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{{Short description|Extinct Algonquin language of New England}}
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|name=Loup
|name=Loup
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|fam2=[[Algonquian languages|Algonquian]]
|fam2=[[Algonquian languages|Algonquian]]
|fam3=[[Eastern Algonquian languages|Eastern Algonquian]]
|fam3=[[Eastern Algonquian languages|Eastern Algonquian]]
|lc1=xlo |ld1=Loup A
|lc1=xlo
|ld1=Loup A
|lc2=xlb |ld2=Loup B
|lc2=xlb
|ld2=Loup B
|linglist=xlo |lingname=Loup A
|linglist=xlo
|lingname=Loup A
|linglist2=xlb |lingname2=Loup B
|linglist2=xlb
|lingname2=Loup B
|glotto=loup1243
|glotto=loup1243
|glottoname=Loup A
|glottoname=Nipmuck
|glotto2=loup1245
⚫
}}'''Loup''' is an extinct [[Algonquian languages|Algonquian]] language, or possibly group of languages, spoken in colonial [[New England]]. ''Loup'' ("Wolf") was a [[French language|French]] colonial ethnographic term, and usage was inconsistent. In modern literature, it refers to two varieties, '''Loup A''' and '''Loup B'''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last = Goddard|first = Ives|date = To appear|title = The 'Loup' Languages of Western Massachusetts: The Dialectal Diversity of Southern New England Algonquian.|url =|journal = Papers of the 44th Algonquian Conference|publisher = SUNY Press|pages = 104–138|doi =|pmid =|access-date =}}</ref>
|glottoname2=Loup B
⚫
}}'''Loup''' is an extinct [[Algonquian languages|Algonquian]] language, or possibly group of languages, spoken in colonial [[New England]]. ''Loup'' ('Wolf') was a [[French language|French]] colonial ethnographic term, and usage was inconsistent. In modern literature, it refers to two varieties, '''Loup A''' and '''Loup B'''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last = Goddard|first = Ives|date = 2012|title = The 'Loup' Languages of Western Massachusetts: The Dialectal Diversity of Southern New England Algonquian|url =https://ojs.library.carleton.ca/index.php/ALGQP/article/view/2320/2094|journal = Papers of the 44th Algonquian Conference| volume=44 |publisher = SUNY Press|pages = 104–138}}</ref>
==Attestation==
==Attestation==
Loup A, which may be the language of the [[Nipmuck]], is principally attested from a word list recorded from refugees by the [[Saint-François-du-Lac, Quebec|St. Francis]] mission to the [[Abenaki]] in [[Quebec]]. The descendants of these refugees became speakers of Western Abenaki in the eighteenth century. Loup B refers to a second word list, which shows extensive dialectal variation. This may not be a distinct language, but just notes on the speech of various New England Algonquian refugees in French missions.<ref>Victor Golla, 2007. ''Atlas of the World's Languages''</ref>[[File:Chaubunagungamaug lake sign.jpg|thumb|[[Lake Chaubunagungamaug|Chaubunagungamaug lake]] sign, in Nipmuk and English]]
Loup A, which may be the language of the [[Nipmuck]], is principally attested from a word list recorded from refugees by the [[Saint-François-du-Lac, Quebec|St. Francis]] mission to the [[Abenaki]] in [[Quebec]]. The descendants of these refugees became speakers of Western Abenaki in the eighteenth century. Loup B refers to a second word list, which shows extensive dialectal variation. This may not be a distinct language, but just notes on the speech of various New England Algonquian refugees in French missions.<ref>Victor Golla, 2007. ''Atlas of the World's Languages''</ref>[[File:Chaubunagungamaug lake sign.jpg|thumb|[[Lake Chaubunagungamaug|Chaubunagungamaug lake]] sign, a place name originating from the [[Nipmuck]] people]]
== Phonology ==
== Phonology ==
The phonology of Loup A (Nipmuck), reconstructed by Gustafson 2000:
The phonology of Loup A (Nipmuck), reconstructed by Gustafson 2000:

