeniglutamicibacter gen. Nov., Pseudoglutamicibacter gen. Nov., Paenarthrobacter gen. Nov. and Pseudarthrobacter gen. nov., and emended description of Arthrobacter roseus. In: International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. Volume 66, January 2016, pp. 9-37, ISSN  1466-5026 . doi : 10.1099 / ijsem.0.000702 .
  5. ↑ Michael T. Madigan, John M. Martinko, Jack Parker: Brock Microbiology. German translation edited by Werner Goebel, 1st edition. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag GmbH, Heidelberg / Berlin 2000, ISBN 978-3-8274-0566-1 .
  6. ↑ E. Stackebrandt, C. Koch, O. Gvozdiak, P. Schumann: Taxonomic dissection of the genus Micrococcus: Kocuria gen. Nov., Nesterenkonia gen. Nov., Kytococcus gen. Nov., Dermacoccus gen. Nov., And Micrococcus Cohn 1872 called emend. In: International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. Volume 45, Number 4, October 1995, pp. 682-692, ISSN  0020-7713 . PMID 7547287 .
  7. ↑ Taxonomy Browser Dermacoccaceae (family). In: National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) website . Retrieved April 7, 2018 .
  8. ↑ Xiao-Yang Zhi, Wen-Jun Li, Erko Stackebrandt: An update of the structure and 16S rRNA gene sequence-based definition of higher ranks of the class Actinobacteria, with the proposal of two new suborders and four new families and emended descriptions of the existing higher taxa. In: International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. Volume 59, March 2009, pp. 589-608, ISSN  1466-5026 . doi : 10.1099 / ijs.0.65780-0 , PMID 19244447 .
  9. ^ A b Jean Euzéby, Aidan C. Parte: Phylum "Actinobacteria". In: List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature ( LPSN ). Retrieved April 7, 2018 .
  10. ↑ WJ Li, P. Schumann u. a .: Proposal of Yaniaceae fam. nov. and Yania flava sp. nov. and emended description of the genus Yania. In: International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology . Volume 55, September 2005, pp. 1933-1938, ISSN  1466-5026 . doi : 10.1099 / ijs.0.63594-0 . PMID 16166690 .
  11. ^ WJ Li, XY Zhi, JP Euzéby: Proposal of Yaniellaceae fam. nov., Yaniella gen. nov. and Sinobaca gen. nov. as replacements for the illegitimate prokaryotic names Yaniaceae Li et al. 2005, Yania Li et al. 2004, emend Li et al. 2005, and Sinococcus Li et al. 2006, respectively. In: International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. Volume 58, February 2008, pp. 525-527, ISSN  1466-5026 . doi : 10.1099 / ijs.0.65792-0 . PMID 18218962 .
  12. ↑ YR Cao, Y. Jiang et al. a .: Enteractinococcus coprophilus gen. nov., sp. nov., of the family Micrococcaceae, isolated from Panthera tigris amoyensis faeces, and transfer of Yaniella fodinae Dhanjal et al. 2011 to the genus Enteractinococcus as Enteractinococcus fodinae comb. nov. In: International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. Volume 62, November 2012, pp. 2710-2716, ISSN  1466-5034 . doi : 10.1099 / ijs.0.034249-0 . PMID 22228667 .

Web links

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