⚫
Consonants
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
⚫
|+Nipmuc Consonants
! rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |[[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
! colspan="2" |[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! colspan="2" |[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]/
! rowspan="2" |[[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]/<br> [[Postalveolar consonant|Postalveolar]]
[[Postalveolar consonant|Postalveolar]]
! colspan="2" |[[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! colspan="2" |[[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Glottalic consonant|Glottal]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Glottalic consonant|Glottal]]
Line 37: Line 42:
!<small>lab.</small>
!<small>lab.</small>
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
![[Stop consonant|Plosive]]
![[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|{{IPAlink|m}}
|p
|{{IPAlink|n}}
|t
|tʲ
|
|
|k
|(kʷ)
|
|
⚫
|- align="center"
⚫
![[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|m
|n
|
|
|
|
|
|
⚫
|- align="center"
⚫
![[Stop consonant|Plosive]]
|{{IPAlink|p}}
|{{IPAlink|t}}
|{{IPAlink|tʲ}}
|
|
|{{IPAlink|k}}
|{{IPAlink|(kʷ)}}
|
|
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
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|
|
|
|
|tʃ
|{{IPAlink|tʃ}}
|
|
|
|
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![[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
![[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
|
|
|{{IPAlink|s}}
|s
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|{{IPAlink|h}}
|h
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
![[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
![[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
|
|
|{{IPAlink|l}}
|l
|
|
|
|
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|- align="center"
|- align="center"
![[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
![[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|{{IPAlink|w}}
|w
|
|
|
|
|{{IPAlink|j}}
|j
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
|}
⚫
Vowels
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
⚫
|+Vowels
!
!
![[Front vowel|Front]]
!Short
![[Back vowel|Back]]
!Long
⚫
|- style="text-align:center;"
!Nasal
![[Close vowel|Close]]
⚫
|- align="center"
|{{IPAlink|i}}, {{IPAlink|iː}}
!Close
|{{IPAlink|u}}
|i
⚫
|- style="text-align:center;"
|iː
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|
|{{IPAlink|e}}
⚫
|- align="center"
|{{IPAlink|o}}, {{IPAlink|oː}}
!Mid
⚫
|- style="text-align:center;"
|e
![[Open vowel|Open]]
|
| colspan="2" |{{IPAlink|a}}, {{IPAlink|aː}}, {{IPAlink|ã}}
|
⚫
|- align="center"
!Open
|a
|aː
|ã
|- align="center"
!Back-mid
|o
|oː
|
|- align="center"
!Back-close
|
|u
|
|}
|}
The vowel sounds likely have the same phonetic quality as other southern New England Algonquian languages. The short vowels /i o e a/ may represent the sounds as /ɪ, /ʊ/, /ɛ,ə/, and /ʌ/, while the long vowels /iː/, /oː/, and /ã/ correspond to /i/, /o/, and /ã/.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Papers of the 11th Algonquian Conference|last=Aubin|first=George F.|publisher=Ottawa: Carleton University|year=1980|isbn=|location=Comments on Cotton's "Vocabulary..."|pages=54-60}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.nipmuclanguage.org/uploads/5/0/7/7/50775337/gustafson_thesis_nipmuck_grammar.pdf|title=A Grammar of the Nipmuck Language|last=Gustafson|first=Holly Suzanne|publisher=Deparament of Linguistics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba|year=2000|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=http://myaamiacenter.org/MCResources/costa_biblio/costa-PAC.pdf|title=The Dialectology of Southern New England Algonquian|last=Costa|first=David J.|publisher=|year=2007|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref>
The vowel sounds likely have the same phonetic quality as other southern New England Algonquian languages. The short vowels {{IPA|/i o e a/}} may represent the sounds as {{IPA|[ɪ]}}, {{IPA|[ʊ]}}, {{IPA|[ɛ,ə]}}, and {{IPA|[ʌ]}}, while the long vowels {{IPA|/iː/}}, {{IPA|/oː/}}, and {{IPA|/ã/}} correspond to {{IPA|/i/}}, {{IPA|/o/}}, and {{IPA|/ã/}}.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.nipmuclanguage.org/uploads/5/0/7/7/50775337/gustafson_thesis_nipmuck_grammar.pdf|title=A Grammar of the Nipmuck Language|last=Gustafson|first=Holly Suzanne|publisher=Deparament of Linguistics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba|year=2000}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=http://myaamiacenter.org/MCResources/costa_biblio/costa-PAC.pdf|title=The Dialectology of Southern New England Algonquian|last=Costa|first=David J.|year=2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180825205148/http://myaamiacenter.org/MCResources/costa_biblio/costa-PAC.pdf|archive-date=25 August 2018}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
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[[Category:Indigenous languages of North America]]
[[Category:Indigenous languages of North America]]
[[Category:Languages extinct in the 18th century]]
[[Category:Languages extinct in the 18th century]]
[[Category:Nipmuc]]



{{indigenousAmerican-lang-stub}}

Revision as of 03:34, 6 April 2024

Loup
Pronunciation[lu]
Native toUnited States
RegionMassachusetts, Connecticut
EthnicityNipmuck?
Extinct18th century
Language codes
ISO 639-3Either:
xlo – Loup A
xlb – Loup B
xlo Loup A
 xlb Loup B
Glottologloup1243  Nipmuck
loup1245  Loup B

Loup is an extinct Algonquian language, or possibly group of languages, spoken in colonial New England. Loup ('Wolf') was a French colonial ethnographic term, and usage was inconsistent. In modern literature, it refers to two varieties, Loup A and Loup B.[1]

Attestation

Loup A, which may be the language of the Nipmuck, is principally attested from a word list recorded from refugees by the St. Francis mission to the Abenaki in Quebec. The descendants of these refugees became speakers of Western Abenaki in the eighteenth century. Loup B refers to a second word list, which shows extensive dialectal variation. This may not be a distinct language, but just notes on the speech of various New England Algonquian refugees in French missions.[2]

Chaubunagungamaug lake sign, a place name originating from the Nipmuck people

Phonology

The phonology of Loup A (Nipmuck), reconstructed by Gustafson 2000:

Nipmuc Consonants
Bilabial Alveolar Palatal/
Postalveolar 		Velar Glottal
plain pal. plain lab.
Nasal m n
Plosive p t tʲ k (kʷ)
Affricate tʃ
Fricative s h
Lateral l
Approximant w j
Vowels
Front Back
Close i, iː u
Mid e o, oː
Open a, aː, ã

The vowel sounds likely have the same phonetic quality as other southern New England Algonquian languages. The short vowels /i o e a/ may represent the sounds as [ɪ], [ʊ], [ɛ,ə], and [ʌ], while the long vowels /iː/, /oː/, and /ã/ correspond to /i/, /o/, and /ã/.[3][4]

References

  1. ^ Goddard, Ives (2012). "The 'Loup' Languages of Western Massachusetts: The Dialectal Diversity of Southern New England Algonquian". Papers of the 44th Algonquian Conference. 44. SUNY Press: 104–138.
  2. ^ Victor Golla, 2007. Atlas of the World's Languages
  3. ^ Gustafson, Holly Suzanne (2000). A Grammar of the Nipmuck Language (PDF). Deparament of Linguistics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba.
  4. ^ Costa, David J. (2007). The Dialectology of Southern New England Algonquian (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 August 2018.

External links


Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Loup_language&oldid=1217491271"